Preventive medicine最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The impact of computer use on myopia development in childhood: The Generation R study” [Preventive Medicine, Volume 132, 2020, 105988]","authors":"Clair A. Enthoven , J. Willem L. Tideman , Jan Roelof Polling , Junwen Yang-Huang , Hein Raat , Caroline C.W. Klaver","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108243","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108243"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143477087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary: Determinants of physical activity among African immigrants in the US and the consideration of the education-occupation mismatch","authors":"Tiwaloluwa Ajibewa ,&nbsp;Kelechi Ibe-Lamberts ,&nbsp;Brenda Owusu ,&nbsp;Mercedes Carnethon ,&nbsp;Yvonne Commodore-Mensah ,&nbsp;Oluwabunmi Ogungbe","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>African immigrants are a rapidly growing segment of the US population, with relatively high rates of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors. Physical activity engagement among this growing group is understudied and represents an underappreciated means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk, improving physical functioning, and mental health related outcomes. Structural barriers and cultural influences, such as community norms, play a significant role in physical activity engagement of African immigrants. There is a critical need to understand the current gaps, and individual and structural trends related to physical activity participation in this demographic. This commentary aims to shed light on what is known as it relates to physical activity participation in this group, and the urgent need to consider the role of physical activity as an effective intervention in reducing cardiovascular disease risk among African immigrants for the betterment of their future health trajectory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical activity and executive functions in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Ran Liu ,&nbsp;Ruiyuan Tao ,&nbsp;Jie Feng ,&nbsp;Xiao Liang ,&nbsp;Yijian Yang ,&nbsp;Cindy Hui-ping Sit","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The current study aimed to examine the effects of physical activity interventions on executive functions in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders and to identify possible moderators and the interactions among moderators.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and ERIC) were searched from inception to January 2024. Randomized controlled trials/quasi-experimental designs applying physical activity interventions and reporting at least one executive function outcome in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders were included. Random multilevel meta-analyses and moderator analyses were conducted in 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirty-nine studies were included, 35 of which were used for meta-analysis. The findings indicated that physical activity interventions elicited significant benefits for overall executive functions (Hedges' g = 0.60) and its subdomains: cognitive flexibility (Hedges' g = 0.60), inhibitory control (Hedges' g = 0.55), working memory (Hedges' g = 0.40), and higher-level functions (Hedges' g = 0.83). Session duration, number of intervention weeks, total session, and total duration were identified as moderators. The interactions among session duration, physical activity type, total duration, frequency, and executive function subdomains were also observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Physical activity interventions could serve as an alternative or adjunctive method to promote multiple aspects of executive functions in children and adolescents with different types of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, physical activity, especially the type, session duration and frequency, should be carefully designed to produce significant effects when targeting different domains of executive functions in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronicled: 2 years' evolution at Preventive Medicine and Preventive Medicine Reports","authors":"Andrew W. Arthur,&nbsp;Pareesa Kassam,&nbsp;Margaret Logel,&nbsp;Alissa Moore,&nbsp;Christina I. Nieves,&nbsp;Parker Tope,&nbsp;David Litaker,&nbsp;Luisa N. Borrell","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108244","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol, Cannabis, and nicotine use during early pregnancy and infant hearing loss","authors":"Kelly C. Young-Wolff ,&nbsp;Nina Oberman ,&nbsp;Stacey E. Alexeeff ,&nbsp;Lisa A. Croen ,&nbsp;Kristin R. Steuerle ,&nbsp;Deborah Ansley ,&nbsp;Carley Castellanos ,&nbsp;Lyndsay A. Avalos","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine whether maternal prenatal alcohol, cannabis, or nicotine use was associated with offspring diagnoses of hearing loss during the first six months of life.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a population-based retrospective birth cohort study of infants (<em>N</em> = 297,147) born between 2011 and 2023 to pregnant individuals (<em>N</em> = 233,902) in Kaiser Permanente Northern California universally screened for any prenatal alcohol, cannabis, or nicotine use since pregnancy at entrance to prenatal care (at ∼8–10 weeks gestation). Offspring hearing loss was defined as ≥1 hearing loss diagnosis in the infant's electronic health record based on ICD codes. Modified Poisson regression models for binary data were used to estimate the risk ratio (RR) of infant hearing loss by each prenatal substance adjusting for covariates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The sample of pregnancies were to 23.9 % Asian/Pacific Islander, 5.3 % Black, 26.1 % Hispanic, and 37.7 % non-Hispanic White individuals, with a mean (SD) age of 32 (5.4) years; 9.9 % screened positive for any alcohol use during early pregnancy, 5.6 % screened positive for any cannabis use during early pregnancy, and 3.9 % screened positive for any nicotine use during early pregnancy. Overall, 0.2 % of infants had a hearing loss diagnosis during the first six months of life. In fully adjusted models, prenatal alcohol use (adjusted RR:1.37; 95 %CI:1.05–1.79) but not prenatal cannabis or nicotine use, was associated with increased risk of infant hearing loss.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Maternal alcohol use during early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of offspring diagnoses of hearing loss during the first six months of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108242"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily steps, activity, sedentary and sleep behaviors associations with all-cause mortality: The ELSA-Brasil study","authors":"Danilo de Paula ,&nbsp;Kelly R. Evenson ,&nbsp;Natan Feter ,&nbsp;Rosane Harter Griep ,&nbsp;Ciro Oliveira Queiroz ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Citton Padilha dos Reis ,&nbsp;Bruce Bartholow Duncan ,&nbsp;Maria Inês Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although movement behaviors are linked to mortality risk, few studies investigated the associations between daily steps and movement behaviors and all-cause mortality in low- and middle-income countries.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We investigated associations of step count, total activity volume, moderate-and-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity (LPA), sedentary behavior, sleep duration, and various isotemporal substitutions with all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Brazilian adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>ELSA-Brasil cohort study 3rd wave (2017–2019) participants wore an ActiGraph wGT3X-BT on the waist for seven days and completed a sleep diary. We followed participants to January 1st, 2024. Using Cox regression models, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR). Using compositional data analysis, we examined changes in mortality associated with isotemporal substitutions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 8832 participants (55.8 % female, age 59.2 ± 8.6) were followed for a median of 5.43 person-years (total 46,793.2), with 216 deaths. All behaviors except sleep showed curvilinear associations with mortality. Mortality declined with a plateauing effect at a daily total activity volume of 15.9 millii-<em>g</em> (HR 0.36, reference 7.83), 7300 steps (HR 0.48, reference 3881), 49.4 MVPA minutes (HR 0.28, reference 11.34), and 245.8 LPA minutes (HR 0.67, reference 135.6). Engaging in less than 842 sedentary behavior minutes/day was linked with an HR of 0.67. Reallocating 10 daily minutes from other behaviors to MVPA showed a consistent 10 % decrease in mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In Brazilian adults, step count, total activity volume, MVPA, LPA, and sedentary behavior were non-linearly associated with lower mortality. Reallocating any time from other behaviors to MVPA predicted lower mortality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108241"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143383265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic conditions, COVID-19 vaccination, and institutional trust among Hispanic/Latinx communities in San Diego, California","authors":"Samantha Streuli ,&nbsp;Argentina E. Servin ,&nbsp;Linda Salgin ,&nbsp;Fatima A. Muñoz ,&nbsp;Davey M. Smith ,&nbsp;Jamila K. Stockman ,&nbsp;Sophie E. O'Bryan ,&nbsp;Daniel Ramirez ,&nbsp;Cynthia James-Price ,&nbsp;Britt Skaathun","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hispanic/Latinx populations have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These populations are also more likely to have chronic conditions, putting them at higher risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Vaccination is important to reduce the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, but Hispanic/Latinx populations may be less likely to vaccinate due to institutional trust related to experiences of discrimination in healthcare and community disinvestment. Project 2VIDA! is a randomized clinical trial developed to respond to the need for increased trust and vaccine access among these populations in San Diego, California. Analyzing 2VIDA! data, this article seeks to better understand the relationship between chronic health conditions, institutional trust, and vaccination behaviors among a predominantly Hispanic/Latinx sample in San Diego.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a secondary analysis of baseline survey data collected from July 2021–June 2023 during 2VIDA! We used ordered logistic regression to understand the relationship between chronic conditions, institutional trust, and vaccination among participants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our findings show that participants aged 36 or older, women, those who indicated higher institutional trust in healthcare and health information, and those with one or more chronic conditions had higher odds of receiving more vaccinations. Participants who took the survey in Spanish had lower odds of vaccination (compared to English).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings suggest that widespread communication on the importance of vaccination for older Hispanic/Latinx populations with chronic conditions may have supported vaccination uptake. Targeted messaging and community-based approaches to build trust, combat misinformation, and increase vaccination uptake among younger individuals and Spanish-speakers are needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108240"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143232970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-reported chronic rhinosinusitis diagnoses and symptoms in World Trade Center-exposed and non-World Trade Center-exposed United States firefighters","authors":"Ankura Singh ,&nbsp;Rachel Zeig-Owens ,&nbsp;Mayris P. Webber ,&nbsp;Alexandra K. Mueller ,&nbsp;David J. Prezant","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Greater World Trade Center (WTC) exposure levels have been associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) diagnoses and symptoms. We aimed to determine whether self-reported CRS is elevated in WTC-exposed Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) firefighters when compared with non-WTC-exposed/non-FDNY firefighters and with the general population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study included male WTC-exposed (<em>N</em> = 7840) and non-WTC-exposed (<em>N</em> = 2771) firefighters who were employed on 9/11/2001 and later completed a health survey. Self-reported CRS diagnoses and symptoms were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression analyses estimated the odds of self-reported ever CRS diagnosis and current symptoms in WTC-exposed vs. non-WTC-exposed firefighters. Additional analyses compared self-reported current CRS diagnoses in firefighters vs. American males. Models were adjusted for demographics, smoking, and BMI.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifty-one percent of WTC-exposed firefighters reported ever having a CRS diagnosis vs. 20 % of non-WTC-exposed firefighters (adjusted-OR = 3.84, 95 % CI = 3.44–4.28). WTC-exposure was also associated with specific rhinosinusitis symptoms, including nasal/sinus congestion (adjusted-OR = 1.17, 95 % CI = 1.06–1.29), nose irritation (adjusted-OR = 1.48, 95 % CI = 1.24–1.76), and sinus pain/pressure (adjusted-OR = 1.42, 95 % CI = 1.26–1.60). Both WTC-exposed (adjusted-OR = 3.84, 95 % CI = 3.46–4.27) and non-WTC-exposed firefighters (adjusted-OR = 1.97, 95 % CI = 1.71–2.27) were more likely to report a current CRS diagnosis than similar adult males.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>WTC-exposure was associated with self-reported CRS diagnoses and symptoms in firefighters. Higher CRS diagnosis prevalence in the WTC-exposed cohort could be a result of exposure to irritants present at the WTC site, and may also be explained, in part, by the enhanced surveillance and healthcare WTC-exposed firefighters receive via the WTC Health Program. Elevated levels of CRS in firefighters overall could be due to routine, non-WTC-related firefighting exposures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 108216"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proximity to public transportation and incidence of depression risk among older adults: A three-year longitudinal analysis from the Japan Gerontological evaluation study","authors":"Kazuki Matsumoto ,&nbsp;Masamichi Hanazato ,&nbsp;Yu-Ru Chen ,&nbsp;Yoko Matsuoka ,&nbsp;Yuta Mori ,&nbsp;Hiroaki Yoshida ,&nbsp;Katsunori Kondo","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Depression in older adults has been associated with environmental factors, such as green spaces and walkable neighborhoods; however, evidence on the relationship between proximity to public transportation and mental health is scarce. This multi-municipality longitudinal study examined the association between proximity to public transportation and risk of depression among older adults and considered car usage.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed data from 4947 functionally independent adults, aged 65 years and older who resided in 25 municipalities across Japan. Data were obtained via the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study in 2016 and 2019. We assessed depression over three years in older adults without depression at baseline via the Geriatric Depression Scale-15. We subjectively and objectively measured their proximity to public transportation. Logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusted for covariates, with analyses stratified by car usage.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the participants, 9.76 % developed depression over a three-year period. Those without car usage and with reported lack of proximal public transport exhibited a higher incidence of depression (OR = 1.60, 95 %CI: 1.05–2.42) compared with those who had better access. No significant association was observed in the car user group. Furthermore, no significant association was observed in the analysis that used objective measures with Geographic Information System (GIS) data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Subjective limited access to public transport was significantly associated with the risk of depression among older adults without car usage. Hence, improving and maintaining transportation infrastructure may mitigate the risk of depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 108204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is elimination of cervical cancer in sight in England?","authors":"Clare Gilham,&nbsp;Julian Peto","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2025.108218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The age-standardised rate of cervical cancer is 8.5 per 100,000 in England, double the WHO “elimination” goal of 4.0 per 100,000, despite England being close to the target coverage for both HPV vaccination and cervical screening. Our aim was to see whether trends in mortality and incidence rates suggest that England is on the path to elimination.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We discuss trends in mortality since 1953 by birth cohort, and cancer and cancer-in-situ incidence since 2000 by age group in relation to screening and vaccination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mortality trends suggest a steep decline in HPV prevalence from women born in the 1880s to those born in the 1930s followed by a continuing increase. Cancer incidence and mortality then fell steeply after the introduction of national screening in 1988. Since 2004 women were invited for their first screen at age 25. From 2000-2004 to 2010-2014 invasive cancer incidence at age 25–29 doubled and mortality increased by 77 %. From 2015 to 2022 cervical cancer incidence fell by 90 % below age 25 and by 80 % at age 25–29 following the introduction of HPV vaccination for girls born since 1991.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Raising the age of starting screening from 20 to 25 transiently increased incidence and mortality in women born 1984-1990. Vaccination may enable the NHS to reach its target for cervical cancer incidence of 4.0 per 100,000 by 2040. Whether the switch from cytology to primary HPV testing in 2019 will reduce rates among unvaccinated women born before 1991 is not yet clear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20339,"journal":{"name":"Preventive medicine","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 108218"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}