Polar Science最新文献

{"title":"Reducing arctic black carbon emissions: Features of national regulatory systems as a key factor","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Black carbon is an air pollutant that contributes to Arctic warming, and its control is the subject of multiple international institutions in the region. However, the potential for cost-effective reduction of black </span>carbon emissions<span><span> in the region is conditioned by the features of the national regulatory systems in relevant countries. This study conducted a comparative analysis of national pollution control systems for land-based sources of black </span>carbon emissions<span> in Arctic states and two key Arctic Council observer states, China and India. Doing so, the study shows that most countries have implemented at least some policies and regulatory measures in most pollution control areas. However, relevant policies are sometimes found outside the conventional domain of air pollution regulation<span>, such as schemes for corporate reporting on sustainability. Substantial differences across countries lie in regulations' stringency and enforcement capacity. In addition, the national governance system, such as the federal systems of the US and Canada, influences the characteristics of black carbon policies and regulations. Furthermore, the application of economic instruments is limited in terms of the country coverage and economic instrument types. These features have implications for the design of domestic and international policies for Arctic black carbon control.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140003970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The seventh International Symposium on Arctic Research (ISAR-7)","authors":"Yuji Kodama","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Arctic is undergoing rapid environmental change that is creating a variety of environmental, social, political, and economic challenges for the people living in this region. These changes are not limited to the Arctic, but are global, affecting weather, ecosystems, and human society at low, mid, and high latitudes. Many unresolved issues remain concerning the warming phenomenon in the Arctic, its causes, and its effects on mid-latitude regions, and these issues were addressed at the 7th International Symposium on Arctic Research (ISAR-7) held in Tokyo, Japan, from March 6–10, 2023. The symposium was broadly interdisciplinary, with particular emphasis on research in the social sciences and humanities. This special issue of ISAR-7 brings together papers that span a variety of disciplines and their linkages to promote the information and knowledge needed for the future sustainable development of the Arctic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 101111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil organic matter and biogenic-abiogenic interactions in soils of Larsemann Hills and Bunger Hills, East Antarctica","authors":"Ivan Alekseev ,&nbsp;Evgeny Abakumov","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2023.101040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2023.101040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Although Antarctic soils are usually described as weakly developed, recent studies indicated the significant variability in soil forming conditions across the sixth continent as well as considerable diversity of soils. The identification of pedogenetic processes in Antarctica is crucial for understanding not only the current state of its environment, but also for better understanding of soil development on Earth through time. Our study provides a detailed investigation of micromorphological features and molecular composition of organic matter of soil and soil-like bodies of remote areas of East Antarctica - Larsemann Hills and Bunger Hills, which are characterized by harsh environmental conditions. Studied soils showed predominantly coarse structure and low </span>organic carbon<span><span> content, alkaline to almost neutral pH range. Thin sections of studied soils were characterized by predominance of grains of quartz, feldspars, and other primary minerals with angular shapes indicating relatively weak degree of their alteration. All studied humic substances are characterized by the predominance of aliphatic structures. Moreover, it was observed that studied </span>humic acids contains significant amounts of carbohydrates, </span></span>polysaccharides<span><span>, esters and amino acids and hydrophilic fragments predominate. Organo-mineral interactions were mostly connected with development of biofilms in the </span>topsoil horizons with the maximal biological activity among studied soils.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101040"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Research advances from Larsemann Hills, Antarctica: International cooperation and future prospects (Part-2)","authors":"Anand K. Singh,&nbsp;Shailendra Saini,&nbsp;Yogesh Ray,&nbsp;Svetlana Grigoreva,&nbsp;Xiangbin Cui,&nbsp;Xianglan Li,&nbsp;Rahul Mohan,&nbsp;M. Javed Beg,&nbsp;Rasik Ravindra","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Larsemann Hills and surrounding regions have been widely explored and studied from the year-round stations Progress (Russia), Zhongshan (China) and Bharati (India), and the seasonal-facility Law Base (Australia). The proximity of stations fosters scientific engagements and cooperation on the Antarctic continent. The first International Conference on Antarctic Research (ICAR) at Bharati in 2020 is one such example. The special issue (Parts 1 and 2) on Larsemann Hills is an outcome of the ICAR-2020. In addition, the BRICS working group on ocean and polar science and technology (OPST) provided an effective platform for strengthening scientific cooperation. Part 2 of the special issue compiles thirteen papers from diverse disciplines of Antarctic science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101078"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141051526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the response of the mesopause region over an Indian Antarctic station Bharati to the geomagnetic storm of 23–24 March 2023","authors":"Navin Parihar ,&nbsp;Anand Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Saranya Padincharapad ,&nbsp;Shailendra Saini","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We report, in this work, the changes in the thermal structure of the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region over an Indian Antarctic station Bharati (69.4° S, 76.2° E, CGM coordinates 75° S, 97° E) brought about by an intense geomagnetic storm of 23–24 March 2023 (Dst ∼ −155 nT). We use the temperature and OH </span>airglow<span> measurements of the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard NASA's Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission satellite to compare the thermal field of the MLT region on these disturbed days with the neighbouring quietest days of 27–28 March. Such comparison reveals both warming and cooling in the MLT region associated with the storm. An extension of this comparative study in the latitude region located poleward of Bharati also shows similar behavior of the MLT region during this geomagnetic storm. Overall, this study reveals the maximum temperature enhancement of ∼39–43 K to occur at around 99 km, a significant warming of ∼4–43 K in 95–105 km, and a decrease of ∼12–16 K in 80–87 km. While the enhancement of temperature in 95–105 km appears to be a consequence of the auroral heating associated with this storm; we are unable to account for the cooling below based on existing theories. Present observation of the development of cooling underneath the region of temperature enhancement during the geomagnetic storm is rare and demands further investigation.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101047"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139635149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An estimation of atmospheric attenuation on an earth-space radio link operating at Ka-band over Larsemann hills area of Antarctica","authors":"Sahal Mohammed M.N. ,&nbsp;Chinmay Kumar Patra ,&nbsp;Sudhakar Kandukuri ,&nbsp;Vivek Kumar ,&nbsp;Vijay Kumar Soni","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2023.101024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2023.101024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The National Remote Sensing Centre<span><span><span> (NRSC) has established its ground station named Antarctica Ground Station for Earth Observation Satellites (AGEOS) at Bharati station located at Larsemann hills area of Antarctica for the tracking and data acquisition from polar orbiting satellites. A communication link through a </span>geostationary satellite in C-band is being used for transferring data to the mainland. There is a need to enhance the data rate in the near future considering the huge volume of data being acquired at AGEOS. A satellite link operating at Ka-band is proposed for accommodating the bandwidth requirements. It is necessary to estimate the worst case </span>atmospheric attenuation<span><span> at Ka-band over Larsemann hills area for calculating the link margins required. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has setup a wide range of meteorological instruments at Bharati station and the local data collected for the years 2020, 2021 and 2022 are used in this study. The link is assumed to operate at a frequency of 20 GHz with </span>linear polarization. An exceedance probability of 0.1% is used to arrive at the annual statistics of the attenuation. Recommendations by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are followed and the estimation is carried out using MATLAB. An estimated total atmospheric attenuation of 2.28 dB is obtained. The results are used further for carrying out link budgeting for a Ka-band satellite communication link between Bharati station and India.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101024"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139635284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of cryoconite holes in the supraglacial discharge of bioavailable iron in Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica","authors":"G. Samui ,&nbsp;A. Sanyal ,&nbsp;R. Antony ,&nbsp;C.M. Laluraj ,&nbsp;M. Thamban","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Supraglacial discharge of limiting micronutrients such as iron (Fe) into high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions like the Southern Ocean has recently drawn global attention. In this study, we aim to understand the contribution of cryoconite holes (comprising a meltwater column with an underlying layer of sediment) to the discharge of Fe through the glacier runoff. Cryoconite hole meltwater collected from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica showed a higher concentration of dissolved Fe (dFe: 71.2 μgL⁻¹) and total Fe extractable from suspended sediments (exFe: 362.1 μgL⁻¹) than in the adjacent streams (dFe: 30.5 μgL⁻¹; exFe: 21.2 μgL⁻¹) and melt pools (dFe: 42.3 μgL⁻¹; exFe: 5.8 μgL⁻¹). Predictive pathways (using PICRUSt2) show that cryoconite hole bacterial communities could acquire Fe and other trace elements using different mechanisms, such as the biosynthesis of siderophores, and transport proteins, therefore influencing the trace metal chemistry in these and other environments that drain cryoconite hole contents. Estimated discharge of dFe (11.4 kg km⁻² a⁻¹) and exFe (57.9 kg km⁻² a⁻¹) within cryoconite holes are 2 and 17 times higher, respectively than the discharge from the adjacent supraglacial streams, indicating that cryoconite holes are an important source of potentially bioavailable Fe to the HNLC region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139670066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of background radiation levels and environmental radioactivity around Bharati Station, Larsemann Hills in east Antarctica-an overview","authors":"A.K. Bakshi ,&nbsp;Rupali Pal ,&nbsp;Jis Romal ,&nbsp;B.K. Sahoo ,&nbsp;Saurabh Garg ,&nbsp;B.K. Sapra","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Study on the measurement of background radiation level in and around Bharati station, Larsemann Hills region of East Antarctica<span><span> was taken up using different types of detectors. The radiation levels due to cosmogenic (especially neutron) and terrestrial origin (gamma and neutron) and </span>natural radioactivity<span> due to presence of primordial radionuclide in the samples of soil, rock, lake water, ice and air were measured. The data on radionuclide activities of soil and lake water are presented pictorially using surfer plot. The study was further extended to the in-situ measurement of Radon/Thoron concentration in soil pores. Measurement of gross alpha and beta activity in air samples was also carried out. These studies were conducted during several Indian Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica (ISEA) (32</span></span></span>^nd to 36^th) for the period from 2012 to 2017. Some of the data generated during the above mentioned expeditions are already published previously and hence mentioned very briefly in the text whereas the unpublished data are presented and discussed in this article for the first time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139104358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance monitoring of the wastewater system of Bharati Station, Antarctica","authors":"Rahul Kumar ,&nbsp;N.S. Magesh ,&nbsp;Vivek Kumar ,&nbsp;Kirti Ranjan Das ,&nbsp;Ariz Ahmad ,&nbsp;Vikas Singh ,&nbsp;Partha Sarathi Majhi ,&nbsp;Ravi Mishra ,&nbsp;Anand K. Singh ,&nbsp;Shailendra Saini ,&nbsp;Yogesh Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The untouched condition of Antarctica's environment is a result of its inherent absence of human activity. Nevertheless, with the introduction of scientific research stations and human presence, a considerable volume of wastewater has been produced by these research facilities. The wastewater needs to be treated before discharge and has strict rules and regulations set by the Antarctic Treaty (Annexure III). However, the performance of the wastewater treatment plant and the data on the quality of the effluents being discharged into the sea by different stations are limited. In this study, the performance of the wastewater treatment plant at Bharati research station located at Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica was investigated from 2015 to 2022. Physical and chemical parameters such as pH, EC, NH₄–N and COD were determined in effluents from the drinking water plant, blackwater and greywater plant from Bharati station. The pH and EC of the effluents were measured using portable probes, ammonia was measured spectrophotometrically, and COD was measured using the closed reflux digestion method. The monthly data of the effluents from 2015 to 2022 for pH, EC, NH₄–N and COD indicate values within the permissible limits except for a few parameters at a certain time frame. It was observed that the pH of black, grey and drinking water varied between pH 6.5 and 9.1. Both grey and blackwater showed a decreasing conductivity trend, suggesting decreased ionic content. The blackwater exhibited an increase in ammonia concentration and COD trend, indicating higher organic pollution levels, while the grey water displayed a decreasing trend in COD, indicating a reduction in organic matter content. The study also investigated the correlation between NH₄–N concentration in wastewater and greywater with levels of COD and compared these levels with standard values to assess effluent water quality. The data will provide baseline values to assess any malfunctioning of the wastewater system in treating the contaminants. Effluent data from other Antarctic stations show a high value compared with the effluents from Bharati station. Such variability largely depends on the station size, water usage and number of expedition members during the summer and winter seasons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140127810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial community structure, adaptations and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from Antarctica: A review","authors":"Sonia Tamang ,&nbsp;Prayatna Sharma ,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar ,&nbsp;Nagendra Thakur","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2023.101034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2023.101034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Antarctica serves as an ideal prototype to study past climatic condition as the ice core records dates back to 100,000 years. Microbiological research on ice core has opened a doorway to our understanding on biodiversity and its contribution to the frozen ecosystem. In this review, the ice core bacterial diversity of East and West Antarctica has been documented. Cold-adapted bacteria hold immense potential in biotechnological applications as they possess functional advantages over mesophilic bacteria. Some of the neoteric applications of bioproducts of Antarctic bacteria have been stated in this review. The current climate change due to </span>global warming<span> exerts a humongous effect on the ecosystem of the polar region. The region being susceptible to any fluctuation in temperature, the exacerbated melting of Antarctic glaciated mass contributes to the rise of global sea level, with loss of ice harbouring unknown microbial entities. This review mainly focuses on the bacterial diversity of East and West Antarctic counterparts, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant genes, the adaption strategies conferred by bacteria thriving in Antarctic habitats and their potential biotechnological applications.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101034"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}