Polish Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Genetic Polymorphisms of Pneumocystis Jirovecii in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Patients in Northern China","authors":"Ting Xue, W. Du, W. Dai, Yi-Shan Li, Shufang Wang, Jun-ling Wang, Xin-Ri Zhang","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2022-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2022-002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungus that can cause severe and potentially fatal Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunodeficient patients. In this study, we investigated the genetic polymorphisms of P. jirovecii at eight different loci, including six nuclear genes (ITS, 26S rRNA, sod, dhps, dhfr and β-Tub) and two mitochondrial genes (mtLSU-rRNA and cyb) in three PCP cases, including two patients with HIV infection and one without HIV infection in Shanxi Province, P.R. China. The gene targets were amplified by PCR followed by sequencing of plasmid clones. The HIV-negative patient showed a coinfection with two genotypes of P. jirovecii at six of the eight loci sequenced. Of the two HIV-positive patients, one showed a coinfection with two genotypes of P. jirovecii at the same two of the six loci as in the HIV-negative patient, while the other showed a single infection at all eight loci sequenced. None of the three drug target genes (dhfr, dhps and cyb) showed mutations known to be potentially associated with drug resistance. This is the first report of genetic polymorphisms of P. jirovecii in PCP patients in Shanxi Province, China. Our findings expand our understanding of the genetic diversity of P. jirovecii in China.","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"71 1","pages":"27 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42044627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Should Bacteriophages Be Classified As Parasites Or Predators?","authors":"G. Węgrzyn","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2022-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2022-005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacteria and propagating in bacterial cells. They were discovered over 100 years ago, and for decades they played crucial roles as models in genetics and molecular biology and as tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology. Now we also recognize their huge role in natural environment and their importance in human health and disease. Despite our understanding of bacteriophage mechanisms of development, these viruses are described as parasites or predators in the literature. From the biological point of view, there are fundamental differences between parasites and predators. Therefore, in this article, I asked whether bacteriophages should be classified as former or latter biological entities. Analysis of the literature and biological definitions led me to conclude that bacteriophages are parasites rather than predators and should be classified and described as such. If even more precise ecological classification is needed, bacteriophages can perhaps be included in the group of parasitoids. It might be the most appropriate formal classification of these viruses, especially if strictly virulent phages are considered, contrary to phages which lysogenize host cells and those which develop according to the permanent infection mode (or chronic cycle, like filamentous phages) revealing features of classical parasites.","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"71 1","pages":"3 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41463765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics on <i>Apis cerana</i> Gut Microbiota.","authors":"Mingkui Lv,&nbsp;Qingzhi Lei,&nbsp;Huajuan Yin,&nbsp;Tiannian Hu,&nbsp;Sifan Wang,&nbsp;Kun Dong,&nbsp;Hongbin Pan,&nbsp;Yiqiu Liu,&nbsp;Qiuye Lin,&nbsp;Zhenhui Cao","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2021-049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate <i>in vitro</i> effects of the selected prebiotics alone, and in combination with two potential probiotic <i>Lactobacillus</i> strains on the microbial composition of <i>Apis cerana</i> gut microbiota and acid production. Four prebiotics, inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, and isomalto-oligosaccharides were chosen, and glucose served as the carbon source. Supplementation of this four prebiotics increased numbers of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> and lactic acid bacteria while decreasing the pH value of <i>in vitro</i> fermentation broth inoculated with <i>A. cerana</i> gut microbiota compared to glucose. Then, two potential probiotics derived from <i>A. cerana</i> gut at different dosages, <i>Lactobacillus helveticus</i> KM7 and <i>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</i> LP4 were added with isomalto-oligosaccharides in fermentation broth inoculated with <i>A. cerana</i> gut microbiota, respectively. The most pronounced impact was observed with isomalto-oligosaccharides. Compared to isomalto-oligosaccharides alone, the combination of isomalto-oligosaccharides with both lactobacilli strains induced the growth of <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, LAB, and total bacteria and reduced the proliferation of <i>Enterococcus</i> and fungi. Consistent with these results, the altered metabolic activity was observed as lowered pH in <i>in vitro</i> culture of gut microbiota supplemented with isomalto-oligosaccharides and lactobacilli strains. The symbiotic impact varied with the types and concentration of <i>Lactobacillus</i> strains and fermentation time. The more effective ability was observed with IMO combined with <i>L. helveticus</i> KM7. These results suggested that isomalto-oligosaccharides could be a potential prebiotic and symbiotic with certain lactobacilli strains on <i>A. cerana</i> gut microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":"511-520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/70/cf/pjm-70-4-049.PMC8702607.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39775316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological Analysis of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Lung Infection in a Mouse Model.","authors":"Shigeru Tansho-Nagakawa,&nbsp;Yoshinori Sato,&nbsp;Tsuneyuki Ubagai,&nbsp;Takane Kikuchi-Ueda,&nbsp;G O Kamoshida,&nbsp;Satoshi Nishida,&nbsp;Yasuo Ono","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2021-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> is the main causative pathogen of nosocomial infections that causes severe infections in the lungs. In this study, we analyzed the histopathological characteristics of lung infection with two strains of <i>A. baumannii</i> (ATCC 19606 and the clinical isolate TK1090) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> PAO-1 in C3H/HeN mice to evaluate the virulence of <i>A. baumannii</i>. Survival was evaluated over 14 days. At 1, 2, 5, or 14 days postinfection, mice of C3H/HeN were sacrificed, and histopathological analysis of lung specimens was also performed. Histopathological changes and accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in the lungs after infection with <i>A. baumannii</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were analyzed. Following intratracheal inoculation, the lethality of ATCC 19606- and TK1090-infected mice was lower than that of PAO-1-infected mice. However, when mice were inoculated with a sub-lethal dose of <i>A. baumannii</i>, the lung bacterial burden remained in the mice until 14 days post-infection. Additionally, histopathological analysis revealed that macrophages infiltrated the lung foci of ATCC 19606-, TK1090-, and PAO-1-infected mice. Although neutrophils infiltrated the lung foci of ATCC 19606- and TK1090-infected mice, they poorly infiltrated the lung foci of PAO-1-infected mice. Accumulation of these cells in the lung foci of ATCC 19606- and TK1090-infected mice, but not PAO-1-infected mice, was observed for 14 days post-infection. These results suggest that <i>A. baumannii</i> is not completely eliminated despite the infiltration of immune cells in the lungs and that inflammation lasts for prolonged periods in the lungs. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism of <i>A. baumannii</i> infection, and novel drugs and vaccines should be developed to prevent <i>A. baumannii</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":"469-477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a2/77/pjm-70-4-044.PMC8702610.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Genetic Variants of Human Papillomavirus in a Group of Mexican HIV/AIDS Patients and Their Possible Association with Cervical Cancer.","authors":"Felipe Ortiz-Gutiérrez,&nbsp;Lilia Sánchez-Minutti,&nbsp;José F Martínez-Herrera,&nbsp;Indiana D Torres-Escobar,&nbsp;Elias B Pezzat-Said,&nbsp;Luis Márquez-Domínguez,&nbsp;Amado I Grandes-Blanco","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2021-047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) cause thousands of deaths worldwide each year. So far, there has been no consensus on whether there is a direct relationship between the incidence of neoplasms and the immunosuppression caused by HIV that could help understand if coinfection increases the likelihood of cervical cancer. The objective of the study was to identify the presence of genetic variants of HPV in a group of HIV-positive women and their possible association with cervical cancer. Cervical samples were taken from HIV-positive patients for cytological analysis to identify the HPV genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. The most prevalent L1 capsid protein mutations in the HPV genotype were analyzed <i>in silico</i>. Various types of HPV were identified, both high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR). The most prevalent genotype was HPV51. Analysis of the L1 gene sequences of HPV51 isolates showed nucleotide variations. Of the samples analyzed in Puebla, Mexico, HPV51 had the highest incidence (17.5%, 7/40). Different mutations, which could be used as population markers, were detected in this area, and they have not been reported in the L1 databases for HPV51 in Mexico. Genotypes 6, 14, 86, 87, 89, and 91, not detected or reported in samples from patients with HPV in Mexico, were also identified. Data from the population analyzed suggest no direct relationship between HIV immunosuppression and cervical cancer, regardless of the high- or low-risk HPV genotype. Furthermore, it is possible to develop regional population markers for the detection of HPV based on the mutations that occur in the sequence of nucleotides analyzed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":"501-509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a4/1f/pjm-70-4-047.PMC8702602.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipoic Acid Does Not Affect The Growth of <i>Mycoplasma hominis</i> Cells <i>In Vitro</i>.","authors":"Małgorzata Biernat-Sudolska, Danuta Rojek-Zakrzewska, Paulina Gajda, Anna Bilska-Wilkosz","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2021-050","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2021-050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycoplasma hominis</i> is associated with various infections, for which the treatment can be complex. Lipoic acid (LA) plays a role as a cofactor in eukaryotes, most Bacteria, and some Archea. Research of recent years has increasingly pointed to the therapeutic properties of exogenously supplemented LA. The present study was conducted on 40 strains of <i>M. hominis</i> cultured with the following LA concentrations: 1,200 μg/ml, 120 μg/ml, and 12 μg/ml. The bacterial colonies of each strain were counted and expressed as the number of colony-forming units/ml (CFU). The number of CFU in <i>M. hominis</i> strains obtained in the presence of LA was compared with the number of CFU in the strains grown in the media without LA. The obtained results indicated that the presence of LA in the medium did not affect the growth of <i>M. hominis</i>. The investigation of the influence of LA on the growth and survival of microbial cells not only allows for obtaining an answer to the question of whether LA has antimicrobial activity and, therefore, can be used as a drug supporting the treatment of patients infected with a given pathogenic microorganism. Such studies are also crucial for a better understanding of LA metabolism in the microbial cells, which is also important for the search for new antimicrobial drugs. This research is, therefore, an introduction to such further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":"521-526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c0/c3/pjm-70-4-050.PMC8702601.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of the Cervicovaginal Microenvironment in Childbearing-Age Women with Different Degrees of Cervical Lesions and HR-HPV Positivity.","authors":"Qingzhi Zhai,&nbsp;Weiyi Zhang,&nbsp;Zhe Zhang,&nbsp;Yurong Fu,&nbsp;Yang Li,&nbsp;Xueqi Wang,&nbsp;Li'an Li,&nbsp;Yuanguang Meng","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2021-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the most important determinate in the development of cervical cancer, and cervical microecology can modulate cervical viral infection. However, few studies have been conducted on the microecological analysis of cervical diseases using strict physiological factors. This study investigated the characteristics and dynamics of cervical microecology in childbearing-age Chinese women with different degrees of HR-HPV-positive cervical lesions. A total of 168 subjects were selected according to the selection criteria, including healthy HPV-negative individuals (n = 29), HR-HPV-infected individuals (n = 29), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion individuals (LSIL, n = 32), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion individuals (HSIL, n = 40), and cervical cancer individuals (n = 38). We sampled cervical secretions from each subject and performed comparative analysis using the 16S rRNA sequencing method. Comparison analysis showed that <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Ignatzschineria</i> were the dominant genera in the healthy group, while <i>Gardnerella</i> and <i>Prevotella</i> were more enriched in the disease groups. Based on the taxa composition, we roughly divided the development of cervical cancer into two phases: phase I was from healthy status to HR-HPV infection and LSIL; phase II was from LSIL to HSIL and cervical cancer. Different interactions among different genera were observed in different groups. <i>Prevotella</i> inhibited the abundance of <i>Lactobacillus</i> in the healthy group, while <i>Prevotella</i> inhabited the abundance of <i>Gardnerella</i> in the other groups. In the HR-HPV infection group, <i>Ignatzschineria</i> and <i>Enterococcus</i> showed a positive interaction but dissociated with the increase in cervical lesions, which might eventually lead to a continuous decrease in the abundances of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Ignatzschineria</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":"489-500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6f/5f/pjm-70-4-046.PMC8702608.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39775314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel LysR Family Factor STM0859 is Associated with The Responses of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium to Environmental Stress and Biofilm Formation.","authors":"Zhongmei Ma,&nbsp;N A Li,&nbsp;Chengcheng Ning,&nbsp;Yucheng Liu,&nbsp;Yun Guo,&nbsp;Chunhui Ji,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Zhu,&nbsp;Qingling Meng,&nbsp;Xianzhu Xia,&nbsp;Xingxing Zhang,&nbsp;Xuepeng Cai,&nbsp;Kuojun Cai,&nbsp;Qiao Jun","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2021-045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella enterica</i> subsp. <i>enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium (ST) is an intracellularly parasitic bacterium. This zoonotic pathogen causes food poisoning and thus imposes a severe threat to food safety. Here, to understand the regulatory roles of the novel transcription factor STM0859 on the response of ST to environmental stress and biofilm formation, the <i>STM0859</i> gene-deficient strain and the complementation strain <i>ΔSTM0859/STM0859</i> were generated, respectively. Then, its capacity of responding to environmental stresses and biofilm (BF) formation ability under different stresses, including acid, alkali, high salt, cholate, and oxidative stresses was tested. We further analyzed the interaction between the STM0859 protein and the promoter of the acid stress response-related gene <i>rcsB</i> by performing an electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). The results showed that acid resistance and BF formation capacities of ST-<i>ΔSTM0859</i> strain were significantly weaker, as compared with those of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium SL1344 (ST-SL1344) wild strain (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Quantitative qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of acid stress and BF formation-related genes, <i>rcsB</i> and <i>rpoS</i>, of ST-<i>ΔSTM0859</i> strain were significantly reduced at the transcription levels, while the transcription levels of these genes were fully restored in complementation strain ST-<i>ΔSTM0859</i>/<i>STM0859</i>. The results of EMSA showed that STM0859 was capable of binding the promoter DNA fragments of the <i>rcsB</i> gene, suggesting that STM0859 can promote the transcription of the <i>rcsB</i> gene through interaction with its promoter, thereby exerting an indirectly regulatory role on the adaptive responses to acid stress and BF formation of ST. This study provided new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the LysR family factors on the tolerances of ST under adverse environmental stresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":"479-487"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e9/0e/pjm-70-4-045.PMC8702606.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silent Genes: Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Production.","authors":"Monika Stasiak,&nbsp;Elżbieta Maćkiw,&nbsp;Joanna Kowalska,&nbsp;Katarzyna Kucharek,&nbsp;Jacek Postupolski","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2021-040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silent genes are DNA sequences that are generally not expressed or expressed at a very low level. These genes become active as a result of mutation, recombination, or insertion. Silent genes can also be activated in laboratory conditions using pleiotropic, targeted genome-wide, or biosynthetic gene cluster approaches. Like every other gene, silent genes can spread through horizontal gene transfer. Most studies have focused on strains with phenotypic resistance, which is the most common subject. However, to fully understand the mechanism behind the spreading of antibiotic resistance, it is reasonable to study the whole resistome, including silent genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":"421-429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2a/82/pjm-70-4-040.PMC8702603.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39677435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. Be a Factor Reducing the Risk of Miscarriage?","authors":"Aneta Kiecka, Barbara Macura, Marian Szczepanik","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2021-043","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2021-043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pregnancy loss is a common obstetric problem. Significant causes of miscarriage include genetic and epigenetic disorders of the embryo, immunological and endocrine factors, uterine malformations, improper embryo selection, and lifestyle. Perhaps a hitherto underappreciated cause of miscarriage may be an abnormal microbiota composition of the female reproductive system. <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. is the most common bacteria within the reproductive tract. However, the protective role of <i>Lactobacilli</i> in the vagina has been well described in the literature, while it is still unknown what function <i>Lactobacilli</i> may have in the uterus. Moreover, new research shows that <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. can have a role in miscarriage. However, both molecular and immunological mechanisms of host-<i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. interactions are not fully understood. Understanding these relationships will help address the importance and extent of the protective role of <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. in miscarriage.</p>","PeriodicalId":20272,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":"431-446"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dc/5b/pjm-70-4-043.PMC8702604.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39677436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}