Plant Direct最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptional repression of GTL1 under water‐deficit stress promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis to enhance drought tolerance","authors":"Noel Anthony Mano, Mearaj A. Shaikh, Joshua R. Widhalm, Chan Yul Yoo, Michael V. Mickelbart","doi":"10.1002/pld3.594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.594","url":null,"abstract":"The transcription factor GT2‐LIKE 1 (GTL1) has been implicated in orchestrating a transcriptional network of diverse physiological, biochemical, and developmental processes. In response to water‐limiting conditions, GTL1 is a negative regulator of stomatal development, but its potential rolein other water‐deficit responses is unknown. We hypothesized that GTL1 regulates transcriptome changes associated with drought tolerance over leaf developmental stages. To test the hypothesis, gene expression was profiled by RNA‐seq analysis in emerging and expanding leaves of wild‐type and a drought‐tolerant <jats:italic>gtl1‐4</jats:italic> knockout mutant under well‐watered and water‐deficit conditions. Our comparative analysis of genotype‐treatment combinations within leaf developmental age identified 459 and 1073 differentially expressed genes in emerging and expanding leaves, respectively, as water‐deficit responsive GTL1‐regulated genes. Transcriptional profiling identified a potential role of GTL1 in two important pathways previously linked to drought tolerance: flavonoid and polyamine biosynthesis. In expanding leaves, negative regulation of <jats:italic>GTL1</jats:italic> under water‐deficit conditions promotes biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that may contribute to drought tolerance. Quantification of polyamines did not support a role for GTL1 in these drought‐responsive pathways, but this is likely due to the complex nature of polyamine synthesis and turnover. Our global transcriptome analysis suggests that transcriptional repression of GTL1 by water deficit allows plants to activate diverse pathways that collectively contribute to drought tolerance.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141149339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic analysis of the defense response in \"Cabernet Sauvignon\" grape leaf induced by <i>Apolygus lucorum</i> feeding.","authors":"Heng Yao, Suhong Gao, Tianhua Sun, Guona Zhou, Changkuan Lu, Baojia Gao, Wenshu Chen, Yiming Liang","doi":"10.1002/pld3.590","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the molecular mechanism of the defense response of \"Cabernet Sauvignon\" grapes to feeding by <i>Apolygus lucorum</i>, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the transcriptome of grape leaves under three different treatments: feeding by <i>A. lucorum</i>, puncture injury, and an untreated control. The research findings indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in three aspects: cellular composition, molecular function, and biological process. These genes were found to be involved in 42 metabolic pathways, particularly in plant hormone signaling metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and other metabolic pathways associated with plant-induced insect resistance. Feeding by <i>A. lucorum</i> stimulated and upregulated a significant number of genes related to jasmonic acid and calcium ion pathways, suggesting their crucial role in the defense molecular mechanism of \"Cabernet Sauvignon\" grapes. The consistency between the gene expression and transcriptome sequencing results further supports these findings. This study provides a reference for the further exploration of the defense response in \"Cabernet Sauvignon\" grapes by elucidating the expression of relevant genes during feeding by <i>A. lucorum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11108798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Project ChemicalBlooms: Collaborating with citizen scientists to survey the chemical diversity and phylogenetic distribution of plant epicuticular wax blooms","authors":"Le Thanh Dien Nguyen, Nicole Groth, Kylie Mondloch, Edgar B. Cahoon, Keith Jones, Lucas Busta","doi":"10.1002/pld3.588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.588","url":null,"abstract":"Plants use chemistry to overcome diverse challenges. A particularly striking chemical trait that some plants possess is the ability to synthesize massive amounts of epicuticular wax that accumulates on the plant's surfaces as a white coating visible to the naked eye. The ability to synthesize basic wax molecules appears to be shared among virtually all land plants, and our knowledge of ubiquitous wax compound synthesis is reasonably advanced. However, the ability to synthesize thick layers of visible epicuticular crystals (“wax blooms”) is restricted to specific lineages, and our knowledge of how wax blooms differ from ubiquitous wax layers is less developed. Here, we recruited the help of citizen scientists and middle school students to survey the wax bloom chemistry of 78 species spanning dicot, monocot, and gymnosperm lineages. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we found that the major wax classes reported from bulk wax mixtures can be present in wax bloom crystals, with fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and alkanes being present in many species' bloom crystals. In contrast, other compounds including aldehydes, ketones, secondary alcohols, and triterpenoids were present in only a few species' wax bloom crystals. By mapping the 78 wax bloom chemical profiles onto a phylogeny and using phylogenetic comparative analyses, we found that secondary alcohol and triterpenoid‐rich wax blooms were present in lineage‐specific patterns that would not be expected to arise by chance. That finding is consistent with reports that secondary alcohol biosynthesis enzymes are found only in certain lineages but was a surprise for triterpenoids, which are intracellular components in virtually all plant lineages. Thus, our data suggest that a lineage‐specific mechanism other than biosynthesis exists that enables select species to generate triterpenoid‐rich surface wax crystals. Overall, our study outlines a general mode in which research scientists can collaborate with citizen scientists as well as middle and high school classrooms not only to enhance data collection and generate testable hypotheses but also to directly involve classrooms in the scientific process and inspire future STEM workers.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of ginseng rusty root symptoms transcriptome and its pathogenesis directed by reactive oxygen species theory","authors":"Pengcheng Yu, Xiaowen Song, Wei Zhang, Yao Yao, Junling Ren, Liyang Wang, Wenfei Liu, Zhaoping Meng, Xiangcai Meng","doi":"10.1002/pld3.586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.586","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ginseng rusty root symptoms (GRS) is a primary disease of ginseng, which seriously decreases the yield and quality of ginseng and causes enormous losses to ginseng production. GRS prevention and control is still challenging due to its unclear etiology. In this study, the phloem tissue of healthy Panax ginseng (AG), the nonred tissue of the phloem epidermis around the lesion (BG), and the red lesion site tissue of GRS (CG) were extracted for mRNA transcriptomic analysis; 35,958 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and were associated with multiple stress resistance pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and iron ion binding. Further study showed that the contents of O2 •‐, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in BG and CG tissues. Under anaerobic conditions caused by excessive soil moisture, the overproduction of ROS destroys cell membranes, simultaneously converting Fe2+ to Fe3+ and depositing it in the cell wall, which results in GRS, as evidenced by the success of the GRS induction test.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141033247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PINOID‐centered genetic interactions mediate auxin action in cotyledon formation","authors":"Wei Zeng, Xiutao Wang, Mengyuan Li","doi":"10.1002/pld3.587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.587","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Auxin plays a key role in plant growth and development through auxin local synthesis, polar transport, and auxin signaling. Many previous reports on Arabidopsis have found that various types of auxin‐related genes are involved in the development of the cotyledon, including the number, symmetry, and morphology of the cotyledon. However, the molecular mechanism by which auxin is involved in cotyledon formation remains to be elucidated. PID, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase localized to the plasma membrane, has been found to phosphorylate the PIN1 protein and regulate its polar distribution in the cell. The loss of function of pid resulted in an abnormal number of cotyledons and defects in inflorescence. It was interesting that the pid mutant interacted synergistically with various types of mutant to generate the severe developmental defect without cotyledon. PID and these genes were indicated to be strongly correlated with cotyledon formation. In this review, PID‐centered genetic interactions, related gene functions, and corresponding possible pathways are discussed, providing a perspective that PID and its co‐regulators control cotyledon formation through multiple pathways.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141025078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of the Sli gene in wild and cultivated potato","authors":"Mercedes Ames, A. Hamernik, William L Behling, D. Douches, Dennis A. Halterman, Paul C. Bethke","doi":"10.1002/pld3.589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.589","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inbred‐hybrid breeding of diploid potatoes necessitates breeding lines that are self‐compatible. One way of incorporating self‐compatibility into incompatible cultivated potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) germplasm is to introduce the S‐locus inhibitor gene (Sli), which functions as a dominant inhibitor of gametophytic self‐incompatibility. To learn more about Sli diversity and function in wild species relatives of cultivated potato, we obtained Sli gene sequences that extended from the 5′UTR to the 3′UTR from 133 individuals from 22 wild species relatives of potato and eight diverse cultivated potato clones. DNA sequence alignment and phylogenetic trees based on genomic and protein sequences show that there are two highly conserved groups of Sli sequences. DNA sequences in one group contain the 533 bp insertion upstream of the start codon identified previously in self‐compatible potato. The second group lacks the insertion. Three diploid and four polyploid individuals of wild species collected from geographically disjointed localities contained Sli with the 533 bp insertion. For most of the wild species clones examined, however, Sli did not have the insertion. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Sli sequences with the insertion, in wild species and in cultivated clones, trace back to a single origin. Some diploid wild potatoes that have Sli with the insertion were self‐incompatible and some wild potatoes that lack the insertion were self‐compatible. Although there is evidence of positive selection for some codon positions in Sli, there is no evidence of diversifying selection at the gene level. In silico analysis of Sli protein structure did not support the hypothesis that amino acid changes from wild‐type (no insertion) to insertion‐type account for changes in protein function. Our study demonstrated that genetic factors besides the Sli gene must be important for conditioning a switch in the mating system from self‐incompatible to self‐compatible in wild potatoes.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phaseolus vulgaris STP13.1 is an H+‐coupled monosaccharide transporter, present in source leaves and seed coats, with higher substrate affinity at depolarized potentials","authors":"Joseph L. Pegler, John W. Patrick, Benjamin McDermott, Anthony Brown, Jackson M. J. Oultram, Christopher P. L. Grof, John M. Ward","doi":"10.1002/pld3.585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.585","url":null,"abstract":"Sugar transport proteins (STPs) are high‐affinity H<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐coupled hexose symporters. Recently, the contribution of STP13 to bacterial and fungal pathogen resistance across multiple plant species has garnered significant interest. Quantitative PCR analysis of source leaves, developing embryos, and seed coats of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> <jats:italic>L</jats:italic>. (common bean) revealed that <jats:italic>PvSTP13.1</jats:italic> was expressed in source leaves and seed coats throughout seed development. In contrast, <jats:italic>PvSTP13.1</jats:italic> transcripts were detected at exceedingly low levels in developing embryos. To characterize the transport mechanism, PvSTP13.1 was expressed in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Xenopus laevis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content> oocytes, and inward‐directed currents were analyzed using two‐electrode voltage clamping. PvSTP13.1 was shown to function as an H<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐coupled monosaccharide symporter exhibiting a unique high affinity for hexoses and aldopentoses at depolarized membrane potentials. Specifically, of the 31 assessed substrates, which included aldohexoses, deoxyhexoses, fructose, 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose, aldopentoses, polyols, glycosides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, and glucuronic acid, PvSTP13.1 displayed the highest affinity (<jats:italic>K</jats:italic><jats:sub>0.5</jats:sub>) for glucose (43 μM), mannose (92 μM), galactose (145 μM), fructose (224 μM), xylose (1.0 mM), and fucose (3.7 mM) at pH 5.6 at a depolarized membrane potential of −40 mV. The results presented here suggest PvSTP13.1 contributes to retrieval of hexoses from the apoplasmic space in source leaves and coats of developing seeds.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pectin methylesterification state and cell wall mechanical properties contribute to neighbor proximity‐induced hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis","authors":"Fabien Sénéchal, Sarah Robinson, Evert Van Schaik, Martine Trévisan, Prashant Saxena, Didier Reinhardt, Christian Fankhauser","doi":"10.1002/pld3.584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.584","url":null,"abstract":"Plants growing with neighbors compete for light and consequently increase the growth of their vegetative organs to enhance access to sunlight. This response, called shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), involves photoreceptors such as phytochromes as well as phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs), which regulate the expression of growth‐mediating genes. Numerous cell wall‐related genes belong to the putative targets of PIFs, and the importance of cell wall modifications for enabling growth was extensively shown in developmental models such as dark‐grown hypocotyl. However, the contribution of the cell wall in the growth of de‐etiolated seedlings regulated by shade cues remains poorly established. Through analyses of mechanical and biochemical properties of the cell wall coupled with transcriptomic analysis of cell wall‐related genes from previously published data, we provide evidence suggesting that cell wall modifications are important for neighbor proximity‐induced elongation. Further analysis using loss‐of‐function mutants impaired in the synthesis and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers corroborated this. We focused on the <jats:italic>cgr2cgr3</jats:italic> double mutant that is defective in methylesterification of homogalacturonan (HG)‐type pectins. By following hypocotyl growth kinetically and spatially and analyzing the mechanical and biochemical properties of cell walls, we found that methylesterification of HG‐type pectins was required to enable global cell wall modifications underlying neighbor proximity‐induced hypocotyl growth. Collectively, our work suggests that plant competition for light induces changes in the expression of numerous cell wall genes to enable modifications in biochemical and mechanical properties of cell walls that contribute to neighbor proximity‐induced growth.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Down-regulation of wheat Rubisco activase isoforms expression by virus-induced gene silencing","authors":"Juan Alejandro Perdomo, Joanna C. Scales, Wing-Sham Lee, Kostya Kanyuka, Elizabete Carmo-Silva","doi":"10.1002/pld3.583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.583","url":null,"abstract":"Rubisco activase (Rca) is an essential photosynthetic enzyme that removes inhibitors from the catalytic sites of the carboxylating enzyme Rubisco. In wheat, Rca is composed of one longer 46 kDa α-isoform and two shorter 42 kDa β-isoforms encoded by the genes <i>TaRca1</i> and <i>TaRca2</i>. <i>TaRca1</i> produces a single transcript from which a short 1β-isoform is expressed, whereas two alternative transcripts are generated from <i>TaRca2</i> directing expression of either a long 2α-isoform or a short 2β-isoform. The 2β isoform is similar but not identical to 1β. Here, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to silence the different <i>TaRca</i> transcripts. Abundance of the transcripts and the respective protein isoforms was then evaluated in the VIGS-treated and control plants. Remarkably, treatment with the construct specifically targeting <i>TaRca1</i> efficiently decreased expression not only of <i>TaRca1</i> but also of the two alternative <i>TaRca2</i> transcripts. Similarly, specific targeting of the <i>TaRca2</i> transcript encoding a long isoform <i>TaRca2α</i> resulted in silencing of both <i>TaRca2</i> alternative transcripts. The corresponding protein isoforms decreased in abundance. These findings indicate concomitant down-regulation of <i>TaRca1</i> and <i>TaRca2</i> at both transcript and protein levels and may impact the feasibility of altering the relative abundance of Rca isoforms in wheat.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140564929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of leaf extraction and storage conditions for eco‐metabolomics studies","authors":"Jakob Lang, Sergio E. Ramos, Marharyta Smohunova, Laurent Bigler, Meredith C. Schuman","doi":"10.1002/pld3.578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.578","url":null,"abstract":"Mass spectrometry‐based plant metabolomics is frequently used to identify novel natural products or study the effect of specific treatments on a plant's metabolism. Reliable sample handling is required to avoid artifacts, which is why most protocols mandate shock freezing of plant tissue in liquid nitrogen and an uninterrupted cooling chain. However, the logistical challenges of this approach make it infeasible for many ecological studies. Especially for research in the tropics, permanent cooling poses a challenge, which is why many of those studies use dried leaf tissue instead. We screened a total of 10 extraction and storage approaches for plant metabolites extracted from maize leaf tissue across two cropping seasons to develop a methodology for agroecological studies in logistically challenging tropical locations. All methods were evaluated based on changes in the metabolite profile across a 2‐month storage period at different temperatures with the goal of reproducing the metabolite profile of the living plant as closely as possible. We show that our newly developed on‐site liquid–liquid extraction protocol provides a good compromise between sample replicability, extraction efficiency, material logistics, and metabolite profile stability. We further discuss alternative methods which showed promising results and feasibility of on‐site sample handling for field studies.","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140565494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}