Plant Direct最新文献

{"title":"The Shock of Shatter: Understanding Silique and Silicle Dehiscence for Improving Oilseed Crops in Brassicaceae.","authors":"Justin B Nichol, Shakshi A Dutt, Marcus A Samuel","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silique dehiscence, despite being an essential physiological process for seed dispersal for dehiscent fruits, is disadvantageous for the agricultural industry. While crops have been selected against the expression of natural, spontaneous shattering to protect the seeds for harvest, fruit dehiscence in the field can be promoted through abiotic factors such as wind, drought, and hail that can be detrimental in reducing crop yield and profitability. In crops like canola, pennycress, and <i>Camelina</i>, this impact could be as high as 50%, creating economic losses for both the industry and the economy. Mitigating the effects of fruit dehiscence is crucial to prevent seed loss, economic loss, and the persistence of volunteer plants, which interfere with crop rotation and require increased weed control. Developing agronomic traits through genetic manipulation to enhance the strength of the fruiting body can prevent seed dispersal mechanisms from occurring and boost yield efficiency and preservation. Current research into this area has created mutant plants with indehiscent fruits by reducing allele function that determines the identity of the various anatomical layers of the fruit. Future genetic approaches may focus on strengthening siliques by enhancing secondary cell walls through either increased lignification or reducing cell wall-degrading enzymes to achieve shatter tolerance. This review focuses on improving our knowledge within members of the Brassicaceae family to create a better understanding of silique/silicle dehiscence for researchers to establish a groundwork for broader applications across diverse crops. This knowledge will directly lead to improved agricultural productivity and ensure a stable food supply, addressing global challenges the world is facing.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 4","pages":"e70058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PECTIN METHYLESTERASE51 Affects Stomatal Dimensions, Rosette Area, and Root Length in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Angelica L Dunham, Chetana Tamadaddi, Rayna Marshall, Charles T Anderson","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pectins are abundant in the cell walls of eudicot plants and have been implicated in determining the development and biomechanics of stomatal guard cells, which expand and contract dynamically to open and close stomatal pores on the plant surface, modulating photosynthesis and water transport. Pectic homogalacturonan is delivered to the cell wall in a methylesterified form but can be demethylesterified in the wall by pectin methylesterases, increasing both its ability to form crosslinks via calcium and its susceptibility to degradation by endogenous pectinases. Although a few pectin methylesterases have been implicated in stomatal development and function, this large family of proteins has not been fully characterized with respect to how they modulate stomatal guard cells. Here, we characterized the function of PECTIN METHYLESTERASE51 (<i>PME51</i>), a pectin methylesterase-encoding gene that is expressed in developing guard cells, in stomatal morphogenesis in seedlings and adult plants of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. Overexpressing <i>PME51</i> led to smaller adult plants with smaller stomatal complexes and subtle changes in initial responses to opening and closure stimuli, whereas knocking out <i>PME51</i> resulted in smaller stomatal complexes and longer roots in seedlings. We observed changes in pectin labeling in knockout and overexpression plants that imply a specific function for PME51 in modulating the degree of methylesterification for homogalacturonan. Together, these findings expand our understanding of how pectin modification by pectin methylesterases affects the development and function of stomatal guard cells, which must maintain a balance of strength and flexibility to optimize plant growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 4","pages":"e70066"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Gene Targets for the Sprouting Inhibitor CIPC.","authors":"Thomas M Grand, James K Pitman, Alexander L Williams, Lisa M Smith, Andrew J Fleming","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sprout suppressants are widely used in industry to ensure year-round availability of potato tubers, significantly decreasing wastage by repressing premature growth of buds on the tuber surface during storage. Despite its ban from 2020 in the EU, isopropyl <i>N</i>-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (also known as chlorpropham or CIPC) remains the most widely used suppressant worldwide. However, the mechanism of action of CIPC remains obscure. Here, we report on a combined targeted transcriptomic and genetic approach to identify components in the tuber bud cell-division machinery that might be involved in CIPC's mode of action. This involved RNAseq analysis of dissected, staged tuber buds during in vitro sprouting with and without CIPC to identify lead genes, followed by the development and application of an Arabidopsis root assay to assess cell division response to CIPC in selected mutants. The ease of use of this model plant, coupled with its immense genetic resources, allowed us to test the functionality of lead genes encoding cell-division-associated proteins in the modulation of plant growth response to CIPC. This approach led to the identification of a component of the augmin complex (a core player in mitosis) as a potential target for CIPC.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 4","pages":"e70068"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11982522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Atypical Pectin Methylesterase Family Member PME31 Promotes Seedling Lipid Droplet Utilization.","authors":"Sarah Hamade, Melissa S Traver, Bonnie Bartel","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In plants, the primary form of energy stored in seed lipid droplets, triacylglycerol (TAG), is catabolized during germination to support pre-photosynthetic growth. Although this process is essential for seedling development, it is incompletely understood. In a screen for <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> mutants displaying delayed degradation of the lipid droplet coat protein oleosin, five independent mutations in <i>PECTIN METHYLESTERASE31</i> (<i>PME31</i>) were recovered. In addition to delayed oleosin degradation, <i>pme31</i> mutant seedlings exhibited sustained lipid droplets and elevated levels of several TAG and diacylglycerol species. Although structural prediction classified PME31 as a pectinesterase, this structural family also includes a putative <i>E. coli</i> lipase, YbhC. Moreover, PME31 lacks an N-terminal signal peptide that would target it to the cell wall, where pectin resides. We found that a fluorescent PME31 reporter was cytosolic and partially associated with peroxisomes, the site of fatty acid catabolism, during lipid mobilization. Our findings suggest that, in contrast to canonical PMEs, which modify cell wall pectin, PME31 functions at peroxisomes to directly or indirectly promote lipid mobilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 4","pages":"e70054"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11982519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143994754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing an Immune System Conferring DNA and RNA Virus Resistance in Plants Using CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Gene Editing.","authors":"Lili Luo, Liqing Miao, Xuhui Ma, Jinjin Hu, Suzhen Li, Wenzhu Yang, Shuai Ma, Rumei Chen, Xiaoqing Liu","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70070","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two types of CRISPR/Cas systems (Cas9 and Cas13) have been used to combat eukaryotic viruses successfully. In this study, we established resistance to the DNA virus BSCTV and RNA virus TMV in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> using the CRISPR-Cas12a multiplex gene editing system. We employed two effector proteins LbCas12a and FnCas12a coupled with six guide RNAs targeting virus genome and a novel mRNA-gRNA nucleic acid complex to transport gRNA efficiently. Compared with the BSCTV accumulation in the wild-type <i>N. benthamiana</i>, it was reduced by more than 90% by most transgenic events derived at 7 days post-inoculation. Additionally, the shoot-tip leaves were normal in the transgenic plants, whereas they appeared severely curled and stunted in wild-type <i>N. benthamiana</i> at 15 days post-infection. Target sites evaluation revealed that the editing system can directly destroy the structure of BSCTV viral genomes via large fragment deletions. We quantified TMV virus accumulation in the transgenic <i>N. benthamiana</i> lines by monitoring dynamic changes in GFP fluorescence and quantitative analysis by qPCR showed that the CRISPR-Cas12a system can introduce TMV virus resistance to <i>N. benthamiana</i> by preventing its systemic spread. Our study provides an innovative strategy-an mRNA-gRNA nucleic acid complex-which has proven to be highly effective in the gene-editing system and offers an efficient antiviral approach for generating virus-resistant plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 4","pages":"e70070"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11975405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPY Interacts With Tubulin and Regulates Abscisic Acid-Induced Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Tongtong Liu, Pan Wang, Zixuan Wang, Weipeng Dun, Jing Li, Rong Yu","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70063","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sugars are important both as an energy source and a signaling cue. In <i>Arabidopsis thaliana,</i> SPINDLY (SPY) is the <i>bona fide</i> <i>O</i>-fucosylation transferase that links sugar with various plant growth and development processes. Previously, <i>spy</i> was shown to display a strong salt and drought tolerance phenotype. Herein we confirmed the phenotype and further studied its mechanism. We found that abscisic acid (ABA) elevated <i>SPY</i> expression in guard cells, and SPY is involved in ABA-induced stomatal closure. We show that SPY regulates the rearrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton in guard cells. Moreover, ABA-induced microtubule reorganization is enhanced in <i>spy</i> mutants. Mechanistically, SPY interacts with α-tubulin1 (TUA1) in both yeast-two hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and split luciferase complementation imaging assays, indicating that TUA1 may be <i>O</i>-fucosylated by SPY. Our work is in line with the notion that SPY has many substrates involved in diverse processes in plants, and also unearths a key mechanism how glycosylation regulates the stomata movement via the microtubule cytoskeleton.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 4","pages":"e70063"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11959150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Molecular Mechanism of Interaction Between SEPALLATA3 and APETALA1 in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Xiao-Min Tan, Ya-Ru Li, Man-Ru Song, Ling-Na Yuan, Zi-Xin Zhao, Ye Liu, Qi Meng, Xuan Huang, Ye-Ye Ma, Zi-Qin Xu","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flower formation has been a primary focus in botanical research, leading to the identification of multiple factors regulating flowering over the past 30 years. The MADS transcription factors SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) and APETALA1 (AP1) are essential for floral meristem development and organ identity. In Arabidopsis, SEP3 functions as a central integrator, combining MADS proteins into a tetrameric complex, with its interaction with AP1 playing a key role in sepal and petal formation. This research explores <i>AtSEP3</i> and <i>AtAP1</i>, with particular emphasis on the Leu residue in the K1 subfunctional domain of <i>AtSEP3</i>, which is necessary for their interaction. A predicted structural model of AP1 was used, followed by protein docking with SEP3, which indicated that Leu residues at positions 115 and 116 are critical binding sites. Mutations at these position were examined through yeast two-hybrid assays and other techniques, identifying Leu 116 as a significant site. Subsequent purification and EMSA analysis revealed that mutations in the leucine zipper of SEP3 decreased its DNA binding ability. Observations of transgenic plants showed that disruption of <i>AtSEP3</i> and <i>AtAP1</i> interaction resulted in extended vegetative growth, increased size and number of rosette leaves, and modifications in floral structures. This study offers new insights into the interaction mechanism between AP1 and SEP3 during flowering.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 4","pages":"e70052"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11955279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening, Diversity, and Characterization of Fungal Endophytes Isolated From the Halophyte <i>Limonium axillare</i> and the Potential of Biocontrol Antagonists Against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>.","authors":"Fedae Alhaddad, Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh, Samir Jaoua, Mohammad A Al-Ghouti, Roda Al-Thani, Talaat Ahmed","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70026","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Halophytes, plants that thrive in high-salinity environments, host unique microbial communities, including fungal endophytes, which contribute to plant growth and pathogen resistance. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antagonistic potential of fungal endophytes from the halophytic plant <i>Limonium axillare</i>, collected from both inland and coastal habitats. Fungal endophytes were isolated, identified via molecular techniques, and tested for antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi using dual-culture assays. The results showed a diverse range of fungal endophytes, with <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Cladosporium</i> being the dominant genera. A total of 152 endophytic fungi were isolated from both locations, with 95 isolates coming from coastal plants and 57 from inland species. The isolates exhibited varying degrees of antagonistic activity against phytopathogens, highlighting their potential role in plant protection. Further research is needed to clarify these interactions' mechanisms and investigate their practical applications in agriculture. An endophytic isolate of <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> strain ((AL10) lim10qu) (ON210104.1) exhibited potent in vitro antifungal activity against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, a pathogenic fungus affecting tomato plants. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the fungus significantly increased both the length of tomato seedlings and the overall plant biomass. Both laboratory-based (in vitro) and field-based (in vivo) evaluations of the strain ((AL10) lim10qu) (<i>A. terreus</i>) against <i>F. oxysporum</i> suggest the promising role of endophytes as effective biological control agents. Analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of the fungal extract detected around 100 compounds (secondary metabolites). In addition to gradually reducing the need for chemical fungicides, bio-products can also contribute to sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 3","pages":"e70026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solution Structure and NMR Chemical Shift Perturbations of the Arabidopsis BCCP1 Identify Intersubunit Interactions Potentially Involved in the Assembly of the Heteromeric Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase.","authors":"Kiran-Kumar Shivaiah, Ganesh P Subedi, Adam W Barb, Basil J Nikolau","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70057","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) is a subunit of the heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (htACCase), and it chemically links the two half-reactions that constitute the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA, a critical reaction in fatty acid biosynthesis. Because plants are a major source of edible fats and oils, it is important to understand the structural organization of the plant htACCase, relative to its potential to regulate fatty acid biosynthesis in plant plastids. Moreover, unique to the plant htACCase, noncatalytic subunits called biotin attachment domain-containing (BADC) proteins are important in the assembly of the holoenzyme, and they specifically interact with the bcCP and the biotin carboxylase (BC) subunits. We report herein NMR structural studies of the Arabidopsis BCCP isozymes (bcCP1 and BCCP2). We calculated the structure of C-terminal domain of BCCP1 (K₂₀₀-P₂₈₀) and explored structural changes in the BCCP1 protein upon its interactions with bc and BADC. The chemical shift perturbation experiments identified potential surface residues on the BCCP1 protein that may facilitate physical interactions between BC and BADC proteins. These studies indicate that the BADC protein interacts with a \"thumb\"-like protrusion, which is a common structural feature of the bacterial and plant bcCPs, and thereby acts as a potential \"cap\" to facilitate the assembly of a BC-BCCP-BADC complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 3","pages":"e70057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11926652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an Automated System for Nondestructive Estimation of Plant Biomass.","authors":"Randall Kliman, Yuankai Huang, Ye Zhao, Yongsheng Chen","doi":"10.1002/pld3.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pld3.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate and nondestructive estimation of plant biomass is crucial for optimizing plant productivity, but existing methods are often expensive and require complex experimental setups. To address this challenge, we developed an automated system for estimating plant root and shoot biomass over the plant's lifecycle in hydroponic systems. This system employs a robotic arm and turntable to capture 40 images at equidistant angles around a hydroponically grown lettuce plant. These images are then processed into silhouettes and used in voxel-based volumetric 3D reconstruction to produce detailed 3D models. We utilize a space carving method along with a raytracing-based optical correction technique to create high-accuracy reconstructions. Analysis of these models demonstrates that our system accurately reconstructs the plant root structure and provides precise measurements of root volume, which can be calibrated to indicate biomass.</p>","PeriodicalId":20230,"journal":{"name":"Plant Direct","volume":"9 3","pages":"e70043"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11920584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}