Plant and Soil最新文献

{"title":"Phenotypic plasticity and integration synergistically enhance plant adaptability to flooding and nitrogen stresses","authors":"Jun Yang, Zhenxing Zhou, Wanyu Qi, Xianlei Gao, Yue Wang, Xiangtao Wang, Xuemei Yi, Maohua Ma, Shengjun Wu","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07230-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07230-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>Plants respond to stress gradients by modifying various aspects of their morphology, physiology, architecture, allocation and mycorrhizal fungi. Yet, understanding how plants adapt to resource stress requires a comprehensive, integrated perspective that considers not only the consistency and variability of individual trait adjustments, but also the interplay between two key mechanisms: phenotypic plasticity (the direction and magnitude of trait adjustment) and phenotypic integration (the degree and pattern of trait covariation). Despite their importance, the coordination of these mechanisms in driving adaptive responses remains poorly understood.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>To address these gaps, we measured the adjustment of 27 above- and below-ground traits across three dominant species (<i>Cynodon dactylon</i>, <i>Xanthium strumarium</i>, and <i>Bidens tripartita</i>), and explored trait networks, and the relationship between phenotypic plasticity and phenotypic integration in response to flooding and/or nitrogen in riparian habitats on the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results show that both flooding and nitrogen stress induced shifts in species traits towards more acquisitive strategy, characterized by larger leaves, higher leaf nutrient concentrations, finer roots, larger specific root lengths, greater branching intensity, and elevated carboxylate concentrations. Flooding altered the hub trait with the highest centrality in the trait network from root branching intensity to leaf phosphorus content, while nitrogen stress shifted the hub trait from leaf area to root phosphorus content. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between phenotypic plasticity and integration, indicating that higher plasticity of functional traits facilitated better integration with other traits under flooding and nitrogen stress.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>These findings suggest that plants exhibit more acquisitive traits in habitats experiencing flooding and/or nitrogen stress. Furthermore, a comprehensive assessment of phenotypic plasticity and its integration under compound stresses underscores the critical role of synergies between plasticity and integration in enhancing plant adaptability to environmental changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting fungal community assembly mechanisms in bulk soil and rhizosphere of Torreya grandis across a 900-year age gradient","authors":"Bin Wang, Xiaofan Na, Shengyi Huang, Zhengcai Li, Zhichun Zhou, Juying Huang, Meiyun Pu, Zhenyu Cheng, Xiaoqi He","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07259-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07259-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Soil microbial communities, including fungi, play a pivotal role in the sustainability of forest ecosystems, yet the ecological processes driving their assembly with forest development remain elusive. This study aims to investigate the variations in the assembly mechanism of soil fungal communities with the development of <i>Torreya grandis</i> forests.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>Barcode sequencing was conducted to identify and characterize the fungal community in both bulk soil and the rhizosphere of <i>T. grandis</i> along a chronosequence spanning 900 years in a subtropical forest. The total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of plant tissues, as well as major abiotic properties of the bulk soils, were determined simultaneously.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Our findings reveal that fungal community composition, rather than alpha diversity, changes with stand development, independent of shifts in plant and soil properties. As stands develop, saprotrophic fungi become enriched and fungal co-occurrence networks simplify, particularly in the bulk soil, indicating a soil environment with reduced competitive pressure for niches among fungal populations. Fungal community assembly in bulk soils is governed by dispersal limitation, whereas that of the rhizospheric assemblage transitions from dispersal limitation to homogeneous selection as stands develop. Notably, the genus <i>Talaromyces</i>, known for its biocontrol and plant-growth promotion capabilities, dominates the ecological process transition in the rhizosphere of <i>T. grandis</i>.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Our results propose a host-mediated deterministic selection of beneficial fungal populations in the rhizosphere as stands develop, supporting the health and ecological sustainability of ancient forest ecosystems in subtropical areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of root systems on soil macropore abundance and soil infiltration capacity","authors":"Yuanyuan Qu, Qinxuan Wu, Farhat Ullah Khan, Junfeng Wang, Xiuzi Ren, Xiaohong Chai, Xuexuan Xu, Feng Du","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07237-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07237-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Soil infiltration influences the amount of precipitation entering the soil, which is particularly important in water-limited regions. Investigating the impact of root decay on soil porosity and infiltration rates is essential.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>Natural grassland underwent a five-year film mulching treatment to suppress plant root growth, named grassland under film mulching (GFM). Simultaneously, natural recovery grassland (NRG) and farmland (FL) were selected for conducting in-situ infiltration experiments.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The diameter of roots significantly influences the formation of soil macropores (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In the NRG soil layer less than 20 cm deep, the effective macroporosity with ø &gt; 3 mm is significantly higher compared to other sites (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), which leads to enhanced infiltration capability. Upon reaching a soil depth of 20 cm, the stable infiltration rate of FL was 2.00 mm/min, showing no significant change with further increases in soil depth. The stable infiltration rate of GFM is measured at 6.95 mm/min, which is 5.7 times higher than that of NRG. The effective macroporosity of GFM (ø &gt; 3 mm) increased by 20.6 times, with macropore connectivity reaching 20.79%, meanwhile that the effective macroporosity of NRG (ø &gt; 3 mm) decreased by 93.67%.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Although live roots contribute to the formation of macropores and infiltration capacity, the long and continuous biogenic macropores formed after root decay have a more pronounced effect on enhancing soil water infiltration capacity. This research endeavors to serve as a reference material for exploring the impact of grassland vegetation restoration on macropores and groundwater circulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of charcoal and tree species on forest Podzol development after fire disturbance","authors":"Thi Hong Van Tran, Bartłomiej Woś, Tomasz Wanic, Marcin Pietrzykowski, Agnieszka Józefowska","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07264-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07264-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Charcoal and tree species are key factors influencing forest soil development after fire disturbance. Podzolization affects nutrient availability and soil fertility through translocation of organic matter and metals. This study investigates the impact of charcoal on the podzolization and examines effects of different tree species on soil properties in post-fire sites, while evaluating the effectiveness of different soil classification systems.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Research plots were established in pure stands of Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.), European larch (<i>Larix decidua</i> Mill.), silver birch (<i>Betula pendula</i> Roth), and pedunculate oak (<i>Quercus robur</i> L.) in two variants: with and without charcoal removal after fire. Soil morphological features were described, and samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Soils were classified using USDA Soil Taxonomy, World Reference Base, and Polish Soil Classification systems.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Charcoal presence significantly influenced soil development, resulting in thicker surface (A and AE) horizons, higher carbon content in spodic horizons, distinct patterns of iron mobilization. Tree species exhibited varying effects: oak stands developed pronounced eluvial horizons, birch profiles showed strong iron accumulation in spodic horizons, larch stands exhibited unique redoximorphic features in charcoal-absent conditions. The classification systems showed complementary strengths in capturing these differences, particularly in profiles with groundwater influence.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Charcoal presence and tree species significantly influence podzol development in post-fire forest soils through effects on organic matter accumulation, iron mobilization, and horizon differentiation. The complementary use of different classification systems provides insights into soil development patterns, contributing to our understanding of post-fire forest soil processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis shows experimental warming facilitated global litter decomposition and nitrogen release","authors":"Yuan Su, Changhui Wang, Xuejun Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07247-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07247-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>Plant litter decomposition (LD) is one of the largest global carbon (C) fluxes and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. However, it is not clear how environmental and experimental factors interact with experimental warming to affect LD, C, and nutrient release.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Therefore, a global meta-analysis of 713 pairwise observations from 71 published papers was conducted to evaluate the effects that field warming had on LD and associated nutrient releases across terrestrial ecosystems.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Experimental warming significantly stimulated global LD and nitrogen (N) release by 1.80% and 2.14%, respectively, but did not significantly affect C and phosphorus (P) release. There were also significant warming intensity and litter quality effects. Litter decomposition increased at low warming intensities (≤ 1 °C) and when low-quality litter (high lignin levels and/or high C:N and lignin:N ratios) was low. The warming effects on LD changed from negative to positive as the humidity index increased. In addition, the results showed that experimental factors and characteristics considerably influenced the LD responses to experimental warming. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of experimental warming on LD disappeared during longer-term decomposition (&gt; 1 year), which suggested that warming only had a short-term promotional effect on LD and N release.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The results showed that LD and nutrients release under experimental warming are relatively sensitive to experimental and environmental factors, including warming intensities and duration, climate, and litter quality, and that these factors should be considered in the biogeochemical cycles model to improve predictions about the global warming effects on LD and nutrient cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hotspots of enzyme activities reflect micro-scale heterogeneity in nutrient mobilization in paddy soils","authors":"Zihao Liu, Yakov Kuzyakov, Jie Fang, Yucheng He, Bin Song, Bahar S. Razavi, Jonathan M. Adams","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07265-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07265-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>While intensive fertilization has wide-ranging impact on microbial communities, its effects on microbial recolonization of soil niches and associated enzyme activities as well as hotspots distribution remain underexplored.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Using soil zymography and high-throughput sequencing, we investigated the hotspots and activities of C-, N- and P-acquiring hydrolases, as well as bacterial community dynamics across hotspots, coldspots, and root endosphere within rice rhizosphere in sterilized and non-sterilized soils following NPK fertilization.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Bacterial community reassembly after sterilization was primarily governed by compartment niches rather than by fertilization, although fertilization accelerated bacterial recovery by increasing diversity and network complexity. Specifically, the dominant taxa and major contributor of genes encoding hydrolases in the rhizosphere of non-sterilized soil shifted from Actinomycetota (K-strategists) to Pseudomonadota and Bacillota (r-strategists). In contrast, root endosphere communities had greater resilience during recolonization and likely supported rice growth by expanding enzyme hotspots area. Higher enzyme activities in hotspots, compared to coldspots, correlated strongly with increased bacterial network complexity, and less with differences in diversity and overall community composition. Fertilization triggered a trade-off between enzyme activities and hotspots area, with increased activities for β-glucosidase and leucine aminopeptidase but reduced hotspots area, whereas acid phosphatase had the opposite trend.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The trade-offs between enzyme activities and hotspots area highlight the micro-scale spatial heterogeneity in nutrient mobilization in paddy soils, suggesting adaptive strategies that plants and microorganisms use to regulate nutrient investment. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing fertilization management to accelerate microbial processes and enzyme-mediated nutrient cycling.\u0000</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in SOC, pH, and Ca associated with microorganism mediated SOC mineralization and temperature sensitivity following vegetation restoration in karst regions","authors":"Tongxin He, Jun Li, Xinru Du, Guangting Pei, Aihua Wang, Baoqing Hu, Wei Zhang, Weidong Zhang, Jianfei Sun","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07254-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07254-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization as a major C loss process, determines soil C accumulation following vegetation restoration in degraded land. However, SOC mineralization and underlying microbial mechanisms are still unclear during vegetation restoration in karst desertification areas, where the soil is characterized by high pH and calcium (Ca) content. This lack of clarity hinders the selection of optimal restoration strategies for adapting to karst conditions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Four vegetation restoration strategies, which have undergone 12 years of recovery, were selected: natural shrubland (NS), <i>Cornus Wilsoniana Wanaer</i> (CWW), <i>Eriobotrya japonica</i> (EJ), and <i>Cyclobalanopsis glauca</i> (CG). SOC mineralization and its temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀), soil properties, and microbial communities were measured.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>SOC mineralization was highest in NS, which decreased by 24.75%, 18.76%, and 33.66%, respectively, in CWW, EJ, and CG. SOC content and pH associated with fungal community structure positively influenced SOC mineralization, with SOC content having the most direct effect. Q₁₀ was highest in CG compared to the other three strategies. Ca and pH associated with Actinobacteria negatively impacted Q₁₀, while the fungal community structure (particularly Basidiomycota) and bacterial Chao1 had positive effects. Furthermore Ca was the most direct influencing factor.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Vegetation restoration types exhibited different effects on SOC mineralization and Q₁₀ in karst areas. Changes in soil SOC content, pH, and Ca associated with microorganisms mediated SOC mineralization and Q₁₀, with fungi and dominant microbial phyla playing significant roles. This highlights the importance of maintaining soil Ca and pH during vegetation restoration in karst regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent responses of root traits of nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen fixing seedlings to phosphorus addition in Southern China","authors":"Zhihang He, Xiaojuan Gu, Meng Su, Linyunhui Liu, Qifeng Mo","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07246-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07246-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Phosphorus (P) limitation is common for plant growth and seedling regeneration in highly weathered soil of southern China. The responses of plant growth to various P supply are well conducted. However, the responses of different root orders of different functional tree seedlings to various soil P availability is still unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A field-based manipulative experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of different orders of roots of <i>Ormosia pinnata</i> (N-fixing), <i>Michelia macclurei</i> (non-N-fixing), and <i>Schima superba</i> (non-N-fixing) seedlings to P addition in southern China.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>(1) P addition mainly changed the morphological traits of the 3rd order root of tree seedlings. N-fixing seedling tended to invest more resource in acquisition traits such as specific root length (SRL) rather than non-N-fixing species. (2) The contents of N and P in 3rd roots of non-N-fixing tree seedlings was greatly affected by external P addition, but only the P content in 1st order root was affected. P addition only increased the 3rd order root N:P ratio of N-fixing species. (3) P addition increased soluble sugar content while reduced starch contents in 2nd and 3rd order roots and greatly changed the distribution pattern of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) of N-fixing seedling.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>N-fixing seedling is relatively more adaptable to the environment of exogenous P addition and have stronger ability to use soil P. The physiological shapes of different functional seedlings such as root N and P contents and NSC contents to various P availability was divergent, which was tightly related to the root hierarchy of seedlings in southern China.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle innovations: impact of biogenic CaP nanoparticles in mitigating the adverse effects of excessive nitrate application","authors":"Mai A. El-Esawy, Eman A. Elkhateeb, Amira M. Hassan, Doaa E. Elsherif","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07233-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07233-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>The overuse nitrogen fertilizer has resulted in significant environmental pollution and may also affect the ability of plants to withstand stress and productivity. The goal of this study was to create a nanofertilizer that may improve the resistance of lupine (<i>Lupinus termis L</i>) nitrate stress while simultaneously releasing a micronutrient that supports plant growth.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP-NPs) were created via <i>Jania rubens</i> extract and sprayed on lupine plants as a foliar spray at various dosages (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) to mitigate the harmful effects of high nitrate stress (200 mM nitrate) on the seedling stage of lupine plants.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The biogensis CaP-NPs were characterised to have a spherical form with a size of 29 ± 3.2 nm. The findings demonstrated that, in contrast to the control, nitrate stress negatively affected the growth metrics of lupines; however, foliar spraying with CaP-NPs increased these parameters during nitrate stress. Moreover, treatment with CaP-NPs greatly reduced the increased levels of indicators of oxidative stress (MDA, H₂O₂, proline, nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃⁻⁻N), and ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N)). Additionally, the administration of CaP-NPs under conditions of elevated nitrate stress induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine (PAL)) as well as non-enzymatic markers such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid, and glutathione. The administration of CaP-NPs resulted in an increase in the expression of antioxidant genes, including <i>ferritin (FER1), phenylalanine (PAL), catalase2 (CAT2), superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1), chalcone synthase (CHS), and flavonol synthase (FLS)</i>. The highest level of upregulation was observed at 100 mg/L CaP-NPs.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Foliar CaP-NPs nanofertilizer application in agriculture may increase yield while reducing the harmful effects of nitrate stress on plants. Thus, our work provides a solid basis for further investigations aimed at assessing the substitution of CaP nanofertilizers for traditional Ca²⁺ or P fertilizers to mitigate the deleterious effects of nitrate stress and improve lupine output.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water limitation as a driver of species richness decline in global grasslands under nutrient addition","authors":"Hailing Li, Josep Peñuelas, Scott L. Collins, Jordi Sardans, Kailiang Yu, Chao Song, Juan Chen, Jian-Sheng Ye","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07253-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07253-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Nutrient addition increases plant aboveground production but causes species richness decline in many herbaceous communities. Asymmetric competition for light and detrimental effects of nitrogen have been shown to cause species richness decline in mesic ecosystems. However, it remains unclear whether and how other limiting factors may also play a role in the decline of species richness, especially in ecosystems where soil water could be more limiting.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We conducted a meta-analysis of &gt; 1600 experiments on nutrient and water addition across grasslands worldwide.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We find that nitrogen addition, alone or combined with other nutrients, significantly increases aboveground production but decreases species richness. However, water addition can avoid species loss when nutrients were added, indicating that water is a crucial limiting resource in driving species richness decline under nutrient addition. Overall, water limitation may be the primary driver of species richness decline under nutrient addition in approximately 70% of global grassland areas where mean annual soil water content is ≤ 30%. Therefore, as nutrient availability increases in global grasslands, soil moisture limitation may be responsible for the decline of species richness in regions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Our study quantifies the soil water threshold below which plant species is mainly driven by water limitation, and highlights a novel and widespread mechanism driving species richness decline in global grasslands under nutrient addition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}