Plant and Soil最新文献

{"title":"Blue carbon dynamics across a salt marsh-seagrass ecotone in a cool-temperate estuary","authors":"Tiaan Engelbrecht, Sophie von der Heyden, Andrew Ndhlovu","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06953-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06953-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Seagrass and salt marsh ecosystems are recognised for their role in climate change mitigation and adaptation given their carbon storage potential. However, factors driving variability in blue carbon ecosystems are understudied, yet are important to account for.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>Examine the variability of sediment organic carbon (SOC) and its drivers (seagrass morphometrics and sediment nutrients) at different spatial scales; &gt; 1 km, ~ 150 m and ~ 10 m across the salt marsh-seagrass ecotone.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We collected the top 5 cm of sediment in the Olifants River Estuary, a cool-temperate system in South Africa. Using a line transect approach, we sampled across the salt marsh-seagrass ecotone (~ 10 m) in triplicate transects (~ 50 m apart) at three sampling sites (1–3 km) and analysed for SOC and elemental nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content. Seagrass morphometrics (shoot density, leaf length and number per shoot) were measured.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>There was significant (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) spatial heterogeneity in SOC stocks between sites (1–3 km) and between salt marshes and seagrass, but low variability at ~150 m. We detected a significant decrease in SOC from salt marsh towards the seagrass edge, with seagrass SOC remaining uniform. Nitrogen content was positively correlated with SOC in seagrass and salt marshes (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), but seagrass morphometrics were not significant drivers of SOC.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The dynamics of blue carbon differ between salt marshes and seagrass, with spatial heterogeneity of SOC at scales &gt; 1 km, suggesting that future BC assessments need to account for spatial heterogeneity to improve the accuracy of carbon removal estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil biodiversity and ecological intensification for sustainable agriculture","authors":"Amandine Erktan, Eric Blanchart, Mirjam Pulleman, Jean Trap","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06961-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06961-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive evaluation for a green manure-peanut rotation system: Impacts on peanut yield, soil organic carbon dynamics, and soil microbial communities","authors":"Qiqi Sun, Yongmei Zheng, Xuewu Sun, Lijun Wu, Zhengfeng Wu, Jialei Zhang, Tianyi Yu, Jiancheng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06965-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06965-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Green manuring can synergistically benefit agricultural production and environmental sustainability, and the understanding of microorganisms in promoting carbon sequestration and crop productivity is still to be strengthened. This study aimed to explore how microbiomes under green manuring affect peanut yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. A six-year field experiment was conducted to compare two cropping regimes, peanut continuous monoculture (P) and peanut-<i>Orychophragmus violaceus</i> rotation (PO). The multi-year peanut yields were monitored. In 2022, SOC dynamics (C contents, mineralization rate, and enzyme activities) and microbial characteristics (diversity, community composition and occurrence network) were examined in the rhizosphere, bulk soil, and bulk soil aggregates. PO alleviated the continuous monoculture obstacles by elevating soil pH, increasing NO₃⁻-N level, and enhancing enzyme activities. Moreover, PO promoted bacterial alpha diversity and network complexity, decreased fungal richness and network complexity, selectively enriched beneficial microbes such as <i>Bacillus</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i>, and inhibited pathogenic fungi like <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Coniochaeta</i>, resulting in an average yield increase of 41.0%. Nevertheless, the addition of excessive nitrogen and intensified carbon limitation by PO constrained the r-strategist carbon decomposers, as indicated by the reduction in bulk soil <i>K</i>_c (by 23.9%), and stimulated the K-strategist carbon decomposers, as shown by the decrease of SOC. Although PO increased peanut yield and improved soil health, it is unfavorable for SOC sequestration in the long run, thus should be applied with caution in the leguminous field. This study highlighted the synergism of high crop productivity and promoted carbon sequestration to develop sustainable and green agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential crop yield responses to elevated CO2 attributed to varying biomass part stimulations: a meta-analysis","authors":"Yanling Bai, Liu Liu, Hao Li, Xi Peng, Keyu Fa, Guanhua Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06974-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06974-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and Aims</h3><p>Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO₂) is known to enhance biomass accumulation and plant growth by improving photosynthesis and promoting stomatal closure. However, the effects of CO₂ fertilization on aboveground and belowground biomass differ significantly among crops, which may influence agricultural productivity and carbon storage in plants and soils. This study aims to quantify impacts of eCO₂ on crop yield and biomass and to identify the key factors influencing crop yield responses.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>This study analyzed the biomass changes in response to eCO₂ and its impacts on agricultural yields dedicated to major crops, i.e., maize, rice, and wheat, using a meta-analysis method based on 757 pairs of global observations from 178 peer-reviewed articles.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results indicated that eCO₂ increased the yields of maize, rice, and wheat by approximately 12%, 17% and 22%, respectively. Variation in biomass accounted for 39%, 28% and 43% of the yield response in these three crops, respectively. In maize and rice, the non-yield components of the aboveground biomass posed direct effects and acted as mediating variables, whereas in rice, the belowground biomass was more influential.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The present findings revealed the dominant role of various biomass components in determining the impact of eCO₂ on agricultural productivity. In rice, belowground biomass was identified as the most significant factor affecting the yield response to CO₂ fertilization. For maize and wheat, the non-yielding fraction of the aboveground biomass was the most important factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving factors analysis of soil respiration in China ecosystems","authors":"Wei Li, Tianling Qin, Shanshan Liu, Yuhui Yang, Hanxiao Liu, Shu Xu","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06962-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06962-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Soil respiration (Rs) is the second largest carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems after photosynthesis, and it is deeply affected by climatic, geographical, and plant factors. This study aims to quantify and clarify the response of Rs to driving factors in natural vegetation formed by natural succession under different conditions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Through meta-analysis, we quantified the individual and interactive effects of nitrogen addition (NA), precipitation increase/decrease (PI/PD), warming (W), and aboveground biomass removal (AGBR) on natural vegetation Rs in China.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>NA had no significant effect on Rs of natural vegetation, PI and W increased Rs by 17.4% and 9.8%, while PD and AGBR significantly decreased Rs by 18.5% and 11.8%, respectively, and the interactive effect of NA, PI, and W showed additive effects on Rs. Precipitation was key in influencing the response of Rs to driving factors, which had significant changes along the precipitation gradient. Specifically, the driving factors decreased Rs by 9.9–27.4% in arid regions (Except for PI), which was limited by the water effectiveness, so forests mainly formed by natural succession in humid areas, had a stronger moderating effect than grassland under driving factors.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Precipitation is a key factor influencing the effect of drivers on soil respiration, and natural forest ecosystems formed in humid areas have a stronger regulatory role, compared to natural grasslands limited by water and nitrogen. This study analyzed the influencing mechanisms of driving factors on Rs in natural ecosystems, which is crucial for assessing carbon cycle processes under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid deposition promotes soil carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems of China","authors":"Sihui Qiu, Shiting Xia, Fengcai Liu, Mengxiao Yu, Zhongbing Chang, Ying-Ping Wang, Junhua Yan, Jun Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06964-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06964-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>China has experienced a high rate of anthropogenic acid deposition for more than four decades, which can greatly affect ecosystem carbon (C)-cycling processes. However, a comprehensive assessment of how acid deposition alters C input and output and its potential impacts on soil C sequestration across a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems remains lacking.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We synthesized 1660 observations from 77 simulated acid deposition experiments in China to quantify the acid-addition effects on ten C-cycling variables.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We found that acid addition significantly decreased both above-and below-ground biomass (-7.2% and -8.3%, respectively), dissolved organic C (-7.6%), microbial biomass C (-10.2%), and soil respiration (-9.4%) (-7.0% for autotrophic respiration and -5.8% for heterotrophic respiration), but significantly increased soil organic C (2.5%). The significant negative effects of acid addition on both plant biomass and auto-/ hetero-trophic respiration were found in subtropical forests, and the significant positive effect of acid addition on soil organic C was found in all ecosystems except for the temperate forests. The response of plant biomass to acid addition was strongly affected by acid addition strength, and the responses of heterotrophic respiration and soil organic C were significantly correlated with experimental duration or initial soil pH.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Our results provide direct evidence that anthropogenic acid deposition promotes soil C sequestration mainly through decreasing C output (i.e., heterotrophic respiration), and should be incorporated into C-cycling models for estimating soil C sequestration potential under future environmental changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial patterns and effects of invasive plants on soil microbial activity and diversity along river corridors","authors":"Erika Gömöryová, Richard Hrivnák, Dobromil Galvánek, Judita Kochjarová, Katarína Skokanová, Michal Slezák, Ivana Svitková, Barbora Šingliarová, Stanislav Španiel, Dušan Gömöry","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06958-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06958-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Invasive species represent a threat to the conservation of biological systems. Riparian ecosystems are vulnerable to plant invasions, as waterflow facilitates the dispersal of plant propagules, while invasive species may subsequently impact soil, including soil microbial communities. Downstream connectivity among disparate riverine segments is expected to cause spatial continuity of abiotic and biotic components of riparian ecosystems.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We studied diversity of microbial communities in three headwater streams in Central Europe. Plant diversity, soil properties and soil microbiota were assessed on 20 sample plots per river. Soil microbial activity and community-level physiological profiling were used to study the soil microbial community.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>While the α-diversity of plants and soil microbiota was similar among rivers, plant communities were substantially more differentiated than microbial communities. Richness in alien and invasive plants significantly differed among rivers, which was reflected in different spatial patterns of microbial activity and diversity. A high level of spatial continuity was observed in the Kysuca river with straightened riverbed and artificial surfaces in the adjacent areas. The cover of invasive plants affects the composition of microbial functional groups of riverbed soils.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The expectation of spatial continuity of riverbed soil properties including those of soil microbiota caused by connectivity between different river segments was only partially fulfilled. Spatial continuity strongly depends on the environmental setting and stream characteristics of a particular river. The presence of invasive herbs affected the functional composition of soil microbiota but had no effect on microbial activity and diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ridge tillage with rice-rape rotation on the root system and yield of crops","authors":"Wenqi Zhang, Lanting Li, Bo Liu, Juan Liu, Fangxin Chen, Jiupai Ni, Chaofu Wei, Shouqin Zhong","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06914-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06914-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Ridge tillage with rice-rape rotation is an important paddy-upland rotation planting pattern in southern China. In order to improve physical environment of soil and increase yield of rice and rape, it is necessary to clarify effects of ridge tillage on root characteristic and yield, which can provide scientific basis for efficient utilization of paddy field. </p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A field plot experiment was conducted to compare effects of conventional tillage with rice and winter fallow (CK1), conventional tillage with rice-rape rotation (CK2), wide ridge tillage with rice-rape rotation (RT1) and narrow ridge tillage with rice-rape rotation (RT2) on root characteristic and yield of rape and rice.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Ridge tillage (including RT1 and RT2) had positive effects on relevant root indexes and the influence degree was different at different growth stages. For example, at maturity stage, the total root length and surface area of rape treated with RT2 were significantly higher than CK2 by 116.66% and 111.03%. Ridge tillage can significantly improve economic characteristics and yield. Strikingly, compared with CK1 and CK2, the actual yield of rice treated with RT1 was higher by 20.82% and 13.54%.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Ridge tillage can promote root growth, enhance root vitality and increase yield. Narrow ridge tillage (RT2) is more beneficial to the root growth of rape but wide ridge tillage (RT1) is more beneficial to the root growth of rice. The wide ridge is more beneficial to the economic characteristics and yield of rape and rice than narrow ridge.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporation of undissolved lime from previous applications can ameliorate subsoil acidity promptly and improve crop performance on sandy soils of the semi-arid regions of Western Australia","authors":"Gaus Azam, Md Shahinur Rahman","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06957-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06957-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Repeated surface application of lime for managing subsoil acidity is slow and ineffective, resulting in an accumulation of undissolved lime (carbonate) in the topsoil. We investigated the impact of the incorporation of undissolved lime into the subsoil to improve acidity and crop performance.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The undissolved lime in 2-cm layers of topsoil (0–10 cm) from three long-term experiments in Western Australia was measured. Both limed and unlimed topsoil with the acidic subsoil of the same profile was incubated at eight incorporation rates for six weeks, followed by growing barley and wheat in the incubated soil for two weeks to assess the impact on soil acidity and crop root architecture, respectively. Furthermore, a three-year-long field experiment was conducted following strategic tillage in limed and control plots to assess the impact on soil acidity and performance of wheat, canola and barley.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>A significant amount of undissolved lime was concentrated in the topsoil, amounting to 1.7, 1.8 and 1.3 t/ha for the limed plots at Wongan Hills, Northam and Merredin, respectively. Incubation of 5–25% topsoil after incorporation with the acidic subsoil was enough to ameliorate subsoil acidity and to improve root length density by up to 13-fold depending on undissolved lime content in topsoils and soil type. In the field experiment, the incorporation of undissolved lime also significantly improved subsoil acidity and canola performance.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>We concluded that the incorporation of topsoil containing sufficient undissolved lime with acidic subsoil may offer a quick amelioration of subsoil acidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From sources to solutions: integrated approaches for Cd, Hg, and Pb remediation- a comprehensive review","authors":"Hajira Younas, Aisha Nazir, Firdaus e Bareen","doi":"10.1007/s11104-024-06944-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06944-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Urbanization, industrialization, and various other anthropogenic and natural activities increase the release of heavy metals (HMs) into the environment, posing a severe threat to nearby flora, fauna, and humans. HMs are toxic, non-biodegradable, silent, and subtle killers that alter the soil attributes and threaten plants, animals, and humans, impacting biodiversity and human health.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>HMs such as Cd, Hg, and Pb disturb physiological processes in plants and animals, reducing growth, impaired reproduction, and negative impacts on human beings upon bioaccumulation in food chains. This results in the dire need for effective remediation strategies to clean up HMs in soil and water.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Various conventional and non-conventional approaches remove and detoxify HMs from the substrate. Metal immobilization, detoxification, and removal via microbial approaches, i.e., biosorption, bioaccumulation, bioaugmentation, bioleaching, and bio-volatilization, are effective in remediating Cd, Hg, and Pb.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results </h3><p>Additionally, microbes utilize direct and indirect mechanisms to help the remediation of Cd, Hg, and Pb from contaminated sites. Genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) are also being explored for the remediation of these metals from contaminated soil, offering both opportunities and challenges regarding associated risks and management practices. This review emphasizes the possible heavy metal sources responsible for increasing the concentration of HMs in the environment and their effect on plants and animals. We will discuss various conventional remediation strategies that can help remediate Cd, Hg, and Pb.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>By elucidating the role of microbial-dependent remediation approaches, including GEMs, this review also contributes to advancing sustainable approaches for mitigating Cd, Hg, and Pb-contaminated soil and safeguarding environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}