Plant and Soil最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing nitrogen supply for maize based on critical nitrogen concentration and nitrogen residual effect under different irrigation levels","authors":"Bo Jing, Wenjuan Shi, Zhongmin Zhai, Tao Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07328-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07328-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Backgrounds</h3><p>Diagnosis of crop nitrogen nutrition is an imperative approach for precise nitrogen application in agriculture and mitigating environmental pollution. However, limited research exists on nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and assessment strategies for maize under different irrigation amount.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the comprehensive response of yield, nitrogen residue in soil, leaf area index, and nitrogen nutrition status to three irrigation levels (60%, 80%, and 100% ETc) and five nitrogen application levels (0, 80, 160, 240, and 320 kg ha⁻¹).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Result</h3><p>The results showed that the maize yield showed an initial rise, which then reached a stable state with the increase of irrigation and nitrogen application level. The residual soil nitrogen increased with the nitrogen application level, while higher irrigation levels result in the downward movement of soil nitrogen towards deeper soil layers. The critical nitrogen concentration (CNc, %) dilution curve model for maize in relation to irrigation level (W, mm) was developed based on leaf area index (LAI): CNc = aLAI^−b; where a = –2.288 × 10⁻⁵W² + 0.018W + 0.588, and b = –4.025 × 10⁻⁶W² + 0.003W–0.286.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>By conducting an integrated analysis of the nitrogen nutrition index and nitrogen residual effect, it is advisable to reduce nitrogen application level appropriately under lower irrigation levels in the northwest of China; however, it is recommended to maintain control within the range of 160 – 240 kg ha⁻¹.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biophysical and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under water-deficit stress","authors":"Bishwoyog Bhattarai, Harsimran Kaur-Kapoor, Alexander Rodriguez, Mark D. Burow, Glen L. Ritchie, Lindsey C. Slaughter, Jasmine Neupane, Haydee E. Laza","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07312-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07312-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>Global peanut production is constrained by the frequency and severity of drought. New insights into photosynthetic biophysical and biochemical limitations under water-deficit stress are important to enhance peanut photosynthetic efficiency and production. This study examines the combined effects of water deficit, genotype, and growth stage on peanut physiology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>An experiment was conducted during three growing seasons (2020 – 2022) to evaluate peanut genotypes (AG18, C76-16, GA-09B, and Lariat) at three developmental stages: flowering/peg development (<i>R</i>_<i>2</i><i>-stage</i>), pod initiation/seed development (<i>R</i>_<i>4</i><i>-stage</i>), and pod filling/initiation of crop maturity (<i>R</i>_<i>7</i>-<i>stage</i>). The study was carried out under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. We quantified the biophysical (stomatal conductance) and biochemical limitations [the maximum rate of carboxylation (<i>V</i>_{<i>c, max</i>}), rate of RuBP regeneration (<i>J</i>_<i>max</i>), and photosynthetic electron transport rate (<i>ETR</i>)].</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The drought-induced reduction in <i>A</i>_<i>N</i> during the <i>R</i>_<i>2</i><i>-stage</i> stage was primarily attributed to a significant decrease in stomatal conductance (<i>g</i>_<i>s</i>). In contrast, at the <i>R</i>_<i>7</i><i>-stage</i>, the reduction in <i>A</i>_<i>N</i> was driven by limitations in the <i>g</i>_<i>s</i>, <i>V</i>_{<i>c, max</i>}, and <i>J</i>_<i>max</i>. Notably, at the <i>R</i>_<i>7</i><i>-stage</i>, genotypes C76-16 and Lariat showed higher <i>g</i>_<i>s</i>, <i>ETR</i>, and <i>V</i>_{<i>c, max</i>}, contributing to increased <i>A</i>_<i>N</i> and enhanced pod and kernel yield compared to AG18 and GA-09B.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p><i>A</i>_<i>N</i><i> reduction</i> was driven by the biophysical limitation at the <i>R</i>₂-stage and a combination of biophysical and biochemical limitations at the<i> R</i>₇-stage. Furthermore, physiological strategies such as maintaining higher stomatal conductance while reducing photosystem II damage, as shown by C76-16, could be an effective drought tolerance strategy for maintaining high pod yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on root system architecture and nutrient absorption in Chinese chestnut and pecan seedlings","authors":"Ting Chen, Cancan Zhu, Shucheng Li, Yan Xia, Jian Huang, Wu Wang, Chunlan Lian, Yu Chen, Yuqiang Zhao, Shijie Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07332-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07332-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis can alter root tip structures; but the detailed mechanisms behind these changes and their impact on overall root architecture remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ECM inoculation with <i>Cenococcum geophilum</i> (Cg) and <i>Pisolithus orientalis</i> (Po) on root growth, nutrient levels in shoots, and enzyme activities in soil for Chinese chestnut (<i>Castanea mollissima</i>) and pecan (<i>Carya illinoinensis</i>) seedlings.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Chestnut and pecan seedlings were inoculated with Cg or Po. The growth parameters, including root and shoot development, were assessed. Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the shoots were measured, and soil enzyme activities related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles, such as <i>β-</i>glucosidase, peroxidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase, were quantified.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Inoculation with ECM fungi significantly enhanced root growth, especially fine roots, and improved nutrient accumulation in the shoots of both seedlings. Cg and Po inoculation increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in the shoots. Moreover, the soil enzymes involved in the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles, such as <i>β-</i>glucosidase, peroxidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase, showed elevated activity levels under ECM inoculation. Notably, Cg inoculation elevated peroxidase activity, which is linked to root development and soil hormone regulation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>ECM symbiosis, especially with <i>Cenococcum geophilum</i>, positively influences root structure and nutrient absorption, enhancing seedling growth in chestnut and pecan. These findings highlight the role of ECM fungi in improving plant growth, particularly under conditions of limited colonization.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving triticale yield with alfalfa in saline-alkaline soil: effects on diazotrophic communities in the Yellow River Delta","authors":"Jinglei Zhang, Bo Wu, Mingjiang Liu, Yuan Jia, Lele Kang, Guoliang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07320-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07320-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Incorporating legumes into crop rotations is a well-known practice for enhancing subsequent crop yields through nitrogen (N) effects. However, limited attention has been given to the underlying microbial mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the soil diazotrophic communities and triticale yields of two rotation systems: winter triticale-summer maize (MT) and alfalfa-winter triticale (AT) in the saline-alkaline soil of the Yellow River Delta.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Our results showed that AT significantly increased triticale yields by an average of 53%, along with higher diazotrophic community diversity and evenness. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed a significant divergence in diazotrophic community structure between the MT and AT rotation systems. Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that diazotrophic community diversity (α- and β-diversity) as well as soil properties (e.g. soil nitrogen) explained 61.5% and 14.5% of triticale yield variation, respectively. The random forest analysis showed some bacterial genera, such as <i>Anaeromyxobacter</i>, <i>Bradyrhizobium</i>, <i>Geoalkalibacter</i>, <i>Sinorhizobium</i>, and <i>Azoarcus</i> were key drivers of triticale yield.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our research highlights the potential of legume incorporation in crop rotations to enhance subsequent crop yields by modulating diazotrophic communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen addition alters interactions between ectomycorrhizal host trees and fungal communities in a mixed mycorrhizal tropical rainforest","authors":"Georgia S. Seyfried, Joseph D. Edwards, James W. Dalling, Angela D. Kent, Wendy H. Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07327-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07327-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Interactions among ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees, fungal communities and ecosystem-scale N availability can drive carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling at the tree scale, but these mechanisms have largely been tested in N-limited ecosystems. We investigated the role of ECM and saprotrophic (SAP) fungal communities in suppressing inorganic N cycling beneath ECM trees in a tropical rainforest where biotic and abiotic factors can drive rapid N cycling at the ecosystem scale. Based on knowledge from temperate and boreal forests, we expected to observe a decrease in ECM:SAP fungal ratios and a shift in the ECM fungal community composition with increasing inorganic N availability.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We quantified fungal community metrics and soil chemical properties in a long-term N addition experiment located in a lower montane tropical rainforest. We measured the natural abundance stable N isotopic composition of litter and soil organic matter to indicate contributions of ECM fungi to ecosystem N cycling.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We found that the stable N isotopic composition of leaf litter correlated with a shift in fungal community composition between control and N addition plots. N addition did not affect ECM:SAP fungal ratios or ECM community composition, but decreased the relative abundance of <i>Cortinarius</i>, which are peroxidase-producing ECM fungi.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>We did not find evidence that interguild competition or specific ECM functional traits drove conservative N cycling beneath ECM trees. This suggests that tree-scale N limitation may be partially mediated by ecosystem-scale N availability that is distinct in tropical rainforest compared to temperate and boreal forests.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil comammox Nitrospira dominates over ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in the invasion of Solidago canadensis","authors":"Wen-Tao Qiao, Yong-Feng Wang, Xue-Yan Hou, Xiang-Zhen Li, Dao-Lin Du, Zhi-Cong Dai, Guang-Qian Ren, Xiao-Jun Zheng, Chao-Ying Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07326-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07326-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Invasive plants often positively interact with nitrogen cycle microorganisms, but the key response species of nitrification community to plant invasion remain poorly understood. Additionally, the recent finding of complete ammonia oxidizing (comammox) bacterium <i>Nitrospira</i> has caused a heated debate on the relative importance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), archaea (AOA) and comammox <i>Nitrospira</i> in environments.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We conducted a field study to explore the effect of the exotic plant <i>Solidago canadensis</i> invading the habitat of the native plant <i>Humulus scandens</i> on the soil communities of AOB, AOA and comammox <i>Nitrospira</i> in eastern China. The invasions were classified to low, medium and high levels (<i>S. canadensis</i> &lt; 10%, ~ 50%, and &gt; 90%, respectively).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We found that comammox <i>Nitrospira</i> existed in all samples (0.36 to 1.33 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹ DW soil, <i>n</i> = 3), dominating over both AOB (0.29 to 8.52 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ DW soil) and AOA (0.38 to 1.74 × 10⁵ copies g⁻¹ DW soil) by 1–2 orders of magnitude. <i>S. canadensis</i> invasion decreased the abundance of AOB and AOA (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) but increased the abundance of comammox <i>Nitrospira</i> in <i>S. canadensis</i> rhizosphere. All comammox <i>Nitrospira</i> detected in this study fall into Clade A rather than Clade B. <i>S. canadensis</i> invasion decreased the diversity of comammox <i>Nitrospira</i> (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Importantly, <i>S. canadensis</i> invasion changed the community structure of comammox <i>Nitrospira</i> in plant rhizospheres.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Our study suggests that comammox <i>Nitrospira</i> might be a crucial and beneficial N-cycler bacterium in <i>S. canadensis</i> invasion process. </p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing soybean yield through co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium spp. and ammonium-excreting Azospirillum brasilense HM053","authors":"S. C. Araujo, R. M. Etto, E. M. Souza, F. O. Pedrosa, F. Furmam-Cherobim, A. R. Bini, D. R. P. Gonçalves, E. Guerlinguer, P. C. Conceição, A. L. Braccini, D. C. V. Marteli, E. L. Souchie, I. M. B. Torneli, C. W. Galvão","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07330-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07330-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>The inoculation of <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> spp. in soybean is a widespread technology in Brazil and one of the most successful cases of plant-bacteria interaction once all the nitrogen required by the plant is provided through biological nitrogen fixation. Co-inoculation of <i>Bradyrhizobium spp</i>. with <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> AbV5/AbV6 was recommended in Brazil in 2013, but its adoption by farmers has been limited due to variable yield gains. In the present work, we hypothesized that additional traits of <i>A. brasilense</i>, such as resistance to oxidative stress and ammonium excretion, further enhance its growth-promoting effects in soybean when co-inoculated.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Therefore, an oxidative resistant strain (IH1), two constitutive nitrogen fixing strains (HM053 and HM210) and the commercial strains (AbV5/AbV6) of <i>A. brasilense</i> were co-inoculated with <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> spp. in soybean. The experiments were carried out in four distinct soil and edaphoclimatic regions of Brazil to evaluate soybean nodulation, growth, and yield.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The novel strains of <i>A. brasilense</i> enhanced soybean nodulation and grain yield. The co-inoculation with the HM053 strain resulted in the highest increase in soybean grain yield, ranging from 4.3% to 25.4%, or 151.7 to 878.1 kg/ha, compared to single inoculation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>This promising technology generates environmental and economic gains, since it promotes plant growth, increases yield and contributes for a sustainable agriculture.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of dissolved organic matter and bacterial community structure in rhizosphere soil of long-term cover crops in apple orchards","authors":"Huanhuan Wu, Rongqin Zhang, Zhuoqun Yin, Yuan Tian, Fan Luo, Yumin Duan, Yuanji Wang, Huike Li","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07315-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07315-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and aims</h3><p>Soil microorganisms and dissolved organic matter (DOM) play a prominent role in soil carbon and nutrient cycles. However, the relationship between rhizosphere DOM components and bacterial communities in different cover crops remains unclear. This study accordingly details the relationships between soil DOM and microorganisms in cover crops within apple orchards on the Loess Plateau.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We selected three cover crops, Gramineae orchardgrass (OG), legume crown vetch (CV), and white clover (WC), to study the bacterial community composition, DOM content and components, and their associations in both rhizosphere and bulk soils.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The available nutrients content in rhizosphere soil was higher than that in bulk soil. The rhizosphere DOM was primarily composed of protein-like substances. The humic-like component predominated in Gramineae treatment, whereas the protein-like component dominated in legume treatment. The rhizosphere bacterial α-diversity decreased compared with that in bulk soil. Network analysis indicated that the relationship between DOM components and bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil was more complex than that in bulk soil, with negative associations being predominant. Moreover, Gramineae cover crops reinforced the association between bacterial community composition and DOM components compared to legume.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Cover crop species significantly affect the relationship between the rhizosphere soil DOM components and bacterial communities, exhibiting a closer relationship under Gramineae cover crop. This study enhances our understanding of the ecological processes through which cover crops regulate bacterial communities and strengthen the interactions with DOM, providing new insights for assessing soil quality in apple orchards.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The isolation, identification, whole-genome sequencing of Trichoderma brevicompactum TB2 and its effects on plant growth-promotion","authors":"Hao Li, Zuohereguli Kuerban, Rou Jiang, Feixue He, Xiao Hu, Yangchun Xu, Caixia Dong, Qirong Shen","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07304-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07304-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p><i>Trichoderma</i> species are recognized for their plant growth-promoting and biocontrol properties. This study aimed to isolate effective <i>Trichoderma</i> strains from the rhizosphere of pear (<i>Pyrus betulifolia</i> Bunge) trees and evaluate their growth-promoting effects on various plant species.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Ten <i>Trichoderma</i> strains were isolated using a gradient dilution plating method, and <i>Trichoderma brevicompactum</i> TB2 was selected through laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The growth-promoting properties of TB2 were assessed in pot experiments with cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i> L.) and apple rootstock (<i>Malus hupehensis</i> Rehd) seedlings. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to annotate TB2 genes across various databases and predict secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and iron-solubilizing capabilities were measured.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>TB2 showed high production of IAA, siderophores, and iron-solubilizing abilities. The draft genome, spanning 18 scaffolds totaling 38.70 Mb with 10,436 protein-coding genes, revealed 431 genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Application of TB2 spore suspension (1.0 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil) significantly increased fresh and dry weights across all tested plants and enhanced root development metrics in <i>C. sativus</i> and <i>P. betulifolia</i> seedlings. TB2 inoculation also boosted major and minor nutrient levels in the leaves of <i>M. hupehensis</i> seedlings.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>TB2 exhibits strong growth-promoting effects across different plant species, improving physiological indicators such as plant height, stem diameter, and biomass, while enhancing nutrient absorption without host specificity. TB2 can thus be utilized as an excellent agricultural microbial resource strain.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential phenological responses of plant functional types to the temporal repackaging of precipitation in a semiarid grassland","authors":"Fangyue Zhang, Joel A. Biederman, Charles John Devine, Nathan A. Pierce, Dong Yan, Daniel L. Potts, William K. Smith","doi":"10.1007/s11104-025-07323-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07323-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aims</h3><p>Large portions of the western United States have witnessed extended dry intervals between rainfall events due to an intensified hydrological cycle triggered by global warming. Semiarid ecosystems in these regions are particularly susceptible to temporal repackaging of rainfall, but how such rainfall repackaging alters plant phenology remains unknown.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We examined the effects of rainfall temporal repackaging during the growing season (July–September, from frequent/small events to infrequent/large events, with constant total seasonal rainfall) on plant phenology through a manipulative experiment in a semiarid grassland ecosystem. Using automated high-frequency digital photography, we monitored canopy and plant greenness at both the plot and plant functional type levels, and derived phenological metrics including the start, end and length of the growing season.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We found that canopy onset was delayed by 17 to 24 days under infrequent/large events compared to normal historical pattern, with no significant differences among these treatments in canopy descent or growing season length. The phenology metrics of plant functional types showed opposite responses to rainfall repackaging. Perennial grasses had a longer growing season, while annuals had a shorter season under infrequent/large events compared to frequent/small events. Furthermore, growing season length of perennial grasses responded more strongly to deep than shallow soil water conditions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our analysis demonstrates the potential of high-frequency plant monitoring to enhance our fundamental understanding of community composition and ecological processes that shape semiarid ecosystem responses to rainfall temporal repackaging and its implications for global biogeochemical cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":20223,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Soil","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}