Physiology & Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Genetic markers of stress, resilience and success at an elite military selection course","authors":"Martha Petrovick ,&nbsp;Jessie Hendricks ,&nbsp;Emily K. Farina ,&nbsp;Lauren A. Thompson ,&nbsp;Joseph J. Knapik ,&nbsp;Stefan M. Pasiakos ,&nbsp;James P. McClung ,&nbsp;Harris R. Lieberman","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To qualify for training as elite U.S. Army Special Forces (SF) soldiers, candidates must complete the extremely stressful 19–20 day Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS) course. At SFAS, soldiers must excel at stressful cognitive and physical challenges including team problem solving, foreign language testing, land navigation, timed loaded road marches, timed runs, and challenging obstacle courses. Approximately 70 % of soldiers who attempt SFAS fail. To investigate genetic factors associated with cognitive and physiological biomarkers of resilience and success at SFAS, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; <em>n</em> = 116) from 47 genes associated with psychological function, resilience, circadian rhythms/sleep, and biomarkers of stress (cortisol and C-reactive protein [CRP]) were examined. Study volunteers were 800 males enrolled in SFAS (age=25±4y; height=178.1 ± 7.5 cm; body mass=82.5 ± 9.2 kg; mean±SD). Genes associated with resilience and their functions included: tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2; serotonin synthesis); catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; catecholamine catabolism); corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor1 gene (CRHR1; resilience to stress); Period3 (PER3; circadian rhythmicity); FK506 binding protein5 (FKBP5; steroid receptor regulation). In summary, several genetic variants are associated with cognitive function and resilience in healthy volunteers exposed to 19–20 days of severe physical and cognitive stress designed to select the best candidates for several years of training. This study extends findings of research on resilience genetics to a novel population and situation, mentally and physically stressed soldiers competing for the opportunity to be trained for an elite unit. The findings indicate that several genes known to be associated with resilience exert their effects on the resilience phenotype under very difficult circumstances than usually studied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145409844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timing-dependent effects of maternal separation stress in female rats: Insights into sex differences","authors":"Yuki Kajita ,&nbsp;Kento Takabayashi ,&nbsp;Hajime Mushiake","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rodent maternal separation (MS) models have been widely used to investigate the effects of early life stress (ELS) on neural development. However, the presence of sex differences in timing-dependent specificity has yet to be confirmed. The objective of this was to elucidate the timing-dependent specificity of MS in female rats and compare it with that previously reported using male rats.</div><div>Female Long-Evans rat pups were randomly divided into three groups: early MS (Early-MS: postnatal day [PND] 1‒9); late MS (Late-MS: PND 10‒20); and control (CTL). All groups were evaluated for psychiatric disorder-like behaviours using several behavioural tests, and Drebrin and Golgi-Cox staining were performed to assess changes in dendritic spines immunohistochemically.</div><div>Both Early- and Late-MS groups exhibited learned helplessness-like behaviour, as shown by increased immobility in the forced swim test. However, only the Early-MS group demonstrated reduced active coping behaviour, as measured by climbing. Only the Late-MS group exhibited obsessive-compulsive-like behaviour, as reflected by increased marble burying. Neuroanatomically, spine density in the hippocampal CA1 region increased in the Early-MS group in the basal dendrites, whereas it decreased in the Late-MS group in the apical dendrites.</div><div>These behavioural and neuroanatomical alterations suggest that ELS affects female rats depending on the timing of exposure. These patterns differ partially from those reported in males, contributing to our understanding of sex-specific mechanisms underlying the impact of ELS on brain plasticity and behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of social isolation on circadian rhythmicity and clock genes expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice exposed to simulated rotating shiftwork/jetlag","authors":"Madhumita Mishra,&nbsp;Rajesh Gupta,&nbsp;Muniyandi Singaravel","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circadian rhythms regulate fundamental physiological and behavioral functions, yet are increasingly disrupted by contemporary environmental stressors such as rotating shift work and social isolation. Although each disruptor independently compromises circadian homeostasis, their interactive effects remain insufficiently characterized. Given the role of social cues as non-photic <em>zeitgebers</em>, we investigated whether social isolation exacerbates behavioral and molecular circadian disruption induced by repeated light-dark phase shifts, and whether social interaction confers resilience. Male AKR mice were assigned to six experimental groups defined by housing condition (grouped or isolated) and lighting regimen, comprising a stable 12-hour light-dark cycle, successive delays, or successive advances, with 8-hour phase shifts imposed every fourth day across six cycles. Locomotor activity was assessed using wheel-running, and transcript levels of <em>Per1, Cry1, Bmal1</em>, and <em>Clock</em> were quantified in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus by RT-qPCR. Both phase delay and advance protocols disrupted behavioral rhythms and dampened circadian amplitude, with successive advances producing more pronounced desynchronization than delays. These effects were significantly amplified by social isolation, which led to marked rhythm fragmentation, phase misalignment, and delayed re-entrainment. At the molecular level, isolated mice displayed downregulation of <em>Per1</em> and <em>Cry1</em>, and upregulation of <em>Bmal1</em>, most prominently in the hippocampus. Notably, group housing preserved circadian stability across behavioral and transcriptional domains, implicating social cues as modulators of internal synchrony. These findings demonstrate that social isolation potentiates the circadian desynchrony elicited by rotating shift paradigms and identify social interaction as a non-photic signal capable of partially restoring rhythm coherence and clock gene expression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychophysiological stress and resilience responses to military training and their associations with injury and attrition status among male and female personnel","authors":"Jennifer N. Forse,&nbsp;Kristen J. Koltun,&nbsp;Varun J. Patel,&nbsp;Matthew B. Bird,&nbsp;Mita Lovalekar,&nbsp;Evan D. Feigel,&nbsp;Brian J. Martin,&nbsp;Bradley C. Nindl","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Psychological and physiological stress may be influenced by military training and responses may vary based on sex. Baseline psychological (Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)) and physiological (serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) measures of stress and resilience were compared and assessed for their relationship with injury and attrition status between male and female candidates participating in Marine Corps Officer Candidates School (OCS). Changes over time were assessed in those who completed OCS. Two-way independent measures ANOVAs (sex*group) compared baseline measures between sexes and injured/non-injured candidates, and completers/non-completers. Two-way mixed measures ANOVAs (time*sex) assessed changes over time in completers. At baseline (24.6 ± 3.2 yrs; 25.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2; 22.2 % female), PSS and cortisol were higher in females than males. Similarly, PSS and cortisol were higher, but DHEA was lower, in those who did not complete training. In completers, significant interaction effects for CD-RISC, cortisol, and DHEA were observed. CD-RISC did not change over time in males but decreased in females. Cortisol and DHEA decreased over time in both sexes, but to a greater extent in females than males. During OCS, PSS increased over time, and females scored higher than males. Female candidates observed reduced resilience and neuroendocrine concentrations and greater perceived stress than males, indicating a sex difference in coping ability and greater physiological burden to military training. Baseline stress measures may also serve as risk factors for attrition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145524271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic auditory noise enhances cardiac coherence evoked by slow-tempo music: preliminary findings","authors":"Karen Alejandra Díaz-Lozano ,&nbsp;Oscar Alexis Becerra-Casillas ,&nbsp;Nayeli Huidobro ,&nbsp;Joel Cervantes-L ,&nbsp;David I Serrano-Garcia ,&nbsp;Hugo Vélez-Pérez ,&nbsp;Mario Treviño ,&nbsp;Inmaculada Márquez ,&nbsp;Braniff de la Torre-Valdovinos","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heart rate variability (HRV) coherence near 0.1 Hz has been proposed as a sensitive marker of autonomic regulation and stress resilience. Slow-tempo music has been associated with enhanced parasympathetic activity, and the stochastic resonance framework suggests that controlled noise may optimize weak physiological signals. This study examined whether embedding auditory noise into slow-tempo music could enhance HRV coherence.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Twelve healthy volunteers underwent electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings while listening to slow-tempo instrumental music alone and with superimposed white noise at varying intensities. HRV coherence was quantified using spectral concentration around 0.1 Hz. Analyses compared music-only, zero noise (ZN), optimal noise (ON), and high noise (HN) conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Music alone progressively increased HRV coherence, with a tendency to stabilize around ∼1800 s. When music was combined with noise, HRV coherence showed a pattern consistent with an inverted-U: intermediate noise levels tended to produce higher coherence, whereas ZN and HN conditions were associated with reduced synchronization. Individual variability was evident, with each participant displaying a unique ON level. EEG results showed increased alpha activity, particularly in right-lateralized regions, consistent with relaxation states reported in the literature.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Embedding noise into slow-tempo music selectively amplified HRV coherence near 0.1 Hz, consistent with stochastic resonance. These findings suggest that noise-modulated music may serve as a low-cost, accessible complementary approach to strengthen autonomic regulation and stress regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145581995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural mechanisms of cost-benefit decision-making in the rodent anterior cingulate cortex: A systematic review of extracellular recordings","authors":"Farnaz Panahi,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Daliri","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Making decisions is a vital part of life for all beings. Impaired decision-making can lead to various neuropsychiatric diseases and problems, such as drug addiction and gambling. Therefore, it is essential to identify the causes of these disorders and seek effective treatments. Rodents play a key role in studying the brain's neural mechanisms of emotional and cognitive control.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this systematic review, we focused on the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in cost-benefit decision-making by assessing extracellular neural activity in rodents. We extracted 46 articles from the Scopus and PubMed databases, meeting specific criteria, and thoroughly examined them.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We summarized the data concerning subjects, recorded signals, behavioral tasks, the primary objective of each study, and the key results obtained from each.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>To apply findings from rodent studies to other species, we must translate the results across species. However, the lack of homologies in the anatomical definition and nomenclature of the cingulate cortex sub-regions between rodents and primates complicates this process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effects and mechanisms of endogenous deletion of FGF21 on cognitive functions","authors":"Zi-han Jiang,&nbsp;Xin-xin Tian,&nbsp;Meng-xin Sun,&nbsp;Hui-ze-xuan Yuan,&nbsp;Sheng-rong Xiang,&nbsp;Hai-Feng Zhang,&nbsp;Jia-peng Zhang,&nbsp;Lan-yue Cui,&nbsp;Wen-fei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cognitive impairment is characterized by reduced cognitive abilities in one or more areas such as language, memory, and reasoning. It is a common problem in various neurological diseases and the aging process, seriously affecting people's quality of life and overall health. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone regulating glucose/lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, exhibits neuroprotective properties. To investigate the impact and mechanism of endogenous deletion of FGF21 on cognitive function, FGF21 knockout mice and wild-type mice were used. Different behavioral paradigms were used to study the effects of FGF21 on the cognitive behavior of mice. Morphological changes were observed by Nissl and HE staining, and RNA sequencing was performed to explore potential links between FGF21 and cognitive impairment–related diseases. Behavioral and morphological analyses demonstrated that FGF21 knockout mice exhibited deficits in learning and memory, anxiety-like behaviors, and neuronal degeneration. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that FGF21 deficiency altered multiple neuroprotective processes, including metabolism and synaptic transmission. These deficits may be mediated through downregulation of the PPAR signaling pathway, thereby affecting cognitive function. This research indicates that endogenous FGF21 deletion disrupts basic cognitive and emotional behaviors of mice, which may accelerate the development of cognitive impairment–related diseases (including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies), and suggests FGF21 as a potential therapeutic target for these diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gut microbiota-brain axis in Alzheimer’s disease model mice","authors":"Ning Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Peng ,&nbsp;Wei Xiong ,&nbsp;Chunyu Chen ,&nbsp;Wenxiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the pathogeneses of Alzheimer's disease (AD), influencing neuroinflammation and disease progression. Understanding the role of the gut microbiota in this process is critical for uncovering novel therapeutic avenues and deepening insights into AD pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the specific gut microbiota alterations under pathogenetic stress in AD remain unclear. In this study, immunofluorescence was performed to detect β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins (P-tau), and the activation of microglia in the brains of APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice and C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) mice. Congo red staining and thioflavin-S staining were used to detect Aβ plaques accumulation in the hippocampus and cortex. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to elucidated the bacteria changes between the APP/PS1 and WT mice. The results of immunofluorescence and pathological stainings exhibited that the APP/PS1 mice showed significant increase of Aβ deposition and P-tau, and greater activation of microglia in the hippocampus and cortex, compared with WT mice. 16S rRNA sequencing identified increased abundance of <em>Muribaculaceae, Ligilactobacillus, Dubosiella, Limosilactobacillus, Alistipes, Lactobacillus</em>, and <em>Enterorhabdus</em>, and decreased abundance of <em>Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Clostridia_UCG−014</em>, and <em>Lachnospiraceae _UCG−006</em> in APP/PS1 mice, revealing distinct hub bacteria with AD under pathogenetic pressure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of social defeat stress on depressive-like behavior, cognitive impairment, and autonomic dysregulation in male rats","authors":"Ivaldo Jesus Almeida Belem-Filho ,&nbsp;Gabriela Marie Ferreira Suzuki ,&nbsp;Luana Omena Giatti ,&nbsp;Letícia Barros Santos ,&nbsp;Cristiane Busnardo ,&nbsp;Fernando Morgan Aguiar Correa","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social stress is a critical risk factor for depression, impacting millions of individuals globally. This study investigated the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of a chronic social defeat model in male Wistar rats, focusing on identifying cardiovascular markers associated with depressive-like phenotypes. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 7-day resident-intruder social defeat paradigm, followed by behavioral assessments (open field test, novel object recognition test, and forced swimming test) and cardiovascular recordings (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability). Socially defeated rats exhibited increased immobility in the forced swimming test, indicative of depressive-like behavior. While locomotion and anxiety-like behaviors in the open field were unchanged, both defeated and isolated groups showed impaired short-term memory. Cardiovascular analysis revealed that defeated animals had a significantly elevated basal heart rate and a reduced high-frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability, suggesting decreased parasympathetic activity. No significant changes were observed in blood pressure or baroreflex sensitivity across groups. Correlation analysis highlighted a strong positive correlation between short-term memory and HF power in the control group, a relationship that was disrupted in both isolated and defeated groups. These findings suggest that chronic social defeat induces specific behavioral alterations, such as increased immobility and impaired memory, coupled with cardiovascular dysregulation characterized by basal tachycardia and reduced parasympathetic tone. This study underscores the potential of heart rate variability as a physiological marker for stress-induced depressive phenotypes and emphasizes the association between behavioral and cardiovascular systems under social stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145605509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Tube Test fails to predict social dominance in across two strains of mice","authors":"T.L. Philbeck,&nbsp;R. Parrish Waters","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mice form social hierarchies that can determine access to limited resources and overall health. Accordingly, social rank strongly influences behavioral and physiological health. The Tube Test is an established method used to identify social rank in mice and its rapidity and simplicity have made it a popular tool to understand mouse social relationships; however, this test is not universally accepted as a reliable and objective measure of social dominance. To address its controversial validity, we compared performance in the Tube Test to home cage aggression, home cage activity, preputial gland size, and steroid hormone levels, all of which are indicators of dominance or social stress in mice, but are less utilized because of the high expense and intense labor involved. We used young adult male mice housed in dyads, and evaluated these measures over 29 days. To broaden the impact of this study, we used dyads of both outbred CD-1 and inbred C57 mice. Tube Test performance had no ability to predict qualities associated with behavioral or physiological dominance, suggesting that caution should be taken when using the Tube Test to predict dominance relationships in mice. Our study does, however, suggest that the Tube Test may offer some utility in alternative contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 115157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}