Physiology & Behavior最新文献

{"title":"URB597 modulates neuroplasticity, neuroinflammatory, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of male and female rats in a stress-induced model of depression","authors":"Milica Jankovic,&nbsp;Natasa Spasojevic,&nbsp;Harisa Ferizovic,&nbsp;Bojana Stefanovic,&nbsp;Kristina Virijevic,&nbsp;Sladjana Dronjak","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Major depressive disorder is often associated with cognitive impairments, and neuroinflammation is considered a key contributor to the onset of depression. Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which augments endocannabinoid signaling, has emerged as a promising approach to treating depression. The main purpose of this study is to asses the influence of FAAH inhibitor URB597 on inflammatory response and oxidative stress in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depressive female and male rats and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Chronically stressed animals showed long-term memory deficits, while URB597 improved memory only in stressed males. URB597 treatment enhanced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and mPFC of stressed female and male rats and increased phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (pCaMKII) levels in the hippocampus and mPFC of CUS males. Additionally, increased phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in the hippocampus and mPFC of CUS male and female rats, was reduced following URB597 treatment. URB597 decreased the CUS-enhanced iNOS protein expression in the hippocampus and mPFC of both sexes. Furthermore, URB597 normalized CUS-induced reductions in Nrf2 and HO-1 levels in the mPFC of both sexes, with no changes in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that URB597 may inhibit the CUS-induced neuroinflammatory response by suppressing the pro-inflammatory mediators and the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling in the hippocampus and mPFC of both sexes. URB597 treatment contributed to synaptic plasticity in a sex-specific manner by upregulating brain CaMKII signaling in males. URB597 also exerts neuroprotective effects through region-specific antioxidant properties. These results have implications for sex-specific treatment strategies in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114893"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forced wheel running pre-conditioning diminishes reward learning induced by methamphetamine: Involvement of orexin 1 receptor in the hippocampus","authors":"Mansoureh Ahmadpour ,&nbsp;Shaghayegh Modaberi ,&nbsp;Abbas Haghparast ,&nbsp;Rana Fayazmilani","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive drug that leads to neurobehavioral changes related to the brain's reward circuit. Orexin and orexinergic receptors, found in crucial brain areas involved in reward processing, may play a significant role in reward mechanisms and addiction. Studies have shown that physical exercise can be an effective non-pharmacological approach to controlling drug use but limited research explores its role as pre-conditioning to prevent dependency on narcotics. In this study, 48 male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups: exercise training+saline (EX-SA), exercise training+METH 1mg/kg (EX-METH1), exercise training + METH 2 mg/kg (EX-METH2), control+saline (CON), control+METH 1 mg/kg (CON-METH1), control+METH 2 mg/kg (CON-METH2). The pre-conditioning groups underwent forced wheel-running training (five days a week, at 65 % Vmax) for eight weeks. Following pre-conditioning with exercise training, the METH groups received intraperitoneal (IP) METH injections using the conditioned place preference (CPP) model. After the post-test, the animals were dissected, and hippocampal tissue was collected to measure orexin receptor1 (OXR1) expression levels. The results showed that long-term, moderate-intensity forced exercise pre-conditioning prevented METH-induced CPP. However, CPP was observed only in the EX-METH2 group, receiving a double dose of the drug. Molecular analysis also revealed a significant increase in OXR1 expression in the hippocampus following METH injections, while physical exercise caused suppression in OXR1 increment. Seemingly, prior exercise influences this pathway and effectively prevents conditioning to METH, probably through OXR1, indicating an adaptation in the mesolimbic reward pathway that helps protect against METH addiction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114892"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of physical exercise in promoting social interaction and adolescents’ psychological prosperity","authors":"Jiayu Li ,&nbsp;Shanliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The existing research on physical exercise mainly focuses on the effect of exercise intervention, and pays less attention to the role of physical exercise in social interaction. From the perspective of social interaction, this study uses social network theory to explore explored how physical exercise affects adolescents’ psychological prosperity through relationship network construction, and examines the moderating effect of proactive personality with the help of personality trait theory. The empirical analysis of 652 paired data from multiple sources and time points revealed that physical exercise can significantly promote adolescents’ relationship network construction. Adolescents’ relationship network construction has a significant positive effect on their psychological prosperity, and can play a mediating role between physical exercise and psychological prosperity. Proactive personality can not only moderate the direct relationship between physical exercise and adolescents’ relationship network construction, but also moderate the indirect relationship between physical exercise and adolescents’ psychological prosperity via relationship network construction. These findings reveal the role of physical exercise in promoting social interaction and adolescents’ psychological prosperity, helping people to have a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of physical exercise and providing theoretical guidance for the realization of adolescents’ psychological well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114890"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemogenetic suppression of NST GABA neurons reveals inhibition of behavioral responses to sucrose and quinine","authors":"B. Kalyanasundar,&nbsp;Andrew Harley,&nbsp;Charlotte Klimovich,&nbsp;Susan Travers","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Central taste processing begins in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST), a region rich in GABAergic neurons. We recently showed that chemogenetic activation of rNST GABA/GAD65 neurons dampens behavioral acceptance of palatable (sucrose and maltodextrin) and increases acceptance of unpalatable (quinine) taste stimuli (Travers et al., 2022). Here, we investigated whether suppressing activity in rNST GABA neurons likewise affects behavioral taste responsivity. Using mice in which Cre was expressed under the control of the GAD65 promoter, we made bilateral rNST injections of a Cre-dependent AAV driving expression of the inhibitory DREADD, hM4Di. Subsequently, we assessed concentration-dependent licking responses to sucrose, quinine, and quinine mixed in 300 mM sucrose. Relative to intraperitoneal injections of saline, clozapine-N-oxide injections significantly increased licking to sucrose and decreased licking to quinine, regardless of whether it was presented alone or mixed in sucrose. Neither oromotor (inter-lick intervals) nor appetitive (number of trials) variables were affected. Consistent with these behavioral effects, the neuronal activity marker, Fos, was expressed in more NST, reticular formation, and parabrachial nucleus cells following clozapine-N-oxide injections. A final experiment compared effects of chemogenetic GABA inhibition on sucrose licking in food deprived versus fed mice. Inhibiting GABA neurons enhanced sucrose licking in both homeostatic states. However, the impact was more marked under the latter state in female mice, suggesting a sex difference in the impact of satiety signals on GABA rNST neurons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114889"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated non-contact exposure to pups inhibits infanticidal and facilitates paternal behavior in virgin adult male mice (C57BL6)","authors":"Alsina-Llanes M,&nbsp;Lenzi B,&nbsp;Olazábal DE","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pup-naïve virgin adult male C57BL6 mice are mainly infanticidal when exposed to pups for the first time. The processes underlying pup-directed aggression and the transition toward parental care are poorly understood. Social isolation has been shown to inhibit infanticidal behavior in some strain of mice. However, it is unclear if highly infanticidal male CB57BL6 mice can sensitize after repeated exposures to pups. The aim of this study was to determine whether repeated non-contact exposure to pups (to prevent immediate attack), with or without movement restriction and social isolation, can inhibit infanticidal behavior in male mice. We also investigated whether pup-directed aggression was associated with male-male aggression in a resident-intruder test. We found that repeated non-contact exposure to pups, in socially isolated males or in males with movement restraint, significantly reduced the incidence of aggression towards pups and increased the incidence of parental behavior. Social isolation or movement restraint alone had no significant effect. Finally, the frequency of pup-directed aggression was not associated with the levels of male-male aggression. This study shows that the experience of being exposed to newborns without contact with them can inhibit the highly driven impulsive-like attacking behavior towards pups and facilitate parental behavior. Our results suggest that aggressive behavior towards pups can be blocked in naïve male mice and that this behavior differs from male-male aggression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114885"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outdoor physical activity is more beneficial than indoor physical activity for cognition in young people","authors":"Grace Walters,&nbsp;Karah J. Dring,&nbsp;Ryan A. Williams,&nbsp;Robert Needham,&nbsp;Simon B. Cooper","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Substantial evidence demonstrates the beneficial acute effect of physical activity and the outdoor environment independently on cognitive function. However, evidence for their potential synergistic effects remain unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following familiarisation, forty-five children (aged 11–13 years) took part in an identical physical activity session outdoors and indoors; and completed a battery of cognitive tests (Stroop test, Sternberg paradigm, and Flanker task) before, immediately post-, and 45 min post-physical activity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Following outdoor, compared to indoor, physical activity response time was improved more immediately post-physical activity on the 3-item level of the Sternberg Paradigm (-34 ms <em>vs</em> +14 ms; <em>P</em> = 0.001), at 45 min post-physical activity on the complex level of the Stroop test (-94 ms <em>vs</em> -20 ms; <em>P</em> = 0.002), the 1-item (-9 ms <em>vs</em> +71 ms; <em>P</em> = 0.026) and 3-item level of the Sternberg paradigm (-37 ms <em>vs</em> +69 ms; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and the congruent level of the Flanker test (-44 ms <em>vs</em> -14 ms; <em>P</em> = 0.001). Accuracy was also improved more outdoors (compared to indoors) immediately post-physical activity (+2.0 % <em>vs</em> +0.4 %; <em>P</em> = 0.036) and 45 min post-physical activity (+2.0 % <em>vs</em> +0.1 %; <em>P</em> = 0.043) on the complex level of the Stroop test and on the incongruent level of the Flanker test (no change <em>vs</em> -3 %; <em>P</em> = 0.008).</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This is the first study to demonstrate superior cognitive benefits of outdoor, compared to indoor, physical activity. The overarching finding of this investigation is that physical activity performed outdoors significantly improves cognitive function more than when performed indoors, suggesting a synergistic effect between physical activity and the outdoor environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of ovarian activity and menopause on mental health: Evidence from animal models and women","authors":"Ediana V. Neitzke ,&nbsp;Fabiola G. dos Santos ,&nbsp;Bianka M. Zanini ,&nbsp;Marcelo B. Cavalcante ,&nbsp;Jeffrey B. Mason ,&nbsp;Michal M. Masternak ,&nbsp;Izabel C.C. de Souza ,&nbsp;Augusto Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hormonal variations occurring throughout the female reproductive cycle have a significant impact on physical and mental health, particularly due to the influence of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). These changes are directly related to alterations in neurological systems, being associated with conditions such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and mood disorders during hormonal transition phases, such as perimenopause and menopause. Studies conducted in humans and animal models indicate that these fluctuations affect neurotransmitters, neural plasticity, and patterns of brain activity, ultimately influencing quality of life and mental health. Despite extensive research on the topic, the interactions between sex hormones, mental health, and reproductive aging still require further investigation, emphasizing approaches that simultaneously address experimental and behavioral aspects. Thus, this review aims to sumarize findings about the influence of hormonal fluctuations throughout the female reproductive lifespan, including transitions such as perimenopause and menopause, on mental health. A comparative analysis of data from studies in animal models and humans was conducted, highlighting neuroendocrine, behavioral, and emotional mechanisms associated with hormonal changes and their impacts on female mental health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 114886"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of ultrasonic vocalizations in rat laryngological investigations","authors":"Adrianna C. Shembel ,&nbsp;Aaron M. Johnson ,&nbsp;Michelle R. Ciucci ,&nbsp;Charlie Lenell Lunaris ,&nbsp;Robert A. Morrison ,&nbsp;Denis Michael Rudisch","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rat ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have traditionally been used in psychosocial and psychobiological studies to understand emotion, social behavior, cognition, and associative learning. However, recent studies have expanded the goal of USVs to include the study of the laryngeal system and the effects of disease processes on vocal sensorimotor control. Without the foundational understanding of the goals of this area of laryngological research, fundamental differences in study objectives between psychobehavioral and laryngological studies can easily be missed, leading to misconceptions and misinterpretations of the role USVs play in laryngology-focused studies. Standardization of terminology and methods are also needed to improve communication, enhance study replicability, and prevent ambiguity that can lead to misinterpretations of study objectives and findings in this line of research.</div><div>The primary objective is to describe the role of USVs in studies of laryngeal anatomy and physiology, with a focus on their connections to the neuromuscular and neurological aspects of the laryngeal system, particularly in relation to vocal sensorimotor control and voice disorders. It is intended for novice investigators interested in laryngology-specific USV research. Researchers experienced in USV studies within the context of the larynx and vocal sensorimotor control first outline the development and refinement of various USV elicitation methods. They provide insights into how these approaches have been tested across different studies and laboratories. Finally, they advocate for standardizing terminology and methodologies to enhance study replicability, reduce ambiguity, and foster collaboration across research groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 114887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Not so different anymore? Women's and men's disgust sensitivity becomes similar with increasing age","authors":"Anne Berthold ,&nbsp;Angela Bearth ,&nbsp;Jeanine Ammann ,&nbsp;Michael Siegrist","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research provides ample evidence that women experience more disgust than men. The most prominent explanation for these effects is that women are more careful and sensitive about their health due to the possibility of harming potential offspring. Given that the probability for women to give birth is decreasing after a certain age (i.e., menopause), we assume that differences between men and women might be smaller or even faded away over time. To test this hypothesis, we revisited several data sets (in total N = 28′059) containing information about sex, age, and variables related to disgust. The predicted pattern was found for food disgust sensitivity, food neophobia, health-wise worries about food, and contamination fear. In all presented studies, the scores of younger women were higher compared to those of younger males, but after a certain age, sex differences were less pronounced or even non-existent. We discuss how considering the factor <em>age</em> together with individuals sex helps us to gain more insight in the dynamics of disgust and vulnerability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 114884"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral outcomes in the bystander and demonstrator male mice following a socially-transferred allodynia paradigm","authors":"Sha Sha ,&nbsp;Moruo Zhang ,&nbsp;Ting Ge ,&nbsp;Lingzhen Song ,&nbsp;Zhou Wu ,&nbsp;Hongxing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The state of mechanical allodynia can be socially transferred from one individual to another during a brief empathetic contact. Our recent research has identified inter-individual differences in behavioral adaptations among bystander (BY) mice after a brief social contact with a demonstrator mouse experiencing complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. However, the impact of the duration of social contact on the development of socially transferred allodynia is not yet clear. Additionally, it remains unknown whether social contact with different subgroups of BY mice differentially affects the pain behavior of CFA demonstrator mice. In the current study, we established a socially transferred allodynia paradigm with varying durations of social contact in male C57BL/6 J mice. We found that a 30-min or a longer social exposure to a CFA demonstrator mouse led to stable mechanical allodynia in naive BY mouse. As the duration of social contact increased, the persistence of the socially transferred allodynia also extended. Interestingly, the CFA demonstrator mice exhibited a partial reversal of mechanical allodynia when exposed to the BY mice for 24 h, but not for shorter durations. Surprisingly, this analgesic-like behavioral adaptation occurred only when the BY mice were susceptible to socially transferred allodynia. These findings demonstrate that behavioral adaptations in both BY and CFA demonstrator mice develop in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, the social contact-induced analgesic-like effect in CFA mice requires a specific cage mate that is susceptible to socially transferred allodynia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20201,"journal":{"name":"Physiology & Behavior","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 114880"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}