PLoS ONE最新文献

{"title":"Effects of different clones and inducing time on agarwood quality in grafted Qi-Nan Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) spreng.","authors":"Ming Li, Zinong Yang, Zhou Hong, Daping Xu, ZhiHui Li, Shengjie Wang","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327514","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agarwood is the resinous part of the injured tree of the Aquilaria species of the Thymelaeceae family, Qi-Nan is a type of agarwood that forms easily and benefits from a shortened inducing time, noted for features like its substantial resin, (2-phenylethyl) chromone and 2-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl] chromone content. Although the content of agarotetrol in Qi-Nan is very low, it is still an important indicator for the agarwood quality. A validated method was developed to precisely quantify both agarotetrol and two aforementioned chromones, as well as ethanal extracts, within Qi-Nan to explore how the inducing time (half a year, one year, and two years) and different clones (YYZ, AS, RH, XGY) affect agarwood quality. Different clones and inducing time both have significant effects on agarwood quality. The agarwood quality of Qi-Nan does not necessarily improve with a longer inducing time. YYZ, AS, and RH clones reached to the best agarwood quality after two years of induction. The ethanol extracts content was among 46.82 ~ 48.59%, two chromones were among 10.57% ~ 14.05% after two years of induction. However, for XGY clone, the quality of agarwood after one year of induction was better than that after two years, which reached to the highest ethanol extracts (51.49%) and two chromones content reached to 12.43% and 12.91% after one year of induction. Therefore, for different clones of Qi-Nan, harvesting should be conducted at different time of induction for agarwood formations, which has theoretical implications for the cultivation and industrial development of cultivated Qi-Nan agarwood.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical study of daily link traffic volume forecasting based on a deep neural network.","authors":"Jin Ki Eom, Kwang-Sub Lee, Jin Hong Min, Ho-Chan Kwak","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327664","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forecasting the daily link traffic volume is critical in transportation demand analysis in feasibility studies for planning transportation facilities. The high purchase and maintenance cost of commercial transport planning software poses a challenge for several underdeveloped and developing countries. Therefore, there is a need for cost-effective methodology to forecast link traffic volume. This study proposes a data-driven approach for modeling traffic assignment and employs a deep neural network to forecast daily link volume derived from transport planning software. The main idea is that link traffic volume is significantly associated with traffic network attributes (i.e., number of lanes, travel speed, lane capacity, and roadway type) and network flow attributes (i.e., number of shortest paths on the corresponding link and origin-destination travel demand). Therefore, a multi-layer perception model is developed to effectively capture the nonlinear relationship among the link traffic volume, traffic network attributes, and network flow attributes. A case study demonstrated that the proposed method achieves comparable performance to commercial software in forecasting long-term link traffic volume. The obtained results indicated that the proposed method has the potential to serve as an alternative to commercialized software, although further studies are required to validate and enhance its application.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327664"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting microbial safety behavior of beef handlers working in major beef retailers in Mizan-Aman, Southwest Ethiopia.","authors":"Girma Mamo Zegene, Seid Tiku Mereta, Seblework Mekonen","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0326862","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0326862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Beef is a key component of human diet but also a favorable medium for microbial growth. However, research has largely overlooked major beef retailers and the specific roles of handlers, missing critical points for intervention. This study aims to address these gaps to support targeted microbial safety measures based on handlers' specific roles in beef processing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mizan-Aman, Southwest Ethiopia, from February 20 to April 20, 2024. The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula, resulting in the inclusion of 372 participants, yielding a response rate of 360 (96.8%). Beef retailers were randomly selected, while beef handlers were chosen through systematic sampling technique. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire and observation checklist. Following a quality assessment, the data were analyzed using STATA 16, employing descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Bivariable analysis (p ≤ 0.25) was performed to identify variables for multivariable analysis. Statistical significance was assessed using adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), with a significance level set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings indicated that a significant proportion of beef handlers demonstrated inadequate knowledge (61%), negative attitudes (58%), and insufficient safety practices (55%). Among several factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice of beef handlers, training in food safety was linked to good knowledge (AOR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.15-15.12), while the role of a waiter was associated with both good knowledge (AOR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.83-10.95), and more favorable attitudes (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.02-7.31). On the other hand, poor knowledge (AOR = 4.40, 95% CI: 2.44-7.94) and unfavorable attitudes (AOR = 4.84, 95% CI: 2.62-8.95) were significantly correlated with inadequate microbial safety practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Many beef handlers lack sufficient knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding beef safety, regardless of their job roles. Improving microbial safety requires strategies such as formal education, training, health checks, and certification.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0326862"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of glycemic control, quality of life and diabetes self-management of patients with diabetes mellitus at a tertiary hospital in Ghana.","authors":"Kwadwo Faka Gyan, Enoch Agyenim-Boateng, Kojo Awotwi Hutton-Mensah, Priscilla Abrafi Opare-Addo, Solomon Gyabaah, Emmanuel Ofori, Osei Yaw Asamoah, Mohammed Najeeb Naabo, Michael Asiedu Owiredu, Elliot Koranteng Tannor","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0317075","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0317075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Sub-Saharan Africa is high and continues to increase. Effective DM management focuses on key goals such as glycemic control, prevention of complications and improvement of quality of life (QOL). This study therefore assessed predictors of glycemic control, QOL and diabetes self-management (DSM) of patients with DM in a tertiary hospital in Ghana.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study involving face-to-face interviews of patients with DM attending clinic using structured questionnaires and validated study instruments as well as review of medical records. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent factors associated with good glycemic control, poor QOL and poor DSM practices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study involved 360 patients with mean age of 62.5 ± 11.6 years and mean FBG of 9.0 ± 4.8 mmol/L, of which 40.8% had FBG < 7 mmol/L. Patients who were not on insulin(aOR 1.82; 95% CI 1.12-2.96, p = 0.017) were more likely to have good glycemic control. Urban residence (aOR 0.24; 95% CI 0.06-0.87, p = 0.030) was protective of having poor QOL. However, poor DSM(aOR 18.30; 95% CI 7.98-44.5, p < 0.001) and recent hospitalization(within the past 3 months) (aOR 4.58; 95% CI 1.58-13.26, p = 0.005) had higher odds of poor QOL. Patients who were divorced(aOR 6.92; 95% CI 1.24-43.20, p = 0.031) had higher odds of poor DSM, while having attended the clinic for more than 3 years(aOR 0.32; 95% CI 0.13-0.84, p = 0.018) was protective of poor DSM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>4 out of 10 patients attending diabetes clinic are well controlled. Not being on insulin is independently associated with good glycemic control. Urban residence, DSM and recent hospitalization are associated with QOL while being divorced and duration in clinic predict DSM. Prevention of acute hospitalizations and promotion of good self-management among patients with diabetes can improve their quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0317075"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relaxation-assisted reverse annealing on nonnegative/binary matrix factorization.","authors":"Renichiro Haba, Masayuki Ohzeki, Kazuyuki Tanaka","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0323232","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0323232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantum annealing has garnered significant attention as meta-heuristics inspired by quantum physics for combinatorial optimization problems. Among its many applications, nonnegative/binary matrix factorization stands out for its complexity and relevance in unsupervised machine learning. The use of reverse annealing, a derivative procedure of quantum annealing to prioritize the search in a vicinity under a given initial state, helps improve its optimization performance in matrix factorization. This study proposes an improved strategy that integrates reverse annealing with a linear programming relaxation technique. Using relaxed solutions as the initial configuration for reverse annealing, we demonstrate improvements in optimization performance comparable to the exact optimization methods. Our experiments on facial image datasets show that our method provides better convergence than known reverse annealing methods. Furthermore, we investigate the effectiveness of relaxation-based initialization methods on randomized datasets, demonstrating a relationship between the relaxed solution and the optimal solution. This research underscores the potential of combining reverse annealing and classical optimization strategies to enhance optimization performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0323232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Should manufacturers choose technological innovation in dual-channel supply chains during emergencies?","authors":"Yuting Zhang, Juan Shang","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327014","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates pricing and coordination strategies for a dual-channel supply chain (DCSC), considering technological innovations in emergencies. We have established the DCSC model consisting of a manufacturer, a retailer, and an E-commerce platform (ECP). Whether manufacturers choose to invest in technological innovation during emergencies can be divided into traditional production mode and technological innovation mode. Using the reverse induction method to solve the Stackelberg game problem, explore the pricing and channel selection strategies of each member in a DCSC under different modes. In addition, a revenue-sharing contract for a DCSC under emergencies was designed and improved. Research has shown that under emergencies, consumers' technological innovation preference can increase the profits of each member in the DCSC and manufacturers' technological innovation level. Manufacturers are more willing to choose technological innovation mode rather than traditional production mode. However, an increase in the commission rate of ECP can hinder the level of technological innovation of manufacturers and affect the issue of choosing between offline channel and ECP channel. Specifically, when the commission rate exceeds a certain threshold, the offline channel should be chosen. Finally, traditional revenue-sharing contracts fail to effectively coordinate DCSC that incorporate technological innovation during emergencies. To address this limitation, an improved revenue-sharing contract is proposed, which enhances the level of technological innovation while achieving Pareto improvements within the DCSC.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327014"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of policy measures, school holidays and travel on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults in Estonia from 2021 to 2022.","authors":"Hiie Soeorg, Taavi Päll, Aare Abroi, Radko Avi, Olga Sadikova, Mari-Anne Härma, Tuuli Reisberg, Irja Lutsar, Kristi Huik","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327719","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The policy measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, travel and school holidays could have influenced the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults differently. We aimed to determine the effect of policy measures, school holidays and travel on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The overall SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence between 1 February 2021 and 1 May 2022 was decomposed into the most common lineage-specific incidence per 100,000 by imputing lineage based on the sequencing results of random samples. A phenomenological logistic growth model was fitted to the incidence data in adults (aged ≥15 years) and children (aged <15 years) in four regions in Estonia. Factors influencing the spread of the virus, such as policy measures, school holidays, the number of travel-related cases, and cumulative vaccination or infection rates, were tested as covariates in the model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The eleven most common lineages (one Alpha, six Delta, two Omicron BA.1, and two Omicron BA.2) caused 84.7% and 85.8% of all SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and adults, respectively, during the study period. According to the final model, the Delta variant had slower growth and a lower maximum cumulative incidence. The number of workplace closures in the previous week and school holidays in the same week decreased, but the number of travel-related cases in the same week increased the incidence growth. No difference between children and adults was observed. The testing rate was lower during school holidays than during school terms (median (IQR) 1964 (1437-2970) vs. 3136 (2476-4417) vs. per 100,000; p < 0.001). In 40.3% of the weeks, travel-related cases were detected, accounting for (IQR) 2.1% (0.9-4.3%) of the incidence of nontravel-related infections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study suggests that the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection was similar in children and adults. Workplace closures reduced transmission, whereas during school holidays lower testing contributed to a lower reported incidence, and travel-related cases were possibly underreported.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of high-heeled shoes on gait parameters in healthy adult women.","authors":"Kyoma Tanigawa, Hiroki Shimizu, Anuradhi Bandara, Misa Toyota, Shota Suzuki, Momoko Nagai-Tanima, Tomoki Aoyama","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327250","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Walking is essential in daily life, and footwear type significantly affects walking patterns. High-heeled shoes increase the risk of knee osteoarthritis and falls in women. Traditional studies often use treadmills or unfamiliar footwear, which may not reflect daily walking. This study investigated the impact of high-heeled shoes on walking parameters in healthy adult women using in-shoe motion sensors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventeen healthy adult women without pain during walking participated. They walked for 6 minutes along a 30-meter corridor wearing high-heeled shoes and sneakers. Walking data were recorded using an in-shoe motion sensor system every 2 minutes. The average of three valid consecutive steps was calculated automatically. Statistical analysis compared the mean walking parameters between the high-heel and sneaker groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The high-heel group showed significantly reduced foot clearance, stride length, peak plantar angle in dorsiflexion, and peak plantar angle in plantarflexion, and significantly greater toe-out angle in spatial parameters. Spatiotemporal parameters revealed significantly reduced walking speed and maximum swing phase speed in the high-heel group. No significant differences were observed in temporal parameters between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Since this study collected gait data under conditions similar to daily life, it provides data suitable for practical applications and may contribute to future research evaluating everyday gait. Additionally, future studies should include a broader range of participants and incorporate measurement devices capable of capturing hip and knee joint movements, providing a more comprehensive evaluation of the effects of high-heeled shoes on gait in healthy adult women.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of sex in diagnostic modelling of knee osteoarthritis.","authors":"Philippa Grace McCabe, Paulo Lisboa, Bill Baltzopoulos, Ian Jarman, Kellyann Stamp, Ivan Olier","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0325681","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0325681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare diagnostic models for radiological KOA at KL2 + using sex-specific variables against a generic model with sex as an input. Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) was used for model development and optimisation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Current models for diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) at first presentation comprise subjects in the OAI dataset with and without KOA. We select subsets of the OAI data set for which additional sex-specific variables are available, resulting in male and female cohorts of size n = 1250 and n = 1442, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The classification performance of the previous diagnostic model on the test data has an area under the curve (AUC) of (95% CI 0.721-0.774) when only variables common to both sexes were entered for model selection and sex was a separate input. When tested separately on the male only and female cohort the test performance of the generic model gives baseline AUCs of (95% CI 0.689-0.770) and (95% CI 0.728-0.799) respectively. The sex-specific models for males and females yield AUCs of (95% CI 0.684-0.765) and (95% CI 0.731-0.803) respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Fitting sex-specific models allows additional variables to be entered in the pool for model selection compared with a generic model with sex as a covariate. The focus of this study is whether the specificity of the additional data enhances their predictive power of logistic regression modelling for the diagnosis of incident radiological KOA in the OAI dataset, at first presentation. The performance of the generic and sex-specific models is comparable, since the confidence intervals for all of the models overlap. Nevertheless, some relevant variables after feature selection v are sex-specific, indicating that incidence of KOA at baseline presentation is associated with sex-specific attributes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This specialisation of the sex-specific models indicates potential differences in the aetiology leading to disease onset and may provide greater utility to both clinicians and subjects. For instance, the risk factors identified by the specialised models provide quantitative indicators that useful for early identification of females at higher risk of KOA, prompting them to take proactive measures to improve joint health at an earlier stage in life.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0325681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Word learning as category formation.","authors":"Spencer Caplan","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327615","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A fundamental question in word learning is how, given only evidence about what objects a word has previously referred to, children are able to generalize to the correct class. How does a learner end up knowing that \"poodle\" only picks out a specific subset of dogs rather than the broader class and vice versa? Numerous phenomena have been identified in guiding learner behavior such as the \"suspicious coincidence effect\" (SCE)-that an increase in the sample size of training objects facilitates more narrow (subordinate) word meanings. While SCE seems to support a class of models based in statistical inference, such rational behavior is, in fact, consistent with a range of algorithmic processes. Notably, the broadness of semantic generalizations is further affected by the temporal manner in which objects are presented-either simultaneously or sequentially. First, I evaluate the experimental evidence on the factors influencing generalization in word learning. A reanalysis of existing data demonstrates that both the number of training objects and their presentation-timing independently affect learning. This independent effect has been obscured by prior literature's focus on possible interactions between the two. Second, I present a computational model for learning that accounts for both sets of phenomena in a unified way. The Naïve Generalization Model (NGM) offers an explanation of word learning phenomena grounded in category formation. Under the NGM, learning is local and incremental, without the need to perform a global optimization over pre-specified hypotheses. This computational model is tested against human behavior on seven different experimental conditions for word learning, varying over presentation-timing, number, and hierarchical relation between training items. Looking both at qualitative parameter-independent behavior and quantitative parameter-tuned output, these results support the NGM and suggest that rational learning behavior may arise from local, mechanistic processes rather than global statistical inference.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}