PLoS ONE最新文献

{"title":"Effect of screw access hole or vent hole opening strategies on the adhesive filling rate of oral implant cement-retained posterior crowns.","authors":"Long Li, Xiaodong Sun, Huangjun Zhou, Min Liu, Cai Wen","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0323092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the adhesive filling rate (AFR) of implant prostheses on the abutment shoulder and axial surfaces under various hole opening strategies,and examined the correlation between hole openings and permanent adhesive retention strength.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Implant crowns were divided into five groups: No hole (NH); Occlusal regular hole (ORH: 2.5 mm); Occlusal mini-hole (OMH: 1 mm); Lateral upper mini-hole (LUMH: 1 mm); and Lateral down mini-hole (LDMH: 1 mm). In the AFR experiment, abutments and prostheses were connected with two-color silicone rubber; the coverage of rubber at the inner surface of the prostheses was photographed. Images were analyzed by ImageJ software. In the adhesive retention strength experiment, prostheses and abutments were bonded using permanent resin cement; retention strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Welch's ANOVA, followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Abutment shoulder AFRs were OMH (98.70 ± 0.42%), LDMH (98.40 ± 1.30%), LUMH (97.92 ± 1.33%), NH (93.99 ± 5.45%), and ORH (86.11 ± 4.90%). One-way ANOVA revealed significant difference among groups (p < 0.001). Axial AFRs were LUMH (99.2 ± 0.47%), ORH (98.3 ± 0.8%), OMH (98.1 ± 0.5%), LDMH (97.9 ± 1.06%), and NH (96.4 ± 4.5%),Welch's ANOVA indicated no significant difference between groups (p = 0.054). In the retention strength experiment, OMH had the highest retention force (369.58 ± 27.27 N), whereas ORH had the lowest (272.81 ± 41.43 N), showing significant differences (p = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Implant screw access hole or vent hole opening strategies affected AFR of implant cement-retained posterior crowns. Larger holes or no openings decreased AFR at the abutment shoulder, whereas axial AFR was less affected. Hole openings variations on implant cement-retained posterior crowns might also influence their retention strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0323092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicohematological and molecular analysis of hemoglobin D syndrome and unknown variants in the hemoglobinopathy spectrum of Sindh, Pakistan.","authors":"Sunila Tashfeen, Ikram Din Ujjan, Hina Shaikh, Muhammad Arif Sadiq, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Ali Raza Rajput, Ali Muhammad Waryah","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0320354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Hemoglobinopathies are prevalent monogenic disorders resulting from genetic abnormalities in globin genes, significantly impacting health. β-thalassemia is particularly common in Pakistan, but data on other hemoglobin variants remain limited. This study aimed to investigate HbD syndrome, identify unknown variants, and examine the clinicohematological and molecular profiles of hemoglobinopathies in Sindh, Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to January 2023 at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from across Sindh, Pakistan and analyzed for hemoglobinopathies using hematological tests (CBC, peripheral blood smear), cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (CE-HPLC) and molecular analysis to confirm HbD and identify rare variants. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 27.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 4783 chromatograms analyzed, 1563 (32.7%) were diagnosed with hemoglobinopathies. The most common conditions included β-thalassemia (81.4%), hemoglobin (Hb) variants (11.2%), and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (7.4%). HbD was found in 2.1% of cases, with HbD syndromes being the most prevalent among Hb variants (56.6%). Sickle cell disorders followed with a frequency of 32%, and HbQ, HbE, and HbC were less common. Molecular analysis confirmed the HbD Punjab variant and identified an additional four mutations, i.e., one rare β-thalassemia mutation and three Hb variants including Hb Hinsdale, Hb Renert and Hb Takasago.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hb D Punjab is the most prevalent hemoglobin variant in Sindh, Pakistan, followed by HbS and HbQ. Molecular analysis is essential for accurate diagnosis and identifying rare variants. Integrating HbD detection into screening programmes and genetic counselling can help prevent hemoglobinopathies. (S1 Abstract Graphic).</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0320354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating multimodal imaging and peritumoral features for enhanced prostate cancer diagnosis: A machine learning approach.","authors":"Huadi Zhou, Mei Xie, Hemiao Shi, Chenhan Shou, Meng Tang, Yue Zhang, Yue Hu, Xiao Liu","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0323752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men, and accurately distinguishing between benign and malignant nodules at an early stage is crucial for optimizing treatment. Multimodal imaging (such as ADC and T2) plays an important role in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, but effectively combining these imaging features for accurate classification remains a challenge.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included MRI data from 199 prostate cancer patients. Radiomic features from both the tumor and peritumoral regions were extracted, and a random forest model was used to select the most contributive features for classification. Three machine learning models-Random Forest, XGBoost, and Extra Trees-were then constructed and trained on four different feature combinations (tumor ADC, tumor T2, tumor ADC+T2, and tumor + peritumoral ADC+T2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model incorporating multimodal imaging features and peritumoral characteristics showed superior classification performance. The Extra Trees model outperformed the others across all feature combinations, particularly in the tumor + peritumoral ADC+T2 group, where the AUC reached 0.729. The AUC values for the other combinations also exceeded 0.65. While the Random Forest and XGBoost models performed slightly lower, they still demonstrated strong classification abilities, with AUCs ranging from 0.63 to 0.72. SHAP analysis revealed that key features, such as tumor texture and peritumoral gray-level features, significantly contributed to the model's classification decisions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of multimodal imaging data with peritumoral features moderately improved the accuracy of prostate cancer classification. This model provides a non-invasive and effective diagnostic tool for clinical use and supports future personalized treatment decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0323752"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080843/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the mechanical properties of hybrid Steel Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete based on the DIC method.","authors":"Hang Hu, Jianyi Gu, Yang Tu, Yi Zhou, Fuwei Zhu","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0322450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the influence of hybrid steel fibers on the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete, this study systematically compared the mechanical performance of ordinary self-compacting concrete, single steel fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete, and three types of hybrid steel fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete through cube compression tests, four-point bending tests, and elastic modulus tests. The digital image correlation (DIC) method was employed to accurately measure the surface displacement and strain of the specimens. The results indicate that the self-compacting hybrid steel fiber concrete specimens exhibited excellent flexural-tensile performance. The incorporation of steel fibers significantly inhibited the development of macroscopic cracks, enhanced the crack resistance of the concrete, and effectively improved its brittleness. Particularly, when the fiber content was 1% 6mm + 1% 13mm + 1% 25mm, the compressive strength increased by 41.15%, the flexural strength increased by 266.41%, and the elastic modulus reached 40.82 MPa. Using the DIC method, this study successfully captured the full-field strain evolution during the failure process of the specimens. Based on the evolution of the maximum principal strain, the dynamic evolution characteristics of macroscopic and microscopic cracks on the specimen surface were thoroughly analyzed. The study found that the enhancement effect of hybrid steel fibers (HF) on concrete is primarily manifested in hindering the propagation of macroscopic cracks. This research provides important theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the engineering application of self-compacting concrete.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0322450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Within-subjects ultra-short sleep-wake protocol for characterising circadian variations in retinal function.","authors":"Hannah Sophie Heinrichs, Manuel Spitschan","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0300405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior studies suggest that visual functions undergo time-of-day variations. Under naturalistic entrainment, diurnal changes in physiology may be driven by circadian and/or homeostatic processes, and repeated measurements at different times of day are thus not suitable to draw unambiguous conclusions about circadian effects on visual function. In this study, we disentangle circadian and homeostatic effects on variations of retinal function. We examine the earliest stages of image-forming (temporal contrast sensitivity of the post-receptoral channels) and non-image forming visual functions (pupillary light response) by employing a short forced-desynchrony multiple-naps protocol lasting 40 hours. Participants (n = 12, 50% female) will stay in a controlled time-isolating environment under dim-light conditions and adhere to an ultra-short sleep-wake cycle, alternating between 2h30m of wake time in dim light and hour of sleep in no light. During eleven intervals of wakefulness, participants will undergo psychophysical and pupillometric assessments with silent-substitution stimuli. We hypothesize that the sensitivity of retinal mechanisms undergoes circadian variations. This hypothesis will be investigated by separately determining psychophysical contrast thresholds to silent-substitution stimuli targeting the post-receptoral (consistency) pathways (isoluminant red-green, L-M; isoluminant blue-yellow, S; luminance, L+M+S). We will furthermore measure the pupillary light response to peripheral stimuli (annulus 10∘-30∘) in comparison to the response to stimuli isolating or including melanopsin stimulation. All stimuli will be delivered at constant retinal irradiance using a Maxwellian view system or artificially restricting pupil size. Additionally, we will quantify and report effects of our test stimuli on the circadian system by comparing the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) timing during two supplementary evening sessions, comparing dim-light conditions to such with experimental light exposure. Our work informs the fundamental biological mechanisms underlying the influence of light on the human circadian system. Based on our findings, current models about the sensitivity of the circadian system may need to be modified in order to account for the bidirectional influence of circadian function and photoreception.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0300405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of life and retention in care among people living with HIV initiated on ART in the era of \"Universal Test and Treat\" policy at a large HIV Clinic in South Western Uganda.","authors":"Faith Tumuhairwe, Jonathan Izudi, Abel Munina, Anthanasio Bashaija, Francis Bajunirwe","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0324024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) improves the quality of life (QoL) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Most studies documenting the gains in QoL have been conducted among persons starting treatment at advanced HIV disease. In the era of Universal Test and Treat (UTT) policy, most PLWH start ART early with high CD4 counts. Therefore, we investigated the association between baseline CD4 count with QoL and retention among PLWH during UTT in southwestern Uganda.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between June 11, 2019, and June 10, 2020, we reviewed medical records for PLWH initiated on ART between April 2017 and September 2018 and interviewed them to collect QoL data. The primary exposure was CD4 count at ART initiation categorized as <500 cells/µl (low) versus ≥500 cells/µl (high). Physical and mental health-related QoL were the primary outcomes. Retention was the secondary outcome. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between the exposure and the primary outcome, while the Cox Proportional Hazard regression model was used for the secondary outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 300 participants, 59.7% initiated ART at a low baseline CD4 count. ART initiation at a higher baseline CD4 count, compared to a lower baseline CD4 count, was associated with a lower mental health-related QoL (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-0.97) but similar physical health-related QoL (aOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.10-2.78) and retention (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.30, 95% CI 0.08-1.14).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this cohort of PLWH on ART, those who initiated the treatment at a higher baseline CD4 were less likely to have good mental health-related QoL functioning compared to those initiating at lower CD4 counts. However, the two groups were comparable in physical health-related QoL and retention in care. PLWH initiating ART at a higher baseline CD4 may require mental health-related support as part of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0324024"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoencoder techniques for survival analysis on renal cell carcinoma.","authors":"Iñigo Sanz Ilundain, Laura Hernández-Lorenzo, Cristina Rodríguez-Antona, Jesús García-Donas, José L Ayala","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0321045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Survival is the gold standard in oncology when determining the real impact of therapies in patients outcome. Thus, identifying molecular predictors of survival (like genetic alterations or transcriptomic patterns of gene expression) is one of the most relevant fields in current research. Statistical methods and metrics to analyze time-to-event data are crucial in understanding disease progression and the effectiveness of treatments. However, in the medical field, data is often high-dimensional, complicating the application of such methodologies. In this study, we addressed this challenge by compressing the high-dimensional transcriptomic data of patients treated with immunotherapy (avelumab + axitinib) and a TKI (sunitinib) into latent, meaningful features using autoencoders. We applied a semi-parametric statistical approach based on the COX Proportional Hazards model, coupled with Breslow's estimator, to predict each patient's Progression-Free Survival (PFS) and determine survival functions. Our analysis explored various penalty configurations and their combinations. Given the complexity of transcriptomic data, we extended our model to incorporate both tabular data and its graph variant, where edges represent protein-protein interactions between genes, offering a more insightful approach. Recognizing the interpretability challenges inherent in neural networks, particularly autoencoders, we analyzed the mutual information between genes in the original data and their latent feature representations to clarify which genes are most associated with specific latent variables. The results indicate that different types of autoencoders are better suited for different tasks: denoising autoencoders excel at accurate reconstruction, while the sparse variant is more effective at producing meaningful representations. Additionally, combining these penalties enhances both reconstruction quality and the interpretability of latent features. The interpretable models identified genes such as LRP2 and ACE2 as highly relevant to renal cell carcinoma. This research underscores the utility of autoencoders in managing high-dimensional data problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0321045"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Periodization Core Training on Physical Fitness in College Table Tennis Players.","authors":"Kuan Dong, Guyeol Jeong, Jing Tian, Buongo Chun","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0323430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to analyze the effects of 12-week periodized core training on the physical fitness of college table tennis players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A randomized controlled experimental design was employed, and 18 college table tennis players (male = 11, female = 7) were randomly assigned to the core training group (CT, n = 9) and the control group (CON, n = 9). The core training group performed periodized core training for 12 weeks. All variables were assessed at three time points: pre-test, mid-test (after 9 weeks), and post-test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant interactions were found between time and group for muscle endurance, balance, and agility, as demonstrated in Left Side Bridge (p < 0.05), Right Side Bridge (p < 0.001), Plank (p < 0.01), and Edgren Side Step (p < 0.001). However, no significant interactions were observed for speed, muscle strength, or power.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Periodized core training has a positive effect on the muscle endurance, agility, and balance of college table tennis players. The improvement in agility may be attributed to the integration of sport-specific periodized training. Further research is required to examine its effects on speed and anaerobic capacity. Periodized core training appears to have limited effects on strength and power, suggesting it can be used as a supplementary element within a comprehensive training program to enhance physical fitness and performance among college table tennis players.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0323430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of different auxiliary techniques used during root canal filling removal in terms of the amount of apically extruded debris: In vitro study.","authors":"Ismail Uzun, Kevser Şenel, Rawan Alqawasmi","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0323807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>One of the main challenges in endodontic retreatment is managing apical debris extrusion, which can influence both healing and patient comfort. Different retreatment methods result in varying levels of extrusion. This study aims to quantitatively compare the extent of apical debris extrusion caused by different auxiliary techniques during the extraction of root canal fillings in mandibular molars, to help guide the selection of an optimal endodontic approach.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixty mandibular molar teeth scheduled for extraction due to periodontal reasons, such as advanced bone loss and periodontal disease, which rendered them non-restorable, were collected. All extractions were performed with prior informed consent from the patients, ensuring adherence to ethical standards. Preparation was performed with the Protaper Next file system, focusing on X3 files according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Teeth were filled using the lateral compaction technique with AH Plus sealer and stored at 100% humidity at 37°C for two weeks for the sealant to set. The samples were divided into four groups (n = 15 each): Protaper Universal Retreatment (PTUR), Ultrasonic + PTUR, Orange Oil + PTUR, and System B + PTUR, with PTUR procedural steps followed to attain working length. During preparation, 15 ml of distilled water was used, followed by 1 ml of distilled water for debris collection post-procedure. The debris was incubated at 68°C for five days to evaporate the water, and tube weights were recorded and compared statistically across groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study assessed debris extrusion during endodontic retreatment. The PTUR group showed the least extrusion (average 1.1 mg, SD ± 1.05 mg), indicating a more controlled approach. The Ultrasonic + PTUR group exhibited higher extrusion (average 4.2 mg, SD ± 2.12 mg), reflecting a more invasive technique with a greater potential for debris extrusion. The Orange Oil + PTUR group displayed moderate extrusion levels (average 2.5 mg SD ± 1.46 mg), reflecting the solvent's effect. The System B + PTUR group had the highest extrusion (average 4.3 mg, SD ± 1.87 mg), indicating it as the method associated with the greatest debris displacement. Statistically significant differences were found between the PTUR group and the other groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, a significant difference was observed between the Orange Oil + PTUR group and both the Ultrasonic + PTUR and System B + PTUR groups (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted between the System B + PTUR and Ultrasonic + PTUR groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study concludes that auxiliary methods used during root canal filling removal significantly impact the degree of apical debris extrusion, with some methods leading to greater extrusion than others.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0323807"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does continuing learning help middle-aged and elderly people find employment in China? A propensity score matching analysis.","authors":"Yuan Tao, Kexin Ren","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0323743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The global aging workforce, driven by declining fertility and increased longevity, poses challenges to socio-economic systems and highlights the need for policies addressing age-related employment barriers. This also emphasizes the potential role of continuing learning in enhancing job prospects for older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our data were derived from waves 3-5 of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), encompassing 43,357 residents aged 45 years and older. The study defines employment based on responses to work-related questions and assesses the impact of continuing education or training courses. We employed propensity score matching (PSM), controlling for 10 confounding factors, to analyze the effects of continued learning on the employment of middle-aged and older individuals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 43,357 samples, 68.2 percent of Chinese individuals over 45 years of age were employed, but only 1 percent of this population engaged in continuing education. Initially, whether or not to pursue further studies did not seem to affect employment among middle-aged and older individuals. However, after eliminating endogenous selection bias through PSM, we found that participation in continuing education positively impacts the employment of middle-aged and elderly people. This result was verified through multiple matching methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings underscore the importance of continuing learning in facilitating the employment prospects of middle-aged and elderly individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 5","pages":"e0323743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12080837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}