PLoS ONE最新文献

{"title":"From exploration to co-design: Understanding and redesigning workplace mental-support services.","authors":"Hakan Kuru","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0348067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Workplace mental-health support services (MSS), including employee assistance programs, are widely implemented yet chronically underutilized, with uptake rates often below five percent. This persistent gap between availability and use raises critical questions about why employees do not engage with formally accessible and confidential support. Existing research has documented attitudinal, stigma-related, and organizational barriers, but offers limited insight into the behavioral mechanisms sustaining non-use in everyday work contexts. To address this, the present study explores the underutilization of within a high-tech organization in Türkiye characterized by persistently low service uptake. Guided by the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model, an exploratory qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with 13 employees who had never accessed the available service, followed by a participatory co-design component. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to explore key barriers and facilitators across COM-B domains, while co-design activities captured employee-generated suggestions for redesigning support. The findings indicate that persistent non-use of mental-support services was not attributable to a single dominant barrier, but emerged from the combined effects of cognitive uncertainty about service relevance, structural constraints embedded in everyday work practices, and motivational tensions related to professional identity and emotional fatigue, which together reduced the likelihood that employees would initiate support-seeking. Co-design outputs translated these barriers into concrete redesign directions, including simplifying entry points, embedding support within everyday workflows, and strengthening visible organizational endorsement. By identifying how the interaction among capability, opportunity, and motivation conditions maintains non-use, this study provides a behaviorally grounded explanation for the persistent underutilization of workplace mental-support services. The findings highlight the need for organizational approaches that move beyond awareness and availability toward behaviorally aligned system design to enable meaningful employee engagement.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0348067"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of coral reef restoration initiatives in the Western Indian Ocean Region.","authors":"Juliet Furaha Karisa, Omar Farouk, Nadeem Nazurally, Luca Saponari, Joshua Wambugu, Joan Kawaka, Gildas Todinanahary, Anne Laudisoit, Lorna Slade, Nancy Ogega, David Ouma, Edward Senkondo, Masanja Joram, Hassan Yussuf, Joshua Oginda, Margaux Hein, Caitlin Lustic, Tali Vardi, Phanor Hernando Montoya Maya, Jessica Levy, Kristen Maize, Baruch Rinkevich, Arthur Tuda, George Maina","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0348015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Widespread coral reef degradation in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) underscores the need to support restoration to accelerate recovery in severely impacted areas. Restoration science in the WIO remains nascent, with few small-scale initiatives and limited integration between reef managers, practitioners, and researchers, hindering effective coordination of efforts toward larger-scale action. This study aimed to consolidate knowledge on WIO coral restoration initiatives, identify lessons learned, and assess current practices to inform future coordination and scaling efforts. We focused on (i) approaches and techniques used, (ii) lessons from successes and failures, and (iii) the potential role of a regional practitioner network in addressing identified gaps. Data were compiled from peer-reviewed literature, online sources, a WIO practitioner survey, and a regional workshop. Results indicate growing momentum for coral reef restoration, particularly in Kenya, Tanzania, and the Seychelles, with an increase in publications since 2021. Twenty-two active initiatives were identified across eight countries; 76% involved local communities, and 27% were fully community-led. Asexual methods like coral gardening dominated due to cost-effectiveness, while sexual propagation was limited to Seychelles and planned for Mauritius. Initiatives primarily targeted fast-growing genera such as Acropora and Pocillopora, with limited species diversity. Monitoring practices were highly variable, with most projects relying on short-term ecological indicators and few reporting standardized quantitative metrics such as survival rates or restoration footprint. While 86% of projects collected ecological baseline data, only 38% included socio-economic indicators. The synthesis of findings contributed to the establishment of the Western Indian Ocean Coral Reef Restoration Network (WIOCRRN), a regional platform guided by the Capacity, Access, Research, and Enhancement (\"CARE\") framework, aimed at advancing resilient and sustainable reef ecosystems while aligning conservation outcomes with the socio-economic needs of coastal communities. The uneven geographic distribution of initiatives and documented data gaps highlight opportunities for improved coordination, standardization, and strategic scaling of restoration efforts across the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0348015"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Day-night variations in sleep and locomotor activity in lambs during the first 72 hours after birth and following the onset of rumination.","authors":"Younes Beniaich, Hicham Farsi, Manal Larbaoui, Hiba Ouardirhi, Nouha Sbai, Mohammed Piro, Mohamed Rachid Achaâban, Paul Pévet, Etienne Challet, Amal Satté, Khalid El Allali","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0348614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sleep-wake and rest-activity profiles of many species undergoes changes during the development. In ruminants, the onset of rumination-related digestive function is contingent on the attainment of full forestomach maturity. The study aimed to characterise sleep-wake at birth and to assess the rumination onset effects on vigilance-states and rest-activity patterns in lambs. Eight newborn lambs were subjected to two non-invasive polysomnographic (PSG) and behavioural recordings. The first recording was conducted immediately after birth for a duration of 72 h, while the second was performed after rumination onset (1-1.5 months) for an additional 72 h. At birth, lambs exhibited twilight activity, with a peak occurrence during the day-night transitions, resulting in an average of 5.3 ± 0.3 h of daytime activity. Following the onset of rumination, a rise in daytime activity was observed, reaching an average of 7.8 ± 0.3 h. PSG results revealed polyphasic sleep, with lambs spending 58.6% (6.4 h) of the night and 39.6% (4.9 h) of the day asleep. The prevalence of NREM-sleep was observed to exceed that of drowsiness and REM-sleep, both during diurnal and nocturnal periods. Four to six weeks later, rumination occupied 28.6 ± 4.5% of the night and 13.3 ± 2.4% of the day, coinciding with reduced sleep time (from 11.3 h to 6.9 h) due to fewer episodes, without changes in episode duration. All sleep stages were found to be affected, whereas wakefulness remained unchanged. These findings suggest that in neonatal ruminants, rumination may compete with sleep without altering wakefulness, providing new insight into behavioural and vigilance states from suckling to the onset of rumination.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0348614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DeepDRP: Dose-response predictions of drug pairs using deep learning based on data-driven feature representation and dose-response curve characteristics.","authors":"Mohammadamin Moragheb, Alireza Dehghan, Parvin Razzaghi, Sajjad Gharaghani","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0348908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combination therapies have become a cornerstone of modern medicine, offering improved treatment outcomes and reduced side effects compared to monotherapies. However, the efficacy and safety of drug combinations depend heavily on the specific doses of each component, making the optimization of dosing regimens a crucial yet challenging task. Despite the importance of dose optimization, few computational methods address this challenge. Here, we propose DeepDRP, a novel approach that integrates two complementary models: the global model, which is trained using all available combinations, and the local model, which utilizes only samples with similar information to queries. The DeepDRP architecture comprises three main modules: the first module has three embedding networks to extract features from drugs, doses, and cell lines, and then predicts synergy using the fused knowledge. The second module constructs a graph using the input query and the set of similar retrieved training samples fed into a semi-supervised graph convolutional network to predict the synergy value. Finally, these two models are aggregated to have the final predicted value. To evaluate the proposed approach, it is applied to the NCI-ALMANAC dataset and O'Neil dataset. The obtained results denote that the proposed method achieves superior performance with respect to the other approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0348908"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in the long-term course of post-COVID-19 symptoms in adults and children across epidemic periods: A retrospective cohort study in Japan, 2020-2024.","authors":"Aya Sugiyama, Toshiro Takafuta, Kanon Abe, Yayoi Yoshinaga, Ko Ko, Tomoki Sato, Tomoyuki Akita, Masao Kuwabara, Shingo Fukuma, Junko Tanaka","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0348954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms has been reported to decline since the Omicron variant became predominant. However, differences in their long-term course across epidemic periods and between adults and children, including recent Omicron sublineages, remain insufficiently understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We extended a previously reported retrospective cohort by conducting follow-up and an additional survey in Hiroshima, Japan. The study included 2,689 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 2020 and June 2024 (1,524 adults and 1,165 children). A self-administered questionnaire captured the presence and duration of 13 symptoms. Interval-censored survival analysis estimated prevalence over time, and proportional hazards models evaluated factors associated with symptom resolution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At six months, the estimated prevalence in adults was highest during the Delta period (47%) and lower during Omicron-2022 (23%) and Omicron-2024 (21%). In children, prevalence remained about one-quarter to one-third that of adults, with no notable differences between Omicron sublineages. At two years, persistent symptoms were reported by about 20% of adults infected before Omicron and 10% during Omicron periods, compared with 4.1% and 1.9% of children infected during the Delta and Omicron-2022 periods. Symptoms persisting beyond two years showed little further resolution, though in children they did not interfere with daily activities. In the Cox model, resolution was slower during the Delta period (HR 0.79) and faster during Omicron-2022 (HR 1.24) and Omicron-2024 (HR 1.30). Younger age, particularly ≤12 years, was strongly associated with faster recovery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The long-term course of post-COVID-19 symptoms differed across epidemic periods and age groups. The risk was highest during Delta and lower among children and those infected during Omicron waves, yet some individuals experienced symptoms for over two years. Long-term follow-up and social support remain crucial to mitigate the burden of post-COVID-19 condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0348954"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent circulation of avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 enhances the genetic evolution of reassortant viruses in Egyptian poultry populations.","authors":"Nahed Yehia, Mahmoud Ibrahim, Rawan Muhammad Shady, Ahmed Abd Elhalem Mohamed, Dalia Said, Mohamed E Taha, Abdelsatar Arafa, Samah Eid, Mohamed A Shalaby, Uwe Truyen, Rea Maja Kobialka, Ahmed Abd El Wahed, Arianna Ceruti","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0348609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The co-circulation of the recently emerged H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b and the endemic H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) in poultry farms has led to significant economic losses and increased the likelihood of viral reassortment. Continuous and extensive surveillance with full genome sequencing is highly recommended. The objective of this study was to monitor AIV circulating in Egyptian poultry populations throughout 2024 using molecular surveillance and to detect genetic reassortment events. A total of 50 chicken flocks that exhibited respiratory symptoms from seven governorates in Egypt were tested for avian influenza H5, H9, Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) using real-time RT-PCR. Four flocks that tested positive for H5 (AN1, AN6, AN7, and AN8) and three flocks that tested positive for H9N2 (AN2, AN3, and AN4) were selected for isolation and full-genome sequencing. They were subjected to virus isolation in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs, and identification was done using real-time RT-PCR assay. The full-genome sequencing was performed using rapid barcoding from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. The genome analysis revealed a H5N2 reassortant virus, comprising the HA, PB2, PB1, and PA gene segments from H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b (EA-2021-AB), while the NA, NP, NS, and M genes were from H9N2 (G5.6). Additionally, two reassorted H9N2 viruses were identified, containing HA, NA, NP, M, and NS genes from H9N2 (G5.6), and PB1, PB2, and PA genes from Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 virus Clade 2.3.4.4b (EA-2021-AB). Interestingly, both reassortant H9N2 viruses have specific adaptive mutations in some of their internal genes that were not present in any other Egyptian H9N2 viruses. Several mutations, potentially associated with increased virulence and mammalian adaptation, were also detected in the internal genes. This study highlights the emergence of novel reassortant AIV viruses and underscores the need for continuous molecular surveillance, as well as further studies on the pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy against these newly emerged viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0348609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, diagnostic methods, and clinical outcomes of wasting/cachexia among pediatric cancer patients in Africa: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ivaan Pitua, Daisy Wannyana, Derrick Bary Abila, Felix Bongomin","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0349113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0349113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pediatric cancer is an emerging public health priority in Africa, where survival rates remain critically low compared to high-income regions. Malnutrition; specifically wasting and cachexia; is the most prevalent, yet modifiable comorbidity that compromises treatment tolerance and increases mortality. Recent primary studies from 2025 indicate a significant discrepancy between wasting diagnosed via clinical assessment versus anthropometrically defined wasting, suggesting a \"hidden burden\" of malnutrition in African oncology wards. However, no comprehensive synthesis of data exists regarding the prevalence of wasting across the continent using modern assessment standards, nor its specific impact on clinical outcomes in the current treatment era.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>We will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control) published from January 1, 2000, to the present. Data sources will include PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and CINAHL. We will include studies involving children and adolescents (0-19 years) diagnosed with malignancies in African healthcare settings. Two independent reviewers will screen studies, extract data, and assess risk of bias using Covidence systematic review software. The risk of bias will be assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. The primary outcome will be the pooled prevalence of wasting/cachexia. Secondary outcomes will include diagnostic accuracy of assessment methods (such as Mid-Upper Arm Circumference [MUAC] vs. Weight-for-Height vs. clinical assessment) and associations with adverse clinical events (neutropenia, sepsis, treatment abandonment, and mortality). A random-effects meta-analysis will be performed using R software. Heterogeneity will be assessed using the I2 statistic and explored via subgroup analyses (region, tumor type, and assessment tool).</p><p><strong>Ethics and dissemination: </strong>Ethical approval is not required as this study relies on secondary data. Findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations to inform nutritional guidelines for pediatric oncology in resource-limited settings.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration number: </strong>Registration Number: CRD420251237859.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0349113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of an automated reader for disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing in a routine microbiology laboratory.","authors":"Patricia Orlandi Barth, Xander Cortez Pinzas, Vitória Torrescasana Teixeira, Larissa Lutz, Caroline Collioni Constante, Bruno Rodriguez Tondin, André Frotta Müller, Danton Pereira da Silva Junior, Paulo Roberto Stefani Sanches, Afonso Luís Barth","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0347932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0347932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is essential for determining the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms. Reliable data from AST is needed for the detection of resistance mechanisms which are crucial to ensure appropriate treatment of patients in healthcare settings or in the community. Automated AST readers of the inhibition zone provide valuable tools for standardizing the testing process in microbiology laboratories, enabling faster and more reliable interpretation of results. The aim of this study was to evaluate AntibiHórus, an in-house developed automated disc diffusion AST reader, by comparing its performance against manual reading of the inhibition zones using a ruler. A total of 500 ASTs, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, were evaluated using 22 different antimicrobial discs, resulting in 4,709 inhibition zone measurements. Manual readings with a ruler were compared with the automated readings from AntibiHórus. The overall categorical agreement (CA) between AntibiHórus and manual reading was 96.86%, with minimal error rates, 2.08% for Very Major Errors (VME), 0.30% for Major Errors (ME), and 0.76% for Minor Errors (MiE). Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between methods (Pearson correlation coefficient R ≥ .95). The findings demonstrate that AntibiHórus is a reliable tool for routine microbiology laboratory work, enhancing the efficiency, standardization, and accuracy of AST analysis by automating inhibition zone measurement and interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0347932"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic evaluation of the DeepSeek large language model for clinical diagnostic reasoning.","authors":"Yang Wang, Yang He, Xuchang Qin, Yucai Hong, Lin Chen, Jing Zhang, Hongying Ni, Zhongheng Zhang","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0346078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0346078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) is undergoing an era of transformative advancement, particularly through the emergence of Transformer-based large language models (LLMs). While these systems demonstrate strong reasoning and generalization capabilities, their clinical applicability, particularly in emergency and critical care decision-making, remains underexplored.. In time-sensitive settings, diagnostic reasoning must align rigorously with evidence-based standards and ensure the relevance of timing to clinical decisions.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to provide a preliminary evaluation of the decision-support performance of the DeepSeek model in acute medical scenarios. We systematically evaluate its diagnostic reasoning, temporal consistency of recommendations, and adherence to evidence-based critical care protocols using standardized case-based assessments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-nine representative clinical cases were extracted from the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, a widely used medical reference providing standardized case descriptions. The model's outputs were evaluated across four decision-making dimensions: differential diagnosis, diagnostic testing, final diagnosis, and management planning. Human raters scored each response for accuracy, and multivariable linear regression was applied to assess associations between performance and case parameters (age, gender, and Rapid Emergency Medicine Score [REMS]).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DeepSeek achieved an overall mean accuracy of 82.9% (95% CI: 80.2-85.6%) across all cases. Accuracy peaked in final diagnosis (97.7%), but declined in differential diagnosis (73.0%). Model performance showed no significant variation across demographic or severity strata.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DeepSeek shows promising performance in structured case-based diagnostic tasks, particularly in confirmatory diagnostic reasoning. However, its early-stage reasoning and handling of ambiguous cases require enhancement. Future studies using larger and more diverse clinical datasets are needed to further evaluate the model's robustness and potential clinical applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0346078"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on turbulence characteristics of a rectangular three-dimensional wall jet in a confined space using particle image velocimetry.","authors":"Xingxing Zhang, Han Liu","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0348138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A three-dimensional wall jet in a confined space is a ubiquitous flow occurrence in important engineering domains. Previous studies have not fully explained its turbulence characteristics. In this paper, a particle image velocimetry measuring technique was used to observe a rectangular three-dimensional confined wall jet. The objective of this study is to investigate specially turbulence statistics in regions affected by the vertical wall (16 ≤ x/d < 27), and the effect of the Reynolds numbers and submerged depths on that. The results show that profiles of turbulence statistics are not similar in the region 16 ≤ x/d < 19. Turbulence characteristics in the region 19 ≤ x/d < 24 correspond to those of the radial decay region due to the influence of the vertical wall, where both the mean and fluctuating motions are completely developed in advance. In the region 24 ≤ x/d < 27, profiles of turbulence statistics in two planes collapse rather poorly. Peak values of turbulence quantities in the lateral plane show a positive correlation with Reynolds numbers obviously, while the similar trend is not presented in the symmetry plane. Furthermore, in the region 24 ≤ x/d < 27, profiles of turbulence intensities are little sensitive to small variations in submerged depths. However, peak values of Reynolds shear stresses show a positive correlation. This study can promote the understanding of turbulence characteristics of a three-dimensional confined wall jet.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"21 5","pages":"e0348138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}