PLoS ONEPub Date : 2025-07-03eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327479
Pavel A Sharagin, Elena A Shishkina, Evgenia I Tolstykh, Michael A Smith, Bruce A Napier
{"title":"Stochastic parametric skeletal dosimetry model for humans: Pediatric and adult computational skeleton phantoms for internal bone marrow dosimetry.","authors":"Pavel A Sharagin, Elena A Shishkina, Evgenia I Tolstykh, Michael A Smith, Bruce A Napier","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327479","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, computational phantoms that simulate skeletal tissues are used in active red bone marrow (AM) internal dosimetry. Up-to-date reference computational phantoms recommended by the ICRP are based on the analysis of CT-images of cadavers. Such phantoms have significant disadvantages. One disadvantage is that the assessment of uncertainty due to the population variability of skeleton dimensions and microstructure results from the limited availability of autopsy material. Another disadvantage is the simplified modelling of cortical layer and bone microarchitecture. A method of stochastic parametric skeletal dosimetry modelling of the bone structures - SPSD modelling - has been developed as an alternative to the ICRP reference phantoms. In the framework of this approach, skeletal phantom parameters are evaluated based on extensively reviewed results of published measurements of real bones. The SPSD approach allows for the assessment of both population-average values and their variability. SPSD-phantoms of the skeleton are modelled in voxel representation. They consist of smaller phantoms of the bone sites - segments - described by simple geometric shapes with uniform microarchitecture parameters. Such segmentation makes it possible to account for non-homogeneous skeletal microarchitecture and to model the bone structure with the required voxel resolution to elaborate suitable skeletal phantoms. The current study presents the parameters of the SPSD skeletal phantoms for the following age-groups: newborn, 1-year-old, 5-year-old, 10-year-old, 15-year-old (male and female), and adult (male and female). This skeletal phantom can be used for dosimetry as an alternative to available reference phantoms for bone-seeking radionuclides. The above-mentioned age- and sex-specific skeletal phantoms are comprised of 289 unique segments. The characteristics of the SPSD phantoms do not contradict published data and are in good agreement with the measurement results of real bones.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PLoS ONEPub Date : 2025-07-03eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327438
Lindsay M Novak, Linda J Skitka
{"title":"Understanding the functional basis of moral conviction: Is moral conviction related to personal and social identity expression?","authors":"Lindsay M Novak, Linda J Skitka","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327438","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The degree to which one experiences an attitude as a moral conviction is associated with a host of consequences, such as charitable giving, volunteerism, political engagement, resistance to compromise, intolerance of dissenting viewpoints, and acceptance of any means, including violence, to achieve morally preferred ends. Despite these profound ramifications, our understanding of the psychological functions of moral conviction remains limited. In three studies, we tested competing hypotheses about two possible functions of moral conviction: personal identity and social identity expression. Study 1 developed and validated personal and social identity function measures in a U.S. sample and provided an initial test of hypotheses (N = 320). Study 2 further validated these measures and tested whether cultural mindset moderated the relationship between identity functions and moral conviction in a U.S. sample (N = 364). Study 3 tested hypotheses cross-culturally (i.e., using U.S. and Indian samples, N = 300). The personal identity function uniquely predicted moral conviction in all three studies and across six issue domains, whereas the social identity function did not (Studies 1-3). Surprisingly, neither cultural mindset (i.e., an independent and interdependent self-construal or endorsement of the individualizing or binding moral foundations) nor culture moderated these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uptake, knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward seasonal influenza vaccination among community healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chongqing Municipality, China: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Xianxian Yang, Jiajing Zheng, Xiaoyan Lv, Qing Wang, Dong Wang, Jiaxi Xie, Xianbin Ding, Ting Chen","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327012","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Seasonal influenza is significantly associated with high morbidity and mortality. Vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs), who represent a high-risk group, is a crucial preventive measure to reduce the spread of outbreaks and the severity of disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of influenza vaccine acceptance and uptake, as well as the determinants influencing these factors among HCWs in Chongqing, China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional survey among community HCWs aged ≥ 22 years from July 15, 2021 to September 30, 2021. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and key factors of HCWs regarding vaccination acceptance and recommendation to patients. Parametric and nonparametric statistical analyses were performed with the use of the Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The coverage rate for the seasonal influenza vaccination in Chongqing HCWs was 46.2% in the 2020-2021 seasons. HCWs who were females (OR: 2.10 95% CI: 1.54-2.85), had influenza experience (OR:1.98 95% 1.27-3.11), without influenza vaccination hesitancy (IVH) (OR:2.10 95% 1.58-2.79), and/or in a vaccination-promoted community (OR:6.50 95% 3.99-10.60) would be more likely to be vaccinated. HCWs who were vaccinated in 2020-2021 (OR: 8.48 95% 6.03-11.93), without IVH (OR: 4.15 95% 2.91-5.90), and/or in a vaccination-promoted community (OR: 2.08 95%1.37-3.16) would be more willing to be vaccinated. HCWs who were with knowledge scores ≥ 4 (OR: 2.58 95% 1.30-5.13), without IVH (OR: 2.33 95% 1.05-5.13), were in a vaccination-promoted community (OR: 2.65 95% 1.51-4.65), and/or with vaccination willingness (OR: 4.32 95% 2.16-8.64) would be more likely to recommend vaccination to patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The influenza vaccination rate among Chongqing HCWs increased in the 2020-2021 season but remained relatively low. It is critical to improve knowledge of influenza and its vaccine among HCWs, implement activities to moderate their IVH and expand the free vaccination policy, and interventional measures aiming to promote influenza vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327012"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PLoS ONEPub Date : 2025-07-03eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327123
Robert R Ehrman, Brian D Haber, Nicholas E Harrison, Steven J Korzeniewski, Lindsay Maguire, Samantha D Bauer, Phillip D Levy
{"title":"Increased social deprivation index scores are associated with 180-day readmissions, but not index admissions, for acute heart failure.","authors":"Robert R Ehrman, Brian D Haber, Nicholas E Harrison, Steven J Korzeniewski, Lindsay Maguire, Samantha D Bauer, Phillip D Levy","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327123","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Hospital readmissions are a pervasive problem for patients with heart failure. While Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) influence many aspects of care, the relationship between readmissions for acute heart failure (AHF) and social vulnerability is incompletely characterized. Such data are needed to develop interventions to maximize successful stabilization in the post-discharge phase.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective review of administrative clinical data paired with ZIP code-level SDoH data from an integrated health system in Detroit, MI. We explored the relationship between Social Deprivation Index (SDI; greater scores indicate more deprivation) and hospital admissions for AHF within 180-days of a prior AHF admission using zero-hurdle regression (logistic model for >0 readmissions; negative binomial model for count of readmissions). Mixed-effects logistic regression, accounting for repeat visits, was used to determine if SDI was associated with AHF-admission for any given ED visit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From January 2022 through December 2023, with data from 2,333 unique patients (accounting for 3,281 total visits), we found that each SD increase in SDI (30.6) was associated with increased likelihood of at least one 180day-readmission (OR 1.52 [CI 1.10-2.11]). In the count model, each SD (28.3) increase in SDI was positively associated with 180day-readmissions (relative risk (RR) 1.57 [CI 1.10-1.23]). In the mixed model, after adjusting for characteristics of prior visits, SDI was not associated with AHF admission (including at Index visits).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicate that area-level social vulnerability may play a role in recovery and stabilization after a decompensation event; it may also extend the post-discharge vulnerable phase. That SDI was not associated with Index AHF admission suggests that social factors may play a different role in development of acute decompensation, as opposed to recovery from it. Development of targeted admission-reduction interventions should consider the varied influences of social vulnerability in the AHF lifecycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating SnOx/Graphene Oxide heterostructure for methane sensing and its application as a tunable light absorber for optoelectronic devices.","authors":"Manoj Kumar, Purnendu Shekhar Pandey, M Sudhakara Reddy, Anita Gehlot, Santosh Kumar Choudhary, Gyanendra Kumar Singh, Balkeshwar Singh","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0326657","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0326657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the optical and electronic properties of SnOx/Graphene Oxide (SnOx/GO) heterostructures, focusing on their sensitivity and selectivity to methane adsorption and its tunable light absorption capabilities across different wavelength ranges. By categorizing SnOx/GO heterostructures into four types based on the oxygen mole fraction (x) of SnOx, notable differences are observed in their light absorption, extinction coefficient, and reflectance. Among these, Type-C heterostructures demonstrate the highest absorption coefficient (~1.8 × 10⁵ cm ⁻ ¹), indicating strong potential for UV and visible light applications. Building upon the optimized Type-C SnOx/GO heterostructure, we further examine the effect of varying concentrations of methane molecules adsorbed on its surface. This leads to the classification of four additional heterostructure types- Type-I to Type-IV which are based on the methane molecules concentration adsorbed on the surface of an optimized SnOx/GO heterostructure. The interaction with methane further modulates the optoelectronic properties of heterostructure, with Type-II heterostructures demonstrating the highest extinction coefficient (~8.0 at 1000 nm) and strong near-infrared absorption. In contrast, Type-IV structures, characterized by the highest methane concentration, show a significant increase in reflectance (~0.85) and a reduction in absorption. Additionally, an energy distribution analysis of various atmospheric gases, such as CH₄, H₂O, and CO₂ were conducted to evaluate the selectivity of SnOx/GO heterostructure based sensors. The aim was to ensure minimal interference from other ambient gases. The analysis revealed that CH₄ exhibits a more negative energy state, indicating higher stability and a greater affinity for adsorption on the sensor surface compared to the other atmospheric gases. This stabilization highlights the interaction dynamics of the material, reinforcing its potential for diverse applications, including UV absorption, infrared transparency, and trace methane detection. Overall, these findings establish SnOx/GO heterostructures, particularly the Type-C variant with an optimal oxygen mole fraction (x), as promising candidates for advanced optical and methane gas-sensing technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0326657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PLoS ONEPub Date : 2025-07-03eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327566
Amr Sayed Ghanem, Laszlo Trefan, Ildikó Márton, Petra Fadgyas-Freyler, Attila Csaba Nagy, Marianna Móré
{"title":"Oral cancer in Hungary: An epidemiological profile (2015-2019).","authors":"Amr Sayed Ghanem, Laszlo Trefan, Ildikó Márton, Petra Fadgyas-Freyler, Attila Csaba Nagy, Marianna Móré","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327566","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Hungary is among countries with the highest standardised rate oral and mouth cancers. This first national analysis aimed to quantify age-standardized oral cancer incidence in Hungary from 2015 to 2019 by sex and age, determine the median interval from diagnosis to death, and evaluate comorbidity prevalence and its prognostic impact.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used real-world data from the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund database. Adjusted, standardised incidence- and hospital readmission rates were calculated; time between diagnosis and death and effect of comorbidities coexisting with oral cancer were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Generally, incidence and hospitalisation rates decreased in the studied period, for males and older age group both rates were higher. From year 2017 for incidence rates significant differences were found between a particular region and the other regions; and hospitalisation rates differed significantly for three regions from other regions. Almost half (46.3%) of the patients died within a year after diagnosis, mortality rates were 31.8% for males and 14.5% for females. Existence of oral cancer indicated 5.20 (95% confidence interval, 5.03,5.38), 5.84 (95% confidence interval, 5.64,6.04) odd ratios for mortality by two models. Number and relative risk of comorbidities were higher among patients diagnosed with oral cancer than in the control population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlighted progress in reducing oral cancer incidence rates in Hungary, however significant challenges remain in reducing mortality rates and improving survival within the first year of diagnosis. The study also showed oral cancer a serious burden in the country, especially for males.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PLoS ONEPub Date : 2025-07-03eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327592
Hao Shi, Qingliang Zhu, Jingde Bo, Jiayang Shi, Tao Zhao
{"title":"A generic method for PLC control system design based on Digital Twin.","authors":"Hao Shi, Qingliang Zhu, Jingde Bo, Jiayang Shi, Tao Zhao","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327592","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores a design method for electrical control systems based on the Digital Twin (DT) from the perspective of control engineers. The proposed method enables engineers to systematically develop and validate such systems, thereby enhancing the quality and efficacy of industrial digitalization. By identifying critical challenges in DT-based control system design, we proposed a maturity evaluation framework to ensure that the DT's fidelity aligns with the requirements of control system design application scenarios. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of virtual and physical commissioning was conducted, leading to the formulation of a structured implementation framework for DT-based control system design. A six-floor elevator DT was employed as the controlled object to demonstrate the proposed method. A virtual commissioning platform was constructed to validate the feasibility and reliability of the control system. This approach provides actionable insights for the corresponding physical entity to optimize construction schemes, commissioning workflows, and operation adjustments. The practical results demonstrate that the proposed DT-based design method of the electrical control system enables high-fidelity validation of production line design, reduces resource consumption during physical equipment commissioning, and significantly enhances development efficiency and quality while shortening construction and commissioning timelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PLoS ONEPub Date : 2025-07-03eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327622
Ana M Sandoval-Castellanos, Yao Ke, Tiffany M Dam, Emanual Michael Maverakis, Mark J Mannis, Xiao-Jing Wang, Min Zhao
{"title":"A practical and safer model of nitrogen mustard injury in cornea.","authors":"Ana M Sandoval-Castellanos, Yao Ke, Tiffany M Dam, Emanual Michael Maverakis, Mark J Mannis, Xiao-Jing Wang, Min Zhao","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327622","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating agent used in warfare and terrorism that inflicts devastating ocular injuries. Although the clinical symptoms are well described, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, hindering the development of effective treatments. One major roadblock is the lack of a suitable model due to the extremely hazardous nature of SM, which requires strict safety measures. As a safer and practical alternative, we report a novel model that uses mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) gel, an FDA-approved topical chemotherapeutic administered by patients at home. Here we demonstrate its suitability to induce mustard corneal injury in any laboratory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ex vivo porcine corneas were injured with mechlorethamine gel. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate histopathology of SM-like corneal injuries: epithelium thickness and stromal separation, keratocyte and inflammatory cell counts, and expression of inflammation and fibrosis markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This model showed the characteristic histopathology and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (inflammation) and fibronectin-1 (fibrosis), which were consistent with other well-established SM-like corneal injury models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given its ease of implementation and safety, this mechlorethamine model could be used to study the full course of mustard corneal injuries. This model is expected to facilitate the understanding of mustard ocular injuries and the development of novel therapeutics.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>This model will allow safe evaluation of SM-like corneal injuries within 24 hours, facilitating the identification of early/new molecules that might help to develop novel treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225829/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biosimilars in practice: Discriminant factors influencing prescription decisions among physicians in Thailand.","authors":"Chaoncin Sooksriwong, Ekapong Kachai, Wanruchada Katchamart, Ponlapat Rojnuckarin, Ekaphop Sirachainan, Tuangrat Phodha","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327591","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to assess the discriminant factors and determine the cutoff value which can predict or classify the group of prescribed and non-prescribed biosimilar among Thai physicians. The online surveys were distributed to physicians via major three medical associations in Thailand. Five psychological variables were obtained from the surveys (familiarity, attitude toward biosimilar medication, attitude toward biosimilar practice scenarios, attitude toward naming biosimilars in prescriptions, and attitude toward pricing of biosimilar). The point-based system was used to score all variables and transformed to percentage. The assumptions were tested before using discriminant function analysis (DFA). Total 82 respondents were analyzed. Data of all variables met the assumptions of DFA. Familiarity was the most influential factor to differentiate the group of physicians, followed by attitude toward biosimilar medication. The cutoff value for group differences was -0.600. The accuracy rate of discriminant function equations was 82.9% overall for the stepwise method. The study concluded that the psychological factors such as familiarity with biosimilars and attitude toward biosimilars would play a significant role to classify between prescribed and non-prescribed biosimilar groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PLoS ONEPub Date : 2025-07-03eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0327252
Wanqiu Deng, Chi Huang, Qinghong Shuai
{"title":"Double reinforcement learning for cluster synchronization of Boolean control networks under denial of service attacks.","authors":"Wanqiu Deng, Chi Huang, Qinghong Shuai","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327252","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pone.0327252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper investigates the asymptotic cluster synchronization of Boolean control networks (BCNs) under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, where each state node in the network experiences random data loss following a Bernoulli distribution. First, the algebraic representation of BCNs under DoS attacks is established using the semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices. Using matrix-based methods, some necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions for BCNs to achieve asymptotic cluster synchronization under DoS attacks are derived. For both model-based and model-free cases, appropriate state feedback controllers guaranteeing asymptotic cluster synchronization of BCNs are obtained through set-iteration and double-deep Q-network (DDQN) methods, respectively. Besides, a double reinforcement learning algorithm is designed to identify suitable state feedback controllers. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":20189,"journal":{"name":"PLoS ONE","volume":"20 7","pages":"e0327252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}