Planta最新文献

{"title":"Contrasting regulation of protein-coding genes and lncRNA homeologs in allotetraploid Coffea arabica.","authors":"Marcos David Couoh-Cauich, Daniel Guzmán-Zapata, Elsa B Góngora-Castillo, Ramón Pacheco-Arjona, Enrique Ibarra-Laclette, Víctor M Loyola-Vargas","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05160-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05160-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>A chromosome-level Bourbon assembly revealed that protein-coding homeologs are predominantly co-regulated between subgenomes. In contrast, intergenic lncRNAs display a modest, but statistically consistent bias toward subgenome E across diverse developmental and stress contexts. Coffea arabica is an allotetraploid species derived from natural hybridization between C. canephora and C. eugenioides, which contributed the C and E subgenomes, respectively. This genomic origin poses major challenges for genome assembly, annotation, and the interpretation of gene regulation. In this study, a high-quality genome assembly of C. arabica was generated and annotated, with particular emphasis on identifying protein-coding genes and intergenic long non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs). Homeologous relationships between genes from the C and E subgenomes were established, providing a robust framework to investigate subgenomic conservation and regulatory divergence. Using an extensive collection of publicly available RNA-seq libraries spanning multiple developmental stages, tissues, and environmental conditions, the relative transcriptional contribution of each subgenome was evaluated. On a global scale, gene expression was largely balanced between subgenomes, with no consistent evidence of subgenome dominance. While protein-coding genes showed comparable regulatory behavior across subgenomes, lincRNAs exhibited a more asymmetric expression pattern, suggesting higher subgenome-specific expression that is interpreted here as a consistent directional tendency rather than as evidence of subgenome dominance. Together, these results provide new insights into the regulatory architecture of the C. arabica genome and establish a foundational genomic and transcriptomic resource for future functional studies and crop improvement efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WRKY transcription factors in horticultural crops: regulating quality traits and fruit stress responses.","authors":"Ahmed Alabd, Karim Shafik, Sobhy S H Abdelsalam, Jianzhao Li, Ping An, Yuanwen Teng","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05164-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05164-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>WRKY transcription factors regulate pigments, sugars, organic acids, aroma compounds, ripening, texture, and stress tolerance, offering promising targets for improving horticultural crop quality and postharvest performance. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) belong to one of the largest families of regulatory proteins in plants, with multifaceted roles in growth, development, and stress responses. This review summarizes the diverse functions of WRKY TFs that regulate key quality traits of horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. We discuss the structural characteristics and classification of WRKY TFs, emphasizing their conserved WRKY domain and W-box binding mechanism. We comprehensively examine how WRKY TFs control critical quality attributes, such as pigment accumulation (anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains), organ size, sugar and organic acid contents, aroma-related volatile production, texture, and fruit ripening, by directly modulating structural genes and interacting with other TFs. Additionally, we explore the involvement of WRKY TFs in fruit responses to biotic stresses (e.g., pathogen infections) and abiotic stresses (e.g., chilling) as well as fruit browning. We also highlight their effects on hormone signaling and defense pathways. Despite significant progress in identifying WRKY TFs associated with quality traits through high-throughput approaches, the functional characterization of many of these TFs remains incomplete. Future research directions include using advanced genetic engineering tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, to validate functions, elucidate complex regulatory networks involving WRKY TFs and their target genes, and explore upstream regulatory mechanisms. The results of this research will facilitate the development of improved horticultural cultivars with enhanced quality, stress tolerance, and extended shelf life, ultimately contributing to food security and market competitiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between plant hormones, carbohydrate metabolism and excision-induced adventitious root formation of two contrasting hydrangea cultivars.","authors":"Uwe Druege, Niklas Mey, Tobias Geißler","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05156-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05156-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Cytokinins and abscisic acid act as auxin antagonists during adventitious root induction, thereby limiting AR development depending on plant genotype and the distance to the wounding site. This study investigated the role of plant hormones in the lower rooting capacity of cuttings of the Hydrangea macrophylla cultivar 'Clarissa' compared to 'Caipirinha', further considering interrelations to carbohydrates. At first, the rooting response to 1 min pulse treatments of the stem base with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was analyzed. Without IAA, rooting of 'Clarissa' lagged behind that of 'Caipirinha'. Increasing IAA doses up to 50 mM particularly enhanced rooting in 'Clarissa' to the same level as 'Caipirinha'. The number of adventitious roots was positively correlated with the length of the rooting zone, which was greater in 'Caipirinha' and was further enlarged by IAA application. Carbohydrate analysis indicated higher carbohydrate utilization in the 0-1 cm basal stem section compared to the 1-2.5 cm section above, which was further stimulated by IAA. Phytohormone profiling by LC-MS/MS in both stem base sections revealed similar dynamics for jasmonic acid, jasmonoyl-isoleucine, and IAA in both cultivars, but significantly higher cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in 'Clarissa' compared to 'Caipirinha'. 'Clarissa' revealed lower IAA/cytokinin and IAA/(cytokinin + ABA) ratios during the first 48 h after cutting excision compared to 'Caipirinha', while these ratios were higher in the basal 0-1 cm compared to the 1-2.5 cm stem section above. These findings provide new perspectives on hormonal crosstalk in adventitious rooting and support the conclusion that the lower rooting capacity and shorter rooting zone of 'Clarissa' is likely based on locally higher cytokinin and ABA levels that antagonize IAA during the induction phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13574733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148970725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification of the Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) gene family in Taxodium distichum and functional characterization of TdGPX9 in enhancing salt tolerance.","authors":"Xinrui Tang, Dan Wang, Mingyue Cai, Chaoguang Yu, Tingting Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05145-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05145-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>This study systematically identified 10 TdGPX genes in Taxodium distichum, demonstrating that the nucleocytoplasmic-localized TdGPX9 plays a pivotal role in salt stress response. Overexpression of TdGPX9 significantly enhances salt tolerance by strengthening the antioxidant defense system and improving root system plasticity under stress. Taxodium distichum is a premier coniferous species renowned for its exceptional waterlogging and salinity tolerance, serving as a vital forest resource for coastal afforestation and wetland ecological restoration. Within the physiological framework of plant stress resistance, the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family represents a cornerstone of the antioxidant enzymatic system, playing a critical role in scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, 10 TdGPX genes were identified via a comprehensive genome-wide analysis and mapped across eight chromosomes. These genes possess a highly conserved Thioredoxin_like domain, with structural and motif analyses revealing a well-maintained arrangement of conserved motifs within each subgroup. The promoter analysis identified a sophisticated regulatory network enriched with cis-acting elements responsive to light, phytohormones, and abiotic stresses, suggesting their integration into diverse signaling pathways. Expression profiling across various tissues and embryonic developmental stages further highlighted the versatile roles of TdGPX members in plant growth and organogenesis. Notably, qRT-PCR analysis identified the nucleocytoplasmic-localized TdGPX9 as a primary respondent to salinity. Functional validation demonstrated that TdGPX9 overexpression significantly enhances salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and T. distichum callus by strengthening the antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, TdGPX9 promoted root system plasticity under stress, as evidenced by increased lateral root density. These findings provide a systematic basis for understanding the redox-regulatory mechanisms in baldcypress and offer vital genetic resources for improving forest resilience in coastal wetland ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unique N-acetyl-L-glutamate kinase of Prasinoderma coloniale: new features of an old enzyme.","authors":"Vladislav Statinov, Tatiana Lapina, David Musaelyan, Elena Ermilova","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05157-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05157-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>N-Acetyl-L-glutamate kinase of Prasinoderma coloniale is an example of an evolutionary hack that allows this alga survival without the protein PII. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate kinase (NAGK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of N-acetyl-L-glutamate to N-acetyl-L-glutamyl-phosphate, which is the rate-limiting step in the ornithine/arginine biosynthesis pathway. In cyanobacteria and Archaeplastida, NAGK activity is strictly regulated by the end product, arginine (Arg), and is controlled by the PII signaling protein. During evolution, Prasinoderma coloniale, a phytoplankton species from an early-branching lineage within the Archaeplastida, lost the gene encoding PII protein. PcNAGK shows a unique feature: it has evolved to be an enzyme that is virtually insensitive to intracellular levels of Arg with an IC₅₀ of 9.5 mM. Using molecular and biochemical characterization, we demonstrated that substitution of amino acids Lys24 with Gln and Ile282 with Glu restored the sensitivity of the recombinant PcNAGK protein to Arg. Physiological studies have shown that NAGK activity in P. coloniale cells is among the lowest reported to date, which may contribute to energy conservation in this alga. These results not only indicate that NAGK characteristics may vary more across oxygenic phototrophs than previously thought, but also expand our understanding of metabolic adaptation to deep-sea oligotrophic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From stress signaling to yield stability: physiological and molecular mechanisms of wheat resilience to heat and drought stress.","authors":"Sajid Ali, Yong-Sun Moon","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05152-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05152-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Wheat resilience depends on coordinated signaling, reproductive protection, and source-sink regulation, providing a framework to breed robust trait combinations that stabilize yield under combined heat and drought. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of heat and drought events, posing a major threat to wheat productivity, yield stability, and food security. Because these stresses often coincide in the field, their combined effects can impair growth, reproductive development, grain filling, and final yield more severely than either stress alone. Wheat resilience under such conditions depends on coordinated physiological adjustment and molecular regulation that sustain cellular homeostasis, protect reproductive tissues, and preserve yield-related traits. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological and molecular bases of wheat resilience to heat and drought, with emphasis on their combined effects. We discuss major physiological responses, including photosynthetic adjustment, stomatal regulation, canopy cooling, osmotic balance, antioxidant defense, membrane stability, and source-sink coordination. We also examine key regulatory pathways involved in stress perception and adaptation, including calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, phytohormonal crosstalk, transcriptional regulation, heat shock proteins, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, and osmoprotective and redox-associated pathways. In addition, we highlight the growing contribution of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics to the identification of candidate genes, biomarkers, and adaptive traits. Finally, we consider how mechanistic insights can be translated into wheat improvement through molecular markers, genomic selection, gene editing, and climate-realistic phenotyping. An integrated understanding of stress signaling and adaptive trait deployment will be essential for developing wheat cultivars with improved resilience and yield stability under future climates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scion-based drought stress memory affects potato response to water deficit.","authors":"Waldemar Marczewski, Alicja Macko-Podgórni, Jarosław Plich, Dominika Boguszewska-Mańkowska, Paulina Smyda-Dajmund, Dariusz Grzebelus","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05154-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05154-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>A scion-based stress memory signal, which was derived from drought-primed potato plants, was transmitted to new potato plants generated through vegetative reproduction. This affected potato tuber yield. Drought is one of the most significant threats to agricultural productivity worldwide. The cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a crop species that is sensitive to drought stress. This study investigated the impact of scion-based drought stress memory on tuber yield, physiological parameters, gene expression, and DNA methylation in the vegetative progeny of grafted plants. The tuber progeny plants remembered the drought stress signal transmitted from the drought-primed scion. Significant changes were observed in the expression of genes, primarily those related to photosynthetic metabolic pathways, as well as those associated with chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, and the plant's response to abiotic stresses. The gene expression landscape corresponded with variability in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. In the first and the second generation of vegetatively propagated plants, scion-based memory had a positive effect on tuber yield. This was achieved by buffering the decline in yield caused by drought, as compared to plants grown under control conditions. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed no correlation between changes in DNA methylation and gene expression. Drought-induced alterations in DNA methylation were erased in the second progeny generation. We propose that there is a direct causal relationship between scion-based memory of drought stress and photosynthetic efficiency, as well as potato tuber productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auxin is involved in NtIAA17-mediated regulation of root development under salt stress in tobacco.","authors":"Fan He, Chang Li, Shengbo Liu, Zhibin Jia, Zitong Zhu, Yongxia Yang, Songtao Zhang, Yong Luo, Hongfang Jia","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05151-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05151-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>NtIAA17 acts as a positive regulator of salt tolerance in tobacco, which alleviates salt-repressed root growth by sustaining auxin homeostasis and antioxidant capacity. Across the globe, soil salinization severely restricts plant growth and crop yield, posing a serious threat to agricultural sustainability. While auxin is indispensable for the control of root development and abiotic stress adaptation, the precise mechanism through which this hormone modulates salt tolerance in tobacco remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that salt stress markedly inhibits root growth in tobacco, while exogenous auxin application effectively alleviated this inhibitory effect. Transcriptome analysis revealed that salt stress extensively reprogrammed the genes associated with auxin synthesis, polar transport, and signal transduction pathways. We further cloned and characterized NtIAA17, a salt‑inducible Aux/IAA gene encoding a nucleus‑localized protein with distinct tissue‑specific expression. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of NtIAA17 enhanced salt sensitivity in tobacco. Compared with wild-type plants, the NtIAA17-knockout lines showed reduced auxin accumulation, lower transcript levels of auxin synthesis (NtYUCCAs) and transport (NtPINs) genes, stunted root growth, and compromised antioxidant capacity under salt stress. Collectively, our results demonstrate that NtIAA17 functions as a positive regulator of salt tolerance in tobacco by coordinating auxin signal transduction and antioxidant defense pathways, thus offering a promising genetic target for engineering salt-tolerant crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rootstock genotype shapes vine functional traits and associated microbiomes, with predominant shifts in the phyllosphere.","authors":"Ginevra Canavera, Filippo Vaccari, Matteo Gatti, Edoardo Puglisi, Tommaso Frioni","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05132-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05132-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Main conclusion: </strong>Rootstock genotype shaped grapevine physiology and associated microbial communities, with the strongest compositional shifts consistently observed in the phyllosphere across contrasting growing seasons. Rootstocks contribute to grapevine adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses, including drought, and influence associated microbial communities relevant to nutrient dynamics and stress resilience. However, integrated analyses of rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiomes remain limited, particularly for newly developed drought-tolerant rootstocks (M2 and M4). This study tested the hypothesis that rootstock genotype influences vine physiology and vegetative growth while shaping microbial community composition and functional potential in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. The study was conducted from 2023 to 2024 on Vitis vinifera cv. Barbera grafted onto six rootstocks (1103 Paulsen, 140 Ruggeri, SO4, Kober 5BB, M2, and M4). Phyllosphere and rhizosphere samples were collected at grapevine flowering and veraison, together with measurements of leaf gas exchange and stem water potential (Ψ_stem). Vegetative growth was assessed at the end of each season through leaf area, node number, and pruning weight. Microbial communities were profiled through 16S rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing. Across both years, despite contrasting weather conditions, rootstock genotype affected vine performance, while the strongest differences in microbial communities were observed in the phyllosphere. Notably, M2 and M4 maintained higher Ψ_stem than the other rootstocks, indicating greater drought tolerance. Phyllosphere microbiome composition appeared to be shaped by rootstock-related differences in vine physiology and vegetative growth, likely through local microenvironmental changes affecting microbial assembly. Expanding integrative research linking plant physiology and microbiome ecology could clarify how rootstock-mediated traits influence grapevine-associated microbiomes and their potential contribution to microbial terroir, ultimately supporting more resilient and sustainable viticulture under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13553729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148913192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals temporal fluctuation of floral scent in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.","authors":"Soumyajit Mohapatra, Shubham Srivastava, Abhishek Kumar Shukla, Shilpa Kumari, Ashutosh K Shukla, Chandan Singh Chanotiya, Ajit Kumar Shasany","doi":"10.1007/s00425-026-05150-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00425-026-05150-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a nocturnal plant known for its intense floral scent. However, the reported molecular regulation of its volatile organic compound (VOC) biosynthesis remains enigmatic. In this study, we investigated the temporal floral VOCs analysis using GC-FID and GC-MS at five time points between 6 PM and 6 AM. Fifteen major VOCs were identified, including green leaf volatiles (GLVs), terpenoids, and phenylpropanoids/benzenoids (PBs). Among them, 4-ketoisophorone was the most abundant constituent at all time points, showing a peak concentration at midnight (18.8 ± 3.4%) and early morning (18.9 ± 4.5%) followed by benzaldehyde, with the highest abundance at 9 PM (12.7 ± 2.5%), and benzene acetaldehyde and methyl anthranilate, which showed a gradual increase during night and peaked in the morning hours. To uncover the transcriptional regulation underlying these temporal changes, RNA-Seq was performed on flowers collected at 6 PM, 9 PM, and 12 AM. A total of 25,913 high-confidence transcripts were annotated, and 68 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be common across comparisons. GO and KEGG enrichment revealed significant involvement of genes in secondary metabolism, circadian rhythm, hormone signaling, and environmental adaptation. Expression patterns of genes associated with GLV, benzenoid, and terpenoid biosynthesis were consistent with VOC emission trends. qRT-PCR analysis of selected structural genes and transcription factors further provided an independent experimental mechanism for pathway-specific transcriptional modulation across nocturnal stages. Together, these findings suggest that floral emission in N. arbor-tristis is governed by time-dependent coordination between metabolite accumulation and gene expression, providing insights into the molecular basis of nocturnal scent dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":20177,"journal":{"name":"Planta","volume":"264 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148913115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}