Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Sunscreen Efficacy Against UVA1- And Visible Light-Induced Skin Pigmentation Is Influenced by Ancestry.","authors":"Florian Dimmers, Niklas Lück, Yimeng Wang, Christian Staerk, Tao Zhang, Jean Krutmann","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is growing evidence that individuals with different skin phototypes require tailored approaches to achieve optimal photoprotection. Individuals with darker skin phototypes are more prone to UVA1- and visible light-induced pigmentation, whereas lighter phototypes are more susceptible to shorter wavelengths such as UVB and UVA2. Thus, skin phototype is an important determinant of sunscreen efficacy. In the present study, we have asked if ancestry-independent of phototype-is another factor affecting sunscreen efficacy.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>(i) To determine the overall photoprotective effects of two sunscreen formulations against UVA1, visible light (VL), and combined visible light plus UVA1, and (ii) to compare the photoprotective efficacy of both products between Han Chinese participants and participants of European ancestry.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty healthy volunteers (N = 20 Han Chinese; N = 20 of European ancestry), matched for phototype, constitutive pigmentation, gender, and age, were exposed to VL, UVA1, and combined VL plus UVA1 to induce pigmentation responses following standardized irradiation protocols. Skin responses across treated and untreated sites were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all participants, both sunscreen formulations provided significant protection against VL, UVA1, and combined VL plus UVA1. Notably, photoprotective efficacy against UVA1-induced immediate (IPD) and persistent pigment darkening (PPD) differed significantly between individuals of different ancestries, with one formulation showing stronger protection in Han Chinese.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This exploratory study indicates that sunscreen efficacy may differ across ancestries. Thus, sunscreens should not only be tailored to different phototypes but also need to consider ancestry-related factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"e70094"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147778536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated With Treatment Response in Granuloma Annulare.","authors":"Shir Toubiana, Ela Glazer Michael, Alina Lozinski, Felix Pavlotsky, Aviv Barzilai, Sharon Baum","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70093","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/purpose: </strong>Granuloma annulare (GA) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with limited effective treatments and inconsistent response rates across modalities. The Goeckerman protocol, consisting of coal tar, phototherapy, and topical corticosteroids (TCS), has demonstrated robust efficacy in other inflammatory dermatoses but has not been systematically evaluated in GA. This study aimed to characterize treatment outcomes across multiple therapeutic approaches, including the Goeckerman protocol, and to explore clinical factors associated with treatment response.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was performed at Sheba Medical Center (2010-2024) including 240 patients with biopsy-confirmed GA. Treatment modalities included TCS, phototherapy, combination therapy, the Goeckerman protocol, and observation. Responses were dermatologist-assessed as complete, partial, or none. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with treatment response.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 240 patients (mean age 55.4 years; 77.5% female), 184 had follow-up data (median 3.0 months). The overall response rate was 58.2% (107/184). Response differed significantly by modality: Goeckerman protocol 93.5% (29/31), TCS + phototherapy 69.6% (16/23), TCS alone 56.3% (49/87), no active treatment 32.4% (12/37), and phototherapy alone 16.7% (1/6). In multivariate analysis, the Goeckerman protocol was the strongest factor associated with treatment response (odds ratio [OR] 32.52; 95% CI 7.45-233.64; p < 0.001), followed by combination therapy (OR 5.79; p = 0.006) and TCS (OR 2.82; p = 0.015). Hyperlipidemia was associated with response in univariate analysis but did not remain significant in the multivariable model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Treatment modality was the factor most strongly associated with treatment response in this cohort. The Goeckerman protocol demonstrated a notably high response rate compared with other commonly used therapies. Although these findings should be interpreted in the context of a retrospective design and potential selection bias, they suggest that intensive multimodal anti-inflammatory therapy may represent a promising treatment strategy for this challenging condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"e70093"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Ultraviolet to Visible Light: Emerging Concepts in Comprehensive Photoprotection.","authors":"Hiba Mohammed, Indermeet Kohli, Henry W Lim","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70098","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Photoprotection has traditionally focused on ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UVB and UVA. Recent evidence highlights the significant role of long-wavelength UVA1 (LW-UVA1, 370-400 nm) and visible light (VL; 400-700 nm) in inducing pigmentation, erythema, and photoaging. This review study summarizes recent advances in LW-UVA1 and VL photoprotection and discusses emerging UV-filter formulations, non-filtering protective ingredients (PINGs), personalized photoprotection, skin microbiome, and environmental considerations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar online databases to identify recent studies on LW-UVA1 and VL-related photoprotection. Studies were screened for direct relevance to VL and LW-UVA1 and excluded if not available in English, lacked relevance, or had insufficient methodological detail. This review represents a narrative synthesis without formal systematic quality assessment. Results are summarized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LW-UVA1 and VL exert synergistic effects on the skin, resulting in erythema and sustained pigmentation. Advances include tinted mineral sunscreens with expanding shade ranges, newer UV filters with broader coverage (e.g., Mexoryl 400, TriAsorB), and oral and topical PINGs to be used as potential adjuncts. Environmental concerns for currently used UV filters persist, however. Skin microbiome has also emerged as a target and potential source for novel photoprotective agents. Personalized photoprotection recommendations now provide an individualized approach, taking skin phototype, lifestyle, and risk profile into consideration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Photoprotection is expanding to include a broader-spectrum coverage, including LW-UVA1 and VL with new filters, formulations, and adjuncts. These innovations enhance UV protection, but environmental and long-term safety concerns highlight the need for continued research to ensure safe, effective, and inclusive photoprotection.</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"e70098"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147982576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vivo Measurement of UVA Protection Factor (ISO 24442:2011) Across 38 Different SPF 50 and SPF 50+ Sunscreens Reveals High Heterogeneity and Limitations in the Level of Protection.","authors":"Antony Young, Caroline Tricaud, Françoise Bernerd, Yipin Yuan, Pascale Renoux, Marion Sensenbrenner, Ann-Laure Demessant, Caroline Le Floc'h, Martin Josso, Philippe Andres","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70092","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/purpose: </strong>The UVB and UVA components of terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) cause acute and chronic damage to skin. These adverse effects can be reduced by sunscreen application. The sun protection factor (SPF) is primarily a measure of UVB protection against erythema and does not quantify protection from UVA, which is the major component of solar UVR. The study aim was to assess UVA protection in relation to labelled SPF and to determine if this met the EU recommendation for a SPF/UVA-PF ratio of ≤ 3, as recommended by the EU. Unlike SPF assessment, there is no universal consensus for the determination and labelling of UVA-PF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-eight sunscreens with SPF ≥ 50 were selected from Europe, Latin America, Oceania, and Asia. UVA-PF was determined with the ISO 24442:2011 in vivo method, which assesses the ability of a sunscreen to inhibit persistent pigment darkening induced by UVA radiation in a laboratory environment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was variation of UVA-PF ranging from 3.6 to 46.6. Sixty-eight percent (26/38) of sunscreens complied with EU recommendations. Thus, about one third failed these standards, with SPF/UVA-PF ratios varying from 3.1 (borderline failure) to 16.7 (major failure). Failure to comply was observed in several products sold in Europe.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrates the limitations of many commercial sunscreens to reach EU standards, with significant variations in UVA protection and a lack of relationship between SPF and UVA-PF values. This highlights the importance of improving labelling standards to ensure consumers receive consistent and adequate UVA protection, especially for those with UVA-dependent photodermatoses.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06068010.</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"e70092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13071116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultraviolet Radiations Impact on the Skin-Brain Axis: A Literature Review of our Current Knowledge.","authors":"Mariam Deriouich, Anne Dompmartin, Jean Matthieu L'Orphelin","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70097","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sunlight is essential for vitamin D synthesis and contributes to mood regulation, but it is also a major risk factor for skin aging and carcinogenesis. While the cutaneous and immune effects of ultraviolet radiation are well documented, its potential impact on brain function remains poorly understood. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the effects of ultraviolet exposure on the central nervous system, with a particular focus on photoimmunological mechanisms and skin-derived signaling pathways.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a narrative review of experimental and clinical studies investigating the systemic and neurological consequences of UV exposure. Findings from photodermatology, immunology, neuroscience, and microbiome research were integrated to examine potential skin-brain interactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>UV exposure induces systemic inflammatory responses and immunosuppression, alters the skin microbiome, and modulates circulating neuroactive mediators. These processes are associated with changes in neurotransmitter systems, neuroplasticity, and brain structure in both animal models and human studies. Emerging evidence supports the existence of indirect pathways linking UV-induced skin and immune responses to central nervous system function, including immune and microbiota-related mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Collectively, available data suggest that UV radiation may influence brain function indirectly through interconnected skin, immune, and microbiota pathways. As interest in balanced and \"healthy\" sun exposure increases, further interdisciplinary research is needed to clarify the neurological consequences of UV exposure and to assess its potential implications in photodermatology and photomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"e70097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147974511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between the Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Sunburn: A Nationally Representative Study.","authors":"Linxia Song, Wenbi Yang, Guangjun Miao, Shuncui Wen, Yuxia Song","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70091","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research shows that sunburn is related to the inflammatory response caused by lipids. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) can evaluate the lipid profile through the interaction of different lipid components. However, whether AIP is related to the risk of sunburn has not been confirmed.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The method is to include 11,241 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants, and use multivariate logistic regression analysis to analyze the association between AIP and the risk of sunburn. Further subgroup analyses explored the correlation between AIP and sunburn, supplemented by interaction tests to assess model robustness. Additionally, restrictive cubic sample plots were examined to further investigate the nonlinear relationship between AIP and sunburn.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with higher AIP indices exhibited a higher prevalence of sunburn. Restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a positive linear dose-response relationship between AIP and sunburn. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests indicated that the positive correlation between AIP and sunburn prevalence was consistently observed across different populations (all p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a positive correlation between AIP and the risk and severity of sunburn. Future research needs to carry out longitudinal studies to determine the causal relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"e70091"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147634169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Window Tinting: An Underutilized Resource for Photoprotection for Photosensitive and High-Risk Skin Cancer Patients.","authors":"Nada Hentati, Chandler W Rundle, Bryan T Carroll","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.70095","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 3","pages":"e70095"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147778521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traumatic Scars: Evaluation of the Best Timing for Early Intervention With Fractional CO₂ Laser Using Optical Coherence Tomography.","authors":"Samia Mohamed Esmat, Mohamed Mahmoud Khafagy, Bothaina Ashraf Mostafa, Marwa Ahmed Amer","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70071","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>No consensus on when to start fractional CO₂ laser in traumatic scars.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Evaluation of three timings of early fractional CO₂ laser intervention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-five patients with facial traumatic scars were randomly divided into three groups. Fractional CO₂ laser (three sessions at 4 weeks interval) was started immediately, 2 and 4 weeks after suture removal in groups A, B, and C respectively. The parameters were 25-watt, stack 2, dwell time 800 μs and spacing 1000 μm (5% density). Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed at baseline and 1 month after the last session. Patients reported their satisfaction using 4-point scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VSS was significantly improved in group A (p value = 0.001), B (p value = 0.001), and C (p value = 0.003) without significant difference between the three groups (p value = 0.258). Pigmentation was significantly improved only in group B (p value = 0.004). OCT revealed significant improvement in epidermal thickness (p value = 0.001) and scar depth (p value = 0.015) in group B.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current work supports early treatment of traumatic scars with fractional CO₂ laser, especially 2 weeks after suture removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"e70071"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146093765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Utilization of Optical Coherence Tomography in the Assessment of Melasma Activity and Differential Diagnosis.","authors":"Xiao Ma, Zhe Li, Jie Liu","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70082","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Melasma represents a prevalent facial hyperpigmentation disorder that predominantly affects Asian females. This study aims to assess the applicability of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in the cases of melasma, Hori's nevus, and freckles and to summarize the features of OCT images.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This single-center, evaluator-blinded, observational study was carried out at the Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from October 2024 to June 2025. All participants underwent noninvasive dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, and OCT examinations of lesional and perilesional areas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>47 patients with melasma, 6 patients with Hori's nevus, and 13 patients with freckles were included. 18 patients with melasma (38.3%) were categorized into the active stage, whereas 29 patients with melasma (61.7%) were classified into the stable stage. A disruption of the basement membrane zone exceeding 50% and blood vessel dilation were more frequently observed in the active stage (p < 0.05). In the context of differential diagnosis, a disruption of the basement membrane zone exceeding 50% can be regarded as a differentiating factor among melasma, Hori's nevus, and freckles (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OCT can unveil the characteristic features of different melasma stages and offer crucial information for melasma staging and differential diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"e70082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147318121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Home-Based Phototherapy in Vitiligo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Firdavis Xireaili, Hieu Ha, Zhao Feng Liu, Lawrence Lin, Michelle Min Hsiao, Adrian Mar, Christopher Chew","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70079","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phpp.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phototherapy with narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) is an effective treatment for vitiligo. However, it requires frequent in-office visits. Self-administered home-based UVB (HBUVB) therapy with a handheld or panel device is an alternative that has received limited research attention. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of HBUVB in the treatment of vitiligo compared to in-office UVB (IOUVB).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Searches were conducted on Medline, Cochrane and Embase from inception until 4th of August, 2024. Studies with primary data of patients being treated with a hand-held UVB device were included in this study. Efficacy as measured in number of patients achieving > 50% or > 75% repigmentation was the primary study outcome. Secondary outcomes analyzed were cost, adverse events and adherence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighteen studies were included with a total of 1341 vitiligo patients. Of these, four studies (148 HBUVB and 143 IOUVB) could be used for the meta-analysis. HBUVB was not inferior to IOUVB at achieving > 50% (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.58-1.87) and > 75% repigmentation (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.65-2.42). Home-based UVB was not associated with an increase in risk for either erythema or burning sensations when compared to IOUVB. There was a 14% lower rate of discontinuation amongst patients using HBUVB.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and significance/impact: </strong>Home-based UVB therapy is not inferior to in-office UVB therapy in efficacy or rate of adverse events and demonstrates favourable treatment adherence. This meta-analysis provides evidence supporting HBUVB as a safe and effective alternative to IOUVB in patients with vitiligo.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration number: (CRD42023478123).</p>","PeriodicalId":20123,"journal":{"name":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","volume":"42 2","pages":"e70079"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12972856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147390590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}