Lokesh Sharma, Ravineel B Singh, Caden Ngeow, Rick van der Geest, Alexis M Duray, Nathanial J Tolman, Bryan J McVerry, Charles S Dela Cruz, John F Alcorn, William Bain, Keven M Robinson
{"title":"Therapeutic JAK inhibition does not impact lung injury during viral or bacterial pneumonia in male mice.","authors":"Lokesh Sharma, Ravineel B Singh, Caden Ngeow, Rick van der Geest, Alexis M Duray, Nathanial J Tolman, Bryan J McVerry, Charles S Dela Cruz, John F Alcorn, William Bain, Keven M Robinson","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70232","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza infections are often complicated by secondary bacterial infections such as MRSA pneumonia, which increase morbidity and mortality. Viral infections lead to an inflammatory response that includes elevated levels of IL-6 and interferons. IL-6 activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, amplifying downstream inflammation. Given the clinical efficacy of the JAK inhibitor baricitinib in reducing disease severity in COVID-19, we evaluated its impact in a murine model of influenza, MRSA, and post-influenza MRSA pneumonia. Additionally, because IL-6 inhibitory therapies have improved outcomes during COVID-19, we evaluated the impact of IL-6 deletion on post-influenza MRSA pneumonia. In our studies, baricitinib effectively inhibited the JAK/STAT pathway in the lungs, as demonstrated by decreased interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and STAT3 phosphorylation. Despite this inhibition, baricitinib did not cause a global suppression of cytokines. Notably, baricitinib treatment did not impair either antiviral or antibacterial host immunity, inflammatory cell recruitment, or lung tissue injury. IL-6 deficiency did not alter weight loss, inflammatory cell recruitment, or bacterial burden during post-influenza MRSA pneumonia. These findings suggest that both JAK inhibition via baricitinib and IL-6 deletion do not enhance host defense or limit tissue injury in murine models of influenza and post-influenza MRSA pneumonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11805821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco Puccetti, Alessandro Francesco Armienti, Stefano Turi, Lorenzo Cinelli, Riccardo Rosati, Ugo Elmore
{"title":"A comprehensive operative risk assessment driving the application of major and emergency surgery in octogenarians.","authors":"Francesco Puccetti, Alessandro Francesco Armienti, Stefano Turi, Lorenzo Cinelli, Riccardo Rosati, Ugo Elmore","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70214","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical decisions driving the clinical management of octogenarians who require either major or urgent surgery still depend on the patient's age rather than individual functions. This report created the privileged opportunity to illustrate the clinical effectiveness of a comprehensive function-based assessment. This was the case of an 83-year-old gentleman presenting with severe malnutrition and debility due to esophageal cancer. Multidimensional assessments were systematically performed to design the best-tailored therapeutic strategy, including prehabilitation, elective esophagectomy, and emergency laparotomy with ileocolic resection for postoperative hemorrhagic shock due to an occult colonic tumor. This clinical case highlights the need for a systematic and comprehensive assessment of fragile octogenarians, allowing accurate patient evaluation, identification of areas of functional optimization, and establishment of the most appropriate therapeutic decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 4","pages":"e70214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11835961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katrine D Galsgaard, Emilie Elmelund, Jenna E Hunt, Mark M Smits, Trisha J Grevengoed, Christina Christoffersen, Nils J Færgeman, Jesper Havelund, Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen, Jens J Holst
{"title":"Female glucagon receptor knockout mice are prone to steatosis but resistant to weight gain when fed a MASH-promoting GAN diet and a high-fat diet.","authors":"Katrine D Galsgaard, Emilie Elmelund, Jenna E Hunt, Mark M Smits, Trisha J Grevengoed, Christina Christoffersen, Nils J Færgeman, Jesper Havelund, Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen, Jens J Holst","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70235","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucagon is secreted from the pancreatic alpha cells and regulates not only hepatic glucose production, but also hepatic lipid and amino acid metabolism. Thus, glucagon provides a switch from hepatic glucose and lipid storage towards lipid and amino acid breakdown fueling glucose production during fasting. However, the effects of genetic deletion of the glucagon receptor on lipid metabolism are unclear. We therefore assessed parameters of lipid metabolism in fasted and non-fasted male and female mice with permanent whole-body deletion of the glucagon receptor (Gcgr<sup>-/-</sup> mice). To investigate whether Gcgr<sup>-/-</sup> mice tolerated a diet promoting metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and steatosis, we fed female Gcgr<sup>-/-</sup> mice the Gubra Amylin Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (GAN) diet and high-fat diet (HFD), respectively. We found that non-fasted Gcgr<sup>-/-</sup> mice fed standard chow showed hypercholesterolemia and increased liver fat (borderline significant in non-fasted male Gcgr<sup>-/-</sup> mice, but significant in the remaining groups). In the fasted state these changes were insignificant due to fasting-induced steatosis. When challenged with a GAN diet and HFD, female Gcgr<sup>-/-</sup> mice were prone to steatosis and dyslipidemia but resistant to weight gain. Taken together, our data highlight glucagon as an important physiological regulator of not just glucose, but also hepatic lipid metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 4","pages":"e70235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11845321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mario Parstorfer, Gernot Poschet, Kirsten Brüning, Birgit Friedmann-Bette
{"title":"Exercise-induced effects on the metabolome of endurance and strength-trained athletes in comparison with sedentary subjects: A pilot study.","authors":"Mario Parstorfer, Gernot Poschet, Kirsten Brüning, Birgit Friedmann-Bette","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70206","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Little is known about the exercise-induced adaptations of the metabolome in endurance and strength athletes in comparison with sedentary subjects. In order to analyze exercise-induced effects, quantitative, targeted metabolomics (Biocrates MxP® Quant 500) were performed in plasma samples before and after one bout of endurance or resistance exercise (RE) in 12 strength-trained weightlifters (ST), 10 endurance-trained runners (ET) and 12 sedentary controls (CG) at the end of each of three characteristic training phases. Performance and anthropometric data were significantly different between CG and athletes. A significant exercise-induced increase in lactate (Lac) was observed in all groups after all exercise tests. After endurance exercise (EE), there were significant increases in acetylcarnitine, arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in CG and ET while aconitic acid, hippuric acid, glutamate, hexoses, xanthine were significantly increased in ET only. Only CG showed increases in several triglycerides following EE. RE, however, induced significant increases in Lac only. In summary, EE induces distinct increases in some metabolites of the fatty acid metabolism and the oxidative defense system in ET and CG. There are some indications for specific adaptations of the energy metabolism after long lasting endurance training with a distinct exercise-induced response of the metabolome in ET.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11793010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sophie L Seward, Erin E Kishman, Corey A Rynders, Josiane L Broussard
{"title":"Acute night shift work is associated with increased blood pressure and reduced sleep duration in healthy adults.","authors":"Sophie L Seward, Erin E Kishman, Corey A Rynders, Josiane L Broussard","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70231","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shift workers have a 40% higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to people who work day shifts. However, the acute impact of shift work on CVD risk factors in free-living settings remains unclear. We therefore investigated the impact of acute night shift work on factors related to cardiovascular health including blood pressure (BP) and sleep duration. Twenty-four rotating shift workers (19F, 23 ± 4 y, BMI: 23 ± 3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; mean ± SD) participated in a quasi-randomized crossover study. Assessments were conducted over the course of 1 day shift and one night shift in a free-living setting. BP was measured every 30 min by an ambulatory monitor. Sleep and wake times were recorded. Mixed effects models were conducted to examine changes in variables between conditions. Acute night shift work was associated with significantly higher 24 h systolic (107 ± 1 vs. 104 ± 1 mmHg; p < 0.0001) and diastolic (67 ± 1 vs. 64 ± 1 mmHg; p < 0.0001) BP, as well as blunted dipping patterns in systolic BP (8 ± 1 vs. 12 ± 1%; p = 0.032), as compared to day shift work. Sleep duration was significantly shorter during the night shift as compared to the day shift (4 h 04 ± 19 min vs. 8 h 22 ± 18 min; p < 0.0001). As little as one night of shift work in a free-living setting is sufficient to induce multiple CVD risk factors including increased BP and reduced sleep duration in healthy adults. It is critical to identify strategies to prevent or attenuate the negative impact of shift work on CVD risk in a large portion of the working population.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11815480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143399607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sergei Karnup, Stephanie Daugherty, Changfeng Tai, Naoki Yoshimura
{"title":"Response of dorsal horn neurons in mice to high-frequency (kHz) biphasic stimulation is not sensitive to local temperature rise.","authors":"Sergei Karnup, Stephanie Daugherty, Changfeng Tai, Naoki Yoshimura","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70205","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinically accepted for treatment of chronic pain 10 kHz-frequency electric spinal cord stimulation (10 kHz-SCS) releases more power in tissue compared to conventional low-frequency (<100 Hz) stimulation due to increased duty cycle. This is equivalent to the release of more heat in a surrounding tissue, which may change the functional state of affected neural elements. In the case of SCS, plausible candidates to be affected by thermal a component of kHz-frequency electric field stimulation (kHz-FS) are dorsal column axons and neurons of the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that joule heat produced by kHz-FS modulates neuronal excitability. In slices of the mouse spinal cord, we monitored membrane potential and membrane input resistance in neurons of lamina II during exposure to kHz-FS. Surprisingly, we found no correlation between temperature rise and changes of membrane parameters. Furthermore, the depolarizing effect of kHz-FS was always immediate and remained persistent throughout stimulation, whereas rise of temperature was delayed for 1-2 s and reached its saturation level within the following few seconds. Thus, we concluded that the thermal component has an insignificant role in the mechanism of kHz-FS action.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11802663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microinjection of angiotensin II into zebrafish embryos induces transient dilation and elastin disruption of the dorsal aorta.","authors":"Shota Tanifuji, Keiko Uchida, Genri Kawahara, Takashi Nakamura, Saki Iida, Yukiko K Hayashi, Utako Yokoyama","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70259","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effects of angiotensin II (AngII) on blood vessel development and remodeling have been extensively investigated in mice and humans. However, its action on the vessels in the zebrafish remains largely unknown. To investigate whether AngII affects vascular morphology in vivo, we administered AngII into the endothelial-specific transgenic reporter zebrafish (Tg[kdrl:EGFP]) at the 1-cell stage. The average dorsal aortic diameter of five serial positions was significantly increased by 20% in AngII-injected zebrafish compared with buffer-injected controls at 5 days post-fertilization. Histological studies in AngII-injected zebrafish at 8 weeks post-fertilization showed that elastic fiber formation was partly attenuated, with enhanced matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in the dorsal aorta without dilation. These results suggest that AngII induced transient aortic expansion in early larvae and may affect vascular elastic fiber formation in adult zebrafish. The use of the AngII-injected zebrafish model is a potential tool to dissect the mechanisms of disruption of elastic vascular wall formation in the aorta.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 4","pages":"e70259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11848543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143483915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam J Janowski, Giovanni Berardi, Kazuhiro Hayashi, Ashley N Plumb, Joe B Lesnak, Tahsin Khataei, Ben Martin, Christopher J Benson, Kathleen A Sluka
{"title":"The influence of sex on activity in voluntary wheel running, forced treadmill running, and open field testing in mice.","authors":"Adam J Janowski, Giovanni Berardi, Kazuhiro Hayashi, Ashley N Plumb, Joe B Lesnak, Tahsin Khataei, Ben Martin, Christopher J Benson, Kathleen A Sluka","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70246","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical activity is commonly used for both measuring and treating dysfunction. While preclinical work has been historically biased towards males, the inclusion of both males and females is gaining popularity. With the increasing inclusion of both sexes, it is imperative to determine sex differences in common behavioral assays. This was a secondary analysis of healthy naïve mice to determine baseline sex differences in three activity assays: voluntary wheel running (32 mice), forced treadmill running (178 mice), and open field (88 mice). In voluntary wheel running, females showed greater distance run, running time, bout duration, and speed, but no difference in total bouts. In forced treadmill running, females showed greater time to exhaustion, but no difference in maximum speed attained. In open field, males showed greater active time but no difference in distance and speed over 30 min; however, male mice showed a downward trajectory in distance and speed over the final 20 min of testing, whereas females did not. These data suggest that male mice demonstrate comparable activity intensity to female mice but do not match females' duration of activity, especially for volitional tasks. Researchers utilizing these assays should account for sex differences as they could mask true findings in an experiment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 4","pages":"e70246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11845322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tyrone L R Humphries, Soobin Lee, Aaron J Urquhart, David A Vesey, Aaron S Micallef, Clay Winterford, Andrew J Kassianos, Graham J Galloway, Ross S Francis, Glenda C Gobe
{"title":"Metabolite pathway alterations identified by magnetic resonance metabolomics in a proximal tubular epithelial cell line treated with TGF-β1.","authors":"Tyrone L R Humphries, Soobin Lee, Aaron J Urquhart, David A Vesey, Aaron S Micallef, Clay Winterford, Andrew J Kassianos, Graham J Galloway, Ross S Francis, Glenda C Gobe","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70249","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a characteristic hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Metabolic perturbations in cellular energy metabolism contribute to the pathogenesis of CKD, but the chemical contributors remain unclear. The aim of this investigation was to use two dimensional <sup>1</sup>H-nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-COSY) metabolomics to identify the chemical changes of kidney fibrogenesis. An in vitro transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced model of kidney fibrogenesis with human kidney-2 (HK-2) proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) was used. The model was validated by assaying for various pro-fibrotic molecules, using quantitative PCR and Western blotting. 2D-COSY was performed on treated cells. Morphological and functional changes characteristic of tubulointerstitial fibrosis were confirmed in the model; expression of fibronectin, collagen type IV, smooth muscle actin, oxidative stress enzymes increased (p < 0.05). NMR metabolomics provided evidence of altered metabolite signatures associated with glycolysis and glutamine metabolism, with decreased myo-inositol and choline, and metabolites of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway with increased glucose and glucuronic acid. The altered PTEC cellular metabolism likely supports the rapid fibrogenic energy demands. These results, using 2D-COSY metabolomics, support development of a biomarker panel of fibrosis detectable using clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy to diagnose and manage CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 4","pages":"e70249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11830627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143432841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gavin Cowper, Stuart Goodall, Kirsty M Hicks, Louise Burnie, Kai Fox, David Duffy, Marc A Briggs
{"title":"The influence of passive heating garments worn in temperate and cold conditions prior to simulated performance for male soccer substitutes.","authors":"Gavin Cowper, Stuart Goodall, Kirsty M Hicks, Louise Burnie, Kai Fox, David Duffy, Marc A Briggs","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70189","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lengthy periods of inactivity are experienced by substitutes during a soccer match, which can decrease muscle temperature, ultimately impacting performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of using a passive heat intervention in both a cold (2°C) and thermoneutral (18°C) environment on simulated soccer performance and perceptual responses. On four occasions, 14 trained male players, completed a pre-match warm-up, followed by 45 min of rest. After, players completed a half-time re-warm-up, followed by an additional 15 min of rest, simulating 60 min as a substitute. During these periods, players wore tracksuit bottoms (CON), or heated trousers (HEAT), over soccer attire. Once 60 min concluded, participants performed a Soccer Match Simulation (SMS) to assess physical performance. HEAT improved 15 m sprint performance in 2°C (2.8%; p < 0.001) and 18°C (2.6%; p < 0.001) conditions. Further, in HEAT, a significant trial and time effect on countermovement jump height and repeated sprint performance was observed in both 2 and 18°C. Upon match entry, participants felt warmer (p < 0.01), more comfortable (p < 0.01), and felt an increase in match readiness following HEAT, during both conditions. Applying heated garments before match entry for soccer substitutes positively impacts physical performance and match readiness in thermoneutral and cold environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"13 4","pages":"e70189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11845320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}