Physiological Reports最新文献_第10页

The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the development of postoperative ileus and its molecular mechanism in male mice. NLRP3炎性体在雄性小鼠术后肠梗阻发生中的作用及其分子机制。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71075

Fan Zhang, Beicheng Sun, Hongqian Guo

{"title":"The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the development of postoperative ileus and its molecular mechanism in male mice.","authors":"Fan Zhang, Beicheng Sun, Hongqian Guo","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.71075","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in postoperative ileus (POI) pathogenesis. Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into sham, POI, and MCC950 (NLRP3 inhibitor) groups. Intestinal motility was assessed 24 h postoperatively. RNA-seq was performed. Histopathological changes were evaluated through H&E and immunofluorescence; CAT and POD activities in the intrinsic muscle layer were detected; Western blot was used to detect NLRP3, GSDMD-N, cleaved caspase-1, and p-NF-κB p65 expressions; ELISA was used to detect blood IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels. RNA-seq analysis showed 152 differential genes in the POI group, including NLRP3. In intestinal tissue of the POI mice, NLRP3 expression and expressions of GSDMD-N, cleaved caspase-1, and p-NF-κB p65 increased. IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels increased, while CAT, POD, and SOD activities decreased. The postoperative small intestine advancement rate of POI mice was reduced. After MCC950 intervention, the pathological damage to intestinal tissue and the intestinal function were restored, and the small intestine advancement rate was improved. Meanwhile, MCC950 effectively inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 inflammasome activation drives the pathogenesis of POI and MCC950 can effectively alleviate intestinal injury.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 16","pages":"e71075"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13494142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148796748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Plasma proenkephalin-a facilitates measurement of human kidney functional reserve: From healthy kidney donors to polymorbid patients. 血浆脑啡肽-a有助于测定人体肾脏功能储备：从健康肾脏供者到多病患者。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71083

Camila Eleuterio Rodrigues, Amy Y M Au, Daniel Rebello, Maria Maawad, Florian Uhle, Jonathan Erlich, Zoltan H Endre

{"title":"Plasma proenkephalin-a facilitates measurement of human kidney functional reserve: From healthy kidney donors to polymorbid patients.","authors":"Camila Eleuterio Rodrigues, Amy Y M Au, Daniel Rebello, Maria Maawad, Florian Uhle, Jonathan Erlich, Zoltan H Endre","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71083","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71083","url":null,"abstract":"Reduced kidney functional reserve, KFR, predicts poor outcomes in kidney diseases. We compared plasma proenkephalin-A, plasma cystatin C, and creatinine clearance for kidney functional reserve measurement. KFR was measured preoperatively in 40 patients undergoing cardiac surgery and 22 healthy participants, including 14 kidney donors. Plasma proenkephalin-A, cystatin C, and creatinine levels were compared before and after a protein meal for KFR calculation. Baseline creatinine clearance correlated poorly with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate measured by any method. Cystatin C and proenkephalin-A nadir after protein occurred earlier. The proenkephalin-A-based KFR had a greater dynamic range than cystatin C- and creatinine clearance-based KFR (median [IQR] fractional KFR: proenkephalin-A 44.2% [35.5; 58.0]; cystatin C 10.5% [4.4; 16.2]; creatinine clearance 30.0% [8.4; 68.9], p < 0.0001). Measurements were more homogeneous with cystatin C- and proenkephalin-A-estimated glomerular filtration rate than creatinine clearance (higher intraclass correlation: 0.98 for cystatin C; 0.86 for proenkephalin-A, and 0.63 for creatinine clearance). The median [IQR] absolute proenkephalin-A- and cystatin C-based KFR were higher in healthy participants (proenkephalin-A-KFR: 33.8 [26.6; 59.0], cystatin C-KFR: 11.6 [6.6; 15.1] mL/min/1.73m2) than cardiac surgery patients (proenkephalin-A-reserve: 28.5 [19.9; 40.6], cystatin C-reserve: 5.0 [0.3; 8.7] mL/min/1.73m2, p < 0.05). Creatinine clearance-KFR did not differ between groups and mostly reflected tubular secretion of creatinine than change in glomerular filtration rate. In conclusion, proenkephalin-A provided a brief, homogeneous measure of KFR with wide dynamic range, encouraging wider use of this kidney stress test.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 16","pages":"e71083"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13519117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148831466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Near infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxidative capacity correlates to oxidative metabolic predictors of performance in highly trained female middle-distance runners. 近红外光谱衍生的肌肉氧化能力与训练有素的女性中长跑运动员表现的氧化代谢预测因子相关。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71047

Mira I Schoeberlein, Louis D Hunter, Emma W Richardson, Brian A Irving, Brad W Wilkins

{"title":"Near infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxidative capacity correlates to oxidative metabolic predictors of performance in highly trained female middle-distance runners.","authors":"Mira I Schoeberlein, Louis D Hunter, Emma W Richardson, Brian A Irving, Brad W Wilkins","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71047","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71047","url":null,"abstract":"Investigate the relationship between muscle oxidative capacity, indices of O2 metabolism (maximal capacity and sustainable steady state), and severe domain performance in highly trained female middle-distance runners. Incremental treadmill test determined maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and lactate turn point (LTP). Critical speed (CS) was calculated from historical race and training data. Time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials were run at a speed predicted to elicit exhaustion in 4 min. Muscle oxidative capacity (rectus femoris) was measured via muscle oxygen uptake (mV̇O2) from near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) deoxygenation slopes during intermittent arterial cuff occlusions (8 × 5 s ON/5 s OFF) following light exercise. Slopes were fit to a mono-exponential model to calculate recovery rate (k). Muscle oxidative capacity was highly correlated to V̇O2max (r = 0.71, p = 0.002), LTP (r = 0.67, p = 0.005), and estimated CS (r = 0.66, p = 0.005). However, muscle oxidative capacity was not correlated to TTE performance (r = 0.13, p = 0.622). NIRS-derived muscle oxidative capacity is strongly associated with maximal and sustainable oxidative metabolic rates in highly trained female runners but appears independent of the finite energy capacity required during a severe-domain performance.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 15","pages":"e71047"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13454737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hypoglossal and lumbar motor neuron death in old Sprague-Dawley rats. 老龄Sprague-Dawley大鼠舌下和腰椎运动神经元死亡。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71061

Sang Won Cheung, Laney Bjerke, Debanjali Dasgupta, Gary C Sieck, Matthew J Fogarty

{"title":"Hypoglossal and lumbar motor neuron death in old Sprague-Dawley rats.","authors":"Sang Won Cheung, Laney Bjerke, Debanjali Dasgupta, Gary C Sieck, Matthew J Fogarty","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.71061","url":null,"abstract":"Striated muscle weakness and motor neuron (MN) death are associated with aging. These alterations affect both brainstem and spinal motor pools, including hypoglossal MNs innervating the tongue and lumbar MNs innervating the lower/hindlimbs. Both MNs and striated muscles exhibit type-selective motor unit vulnerability, where larger MNs (likely fast fatigable motor units) and type IIx/b muscles are vulnerable to death and atrophy, respectively. These findings have been cemented in humans to some degree and in Fischer 344 and Wistar rats. However, MN survival in old age has not been evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Here, in 6- (young) and 24-month-old (old) female and male Sprague-Dawley rats, we performed stereological MN counts on hypoglossal and lumbar MNs using 16 μm Nissl-stained sections. We observed a 35% loss of hypoglossal and lumbar MNs in old age. Although mean MN somal surface areas were moderately reduced in hypoglossal and unchanged in lumbar MNs with age, frequency histogram analyses revealed a disproportionate loss of larger MN in old age hypoglossal and lumbar pools. These findings reveal reliable and robust observations of MN death in rats. This neurogenic aspect of neuromotor impairment with age may be a key driver of sarcopenia and frailty in the elderly.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 16","pages":"e71061"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13487468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148796796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reorganization of synchronous and asynchronous release in developing hippocampal autaptic neurons of mice. 发育中的小鼠海马自断神经元同步和非同步释放的重组。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71062

Kouya Uchino, Hiroyuki Kawano, Risako Fujikawa, Takuya Watanabe, Katsunori Iwasaki, Shin-Ya Kawaguchi, Shutaro Katsurabayashi

{"title":"Reorganization of synchronous and asynchronous release in developing hippocampal autaptic neurons of mice.","authors":"Kouya Uchino, Hiroyuki Kawano, Risako Fujikawa, Takuya Watanabe, Katsunori Iwasaki, Shin-Ya Kawaguchi, Shutaro Katsurabayashi","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.71062","url":null,"abstract":"Presynaptic vesicle pools, particularly the readily releasable pool (RRP), are essential for synaptic transmission. The RRP comprises fast-release pool (FRP) and slow-release pool (SRP) subpopulations that mediate synchronous and asynchronous neurotransmitter release, respectively, yet their developmental regulation remains unclear. To investigate this question, we utilized a hippocampal autaptic culture system to analyze synaptic function in individual excitatory neurons at 1, 2, and 3 weeks in vitro. We observed significant enhancements in both synaptic transmission efficiency and the size of RRP with neuronal maturation. Despite the increase in vesicle availability, the probability of vesicular release (Pvr) decreased during development, suggesting a shift in RRP composition or priming status. Although both synchronous and asynchronous release increased in absolute magnitude during development, the relative contribution of asynchronous release to total release declined with maturation, indicating a shift toward synchronous release in mature neurons. Furthermore, while the overall RRP refilling rate remained constant across development, early recovery of EPSCs after depletion was modestly faster in mature neurons. This finding may suggest preferential recruitment of vesicles into the FRP in mature neurons. These findings demonstrate a developmental reorganization of presynaptic vesicle pools that optimizes synchronous release and enhances temporal precision in mature synapses.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 16","pages":"e71062"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148796798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Salivary estradiol and progesterone across the menstrual cycle: Association and agreement with serum concentrations. 唾液雌二醇和黄体酮在整个月经周期：与血清浓度的关联和一致。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71026

Samantha J Goldenstein, Emily E Bechke, Sandra J Shultz, Catherine McDowell, Laurie Wideman

{"title":"Salivary estradiol and progesterone across the menstrual cycle: Association and agreement with serum concentrations.","authors":"Samantha J Goldenstein, Emily E Bechke, Sandra J Shultz, Catherine McDowell, Laurie Wideman","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71026","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71026","url":null,"abstract":"Saliva provides a noninvasive alternative to serum for serial sampling of estradiol and progesterone. This study examined salivary estradiol and progesterone patterns and the relationship between salivary and serum estradiol, progesterone, and the estradiol to progesterone ratio (E2:P) across the menstrual cycle (MC) in physically active females. Saliva was collected daily from females over one or two MCs, with blood collected five times across two MCs. At-home ovulation tests and a retroactive serum progesterone (≥5 ng·mL-1) identified ovulation. Salivary estradiol and progesterone profiles followed expected serum patterns. Repeated measures correlations (rrm) showed strong significant associations between salivary and serum progesterone (rrm = 0.58, p < 0.001) and salivary and serum E2:P (rrm = 0.57, p < 0.001), but not salivary and serum estradiol (p = 0.09). No associations emerged in MCs with serum progesterone <5 ng·mL-1. Linear mixed models confirmed positive associations for serum and salivary progesterone (β = 0.02, p < 0.001) and E2:P (β = 9.44, p < 0.001). Bland-Altman analyses indicated poor agreement between salivary and serum concentrations. Although saliva does not directly replace serum measures, it may better reflect the biologically active hormone fraction and offers a practical tool for tracking hormonal patterns.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 15","pages":"e71026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13409041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148606478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Acute and chronic application of novel incremental breath-hold technique increases endurance exercise performance in healthy men and male military personnel. 急性和慢性应用新型增量屏气技术可提高健康男性和男性军人的耐力运动表现。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71056

Matthew J Burley, Benjamin T Wall, Bert Bond, Craig A Williams, Alistair J Monteyne, Francis B Stephens

{"title":"Acute and chronic application of novel incremental breath-hold technique increases endurance exercise performance in healthy men and male military personnel.","authors":"Matthew J Burley, Benjamin T Wall, Bert Bond, Craig A Williams, Alistair J Monteyne, Francis B Stephens","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71056","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71056","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluated acute (Study A) and chronic (Study B) effects of a novel breath-hold technique (BHT) protocol on performance in military personnel. In Study A, 11 healthy male participants completed either rest or a 40-min BHT before 15 min steady-state (SS) cycling at 80% V̇O2max and a 5-min time trial (TT). BHT acutely increased V̇O2 (200.3%, p = 0.005), produced a significant rise in hemoglobin (Hb; 3%, p = 0.030), and altered end-tidal oxygen (ETO2; 2.99%, p = 0.054), and lower end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2; 12.1%, p = 0.065), reflecting changes in pulmonary gas exchange following breath-hold exposure, during rest. During SS, blood lactate was lower with BHT (-12.2%, p = 0.051; subsample n = 3). TT work was greater after BHT (84.4 ± 12.8 kJ vs. 78 ± 13.4 kJ; p = 0.019). In Study B, 48 United States Marine Corps Officer Candidates completed 3 weeks of BHT during training, with performance assessed via 3-mile run time. Run performance improved in both groups (BHT 7.2%; CON 4.9%). Hb concentration increased in BHT (4.3%; p = 0.037), but declined in CON (-6.6%). Pre-test arterial oxygen saturation (SPO2) was higher in BHT (97.7% ± 0.9% vs. 96.9% ± 1.6%; p = 0.03), while estimated partial pressures of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2), used as indices of systemic gas exchange status, were similar between groups. These findings suggest that acute responses to BHT may translate into adaptations when repeated, supporting BHT as an adjunct to endurance training and warranting larger, mechanistic trials.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 15","pages":"e71056"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13469331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148726839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Melatonin as a protector against endocrine disruption across tissues: A systematic review. 褪黑素作为跨组织内分泌干扰的保护：系统综述。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71049

Clenie Isingizwe, Gaudence Ndinganire, Abdullateef Isiaka Alagbonsi

{"title":"Melatonin as a protector against endocrine disruption across tissues: A systematic review.","authors":"Clenie Isingizwe, Gaudence Ndinganire, Abdullateef Isiaka Alagbonsi","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71049","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71049","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widespread environmental pollutants that interfere with hormonal homeostasis and contribute to multisystem toxicity. This systematic review aimed to synthesize available evidence on the protective effect of melatonin against EDC-induced toxicity across tissues. English language articles published between January 2000 and December 2025 were searched on PubMed, Web of Science, and Wiley Online. Eligible studies evaluated the protective or antagonistic effects of melatonin against EDC-induced toxicity in humans, mammals, or in vitro models. Data on study characteristics, EDC exposure, melatonin intervention, affected tissues, outcomes, and mechanisms were extracted, synthesized, and reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Sixty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Melatonin exhibited protective effects against diverse EDCs, including bisphenols, phthalates, heavy metals, pesticides, and microplastics. The principal mechanisms identified were antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity, modulation of hormone receptors, regulation of gene and protein expression, stabilization of endocrine axes, mitochondrial protection, and epigenetic modulation. These effects were observed across multiple organ systems, particularly the reproductive, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, adrenal, and immune systems. Melatonin protects against EDC-induced multisystem toxicities by preserving endocrine signaling and coordinating cellular defense mechanisms across tissues, thereby holding therapeutic potential.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 15","pages":"e71049"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13455548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148702000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temporal impact of hypothyroidism on porcine fetal growth and skeletal development. 甲状腺功能减退症对猪胎儿生长和骨骼发育的影响。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71080

Kaylyn Rudy, Alyssa A Smith, Brittany M Wilson, Ryan Cabot, D Rick Sumner, J Scott Radcliffe, J Alex Pasternak

{"title":"Temporal impact of hypothyroidism on porcine fetal growth and skeletal development.","authors":"Kaylyn Rudy, Alyssa A Smith, Brittany M Wilson, Ryan Cabot, D Rick Sumner, J Scott Radcliffe, J Alex Pasternak","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71080","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71080","url":null,"abstract":"In the fetal pig, circulating thyroid hormone and growth rate increase throughout gestation; however, the functional association between these coincident factors has not been established. We used a nonpathogenic model of induced fetal hypothyroidism, wherein pregnant gilts were treated with methimazole (MMI) for 21 days, starting on gestation days (GD) 34, 45, 55, or 65. The resulting fetal populations were deeply phenotyped, including body and organ weights, cranial and whole body morphometrics, radiography, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the fore- and hindlimbs. MMI increased absolute fetal thyroid weight by 74%, 581%, 551%, and 315% on GD 55, 66, 76, and 86, respectively, indicating successful MMI-induced fetal hypothyroidism at all time points. Crown rump length, girth, body weight, and the absolute weight of all fetal organs increased with GD, with no effects of hypothyroidism. However, MMI significantly reduced the length of the long bones in both fore- and hindlimbs by 11.1%-13.4% on GD 86, while bone area, as measured by DXA, decreased by 20%-21% for the same period. Collectively, these results indicate that overall fetal growth during mid to late gestation is not driven by thyroid hormones, but skeletal growth is negatively impacted by hypothyroidism in a temporally dependent manner.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 16","pages":"e71080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13519098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148831472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From protection to predisposition: A narrative review of sex-specific vascular responses to acute stressors across the lifespan. 从保护到易感性：在整个生命周期中对急性应激源的性别特异性血管反应的叙述回顾。

IF 2.1

Physiological Reports Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.71028

Mya Lax, Jennifer S Williams

{"title":"From protection to predisposition: A narrative review of sex-specific vascular responses to acute stressors across the lifespan.","authors":"Mya Lax, Jennifer S Williams","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71028","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71028","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with females exhibiting relative biological protection against CVD compared to males through hormonal and nonhormonal mechanisms-a protection that diminishes with age. While previous research has identified early risk factors in CVD pathogenesis, the physiological mechanisms underlying sex and age differences remain poorly understood. To date, no review has synthesized perturbation-focused studies to clarify sex differences and female physiology, so this narrative review characterized these differences by outlining vascular responses to five acute, commonly encountered perturbations: ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, cold pressor test (CPT), and mental stress. Our synthesis of studies investigating arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction, two established early cardiovascular risk factors, reveals sex differences: across perturbations, males respond more uniformly whereas females show greater variability. Specifically, endothelial function responses to IRI and CPT suggest that females may exhibit protection against these perturbations. Most perturbation-outcome interactions reflect age and hormonal effects, with postmenopausal females often exhibiting the greatest dysfunction. Future research should directly examine sex differences and female-specific responses after IRI and hyperlipemia. By clarifying sex differences and female-specific vascular responses to acute perturbations, this work advances understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and informs targeted prevention of CVD.","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 15","pages":"e71028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13455682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0