Physiological Reports最新文献

{"title":"Elevated fasting glucose and triglycerides in combined oral contraceptive users compared to naturally cycling females.","authors":"Claire Karaguesian, Jennifer S Williams, Maureen J MacDonald, Kirsten E Bell","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71135","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effects of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) on metabolism and body composition remain unclear. This study aimed to compare fasting glucose and lipid metabolism between naturally cycling (NAT) females, second-(OCP2), and third-generation (OCP3) OCP users during low-(LH) and high-hormone (HH) phases. Forty-nine healthy females (age: 21 ± 2 years, BMI: 23.5 ± 3.8 kg/m²) were assessed. Participants were assessed in two randomized fasting blood draws during: (1) LH phase (NAT: early follicular, OCP: placebo pill week), and (2) HH phase (NAT: mid-luteal, OCP: third week of active pill use) to assess glucose, insulin, and lipids. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to assess body composition. Glucose was higher in OCP2 (4.4 ± 0.3 mM, p = 0.002) and OCP3 (4.5 ± 0.3 mM, p < 0.001), compared to NAT (4.0 ± 0.5 mM), with no effect of hormone phase (p = 0.895); insulin was not different across groups or phases. Triglycerides were higher in OCP2 (0.9 ± 0.5 mM, p = 0.036) and OCP3 (0.9 ± 0.3 mM, p = 0.011), compared to NAT (0.6 ± 0.2 mM). Appendicular lean mass index was lower in OCP2 (6.5 ± 0.8 kg/m², p = 0.030) and OCP3 (6.5 ± 0.5 kg/m², p = 0.030) compared to NAT (7.2 ± 1.1 kg/m²). Findings suggest that OCP use associates with a distinct metabolic profile, potentially related to differences in lean mass, an important glucose sink.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 19","pages":"e71135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13659045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149168783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise in pregnant elite athletes: Physiological considerations, risks, and benefits.","authors":"Ibelle Madera, Vedanti Bhargava, Jhillika Patel, Kritika Singh, Opal Jawale, Gloria Bachmann","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71148","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends engagement in moderate exercise throughout pregnancy, including aerobic and strengthening activities, which has been shown to offer numerous benefits during pregnancy. However, the intersection of pregnancy and athletics presents a unique set of challenges. ACOG guidelines on exercise during pregnancy primarily target recreational exercisers. Tailored recommendations are needed for pregnant elite athletes. This study examines both how pregnancy affects physiology and the risks/benefits of high-intensity exercise. Two independent reviews were conducted, using MESH search terms including \"pregnant athletes,\" \"female elite athlete,\" \"maternal health,\" \"exercise pregnancy.\" From 56 total studies, 40 studies with clinical data on over 4163 women, including elite athletes, were included in the review. Regular exercise during pregnancy can improve cardiovascular fitness and fetal vascular function while reducing risks of gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, delivering a large-for-gestational-age infant, and excessive weight gain. High-intensity activities can compromise fetal blood flow. Endurance athletes may safely maintain their training regimens during pregnancy, whereas those in high-altitude or contact sports require adjustments. Routine, non-intense exercise during pregnancy offers significant maternal and fetal health benefits. Future work should establish individualized recommendations supporting pregnant elite athlete health.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 20","pages":"e71148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13680865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of the long noncoding RNA Neat1 in saliva, blood, and ventromedial hypothalamus of pigs exposed to psychosocial stressors.","authors":"Dane Webster, Luoyang Ding, Song Zhang, Darryl D'Souza, Alan Tilbrook, Katelyn Tomas, Sarah Babington, Kate Plush, Dominique Blache, Archa Fox","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71130","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The long noncoding RNA Nuclear Paraspeckle Assembly Transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a master regulator of transcriptional and posttranscriptional changes in stress responses. Here we assessed Neat1 lncRNA expression using quantitative PCR in peripheral biological fluids (saliva and blood) and a brain region that regulates stress and emotion (ventromedial hypothalamus) of 12-week-old pigs exposed to chronic (social mixing causing conflict) and acute (restraint) psychosocial challenges. We demonstrated that Neat1 is measurable in pig saliva, blood, and brain samples. Successful Neat1 lncRNA measurements in all three tissue types further established both broad tissue expression as well as the cross-species conserved sequence of the NEAT1 gene. We found that Neat1_2 and Neat1 total expression did not correlate between tissues, suggesting variable expression throughout the body, and no significant differences in Neat1 lncRNA levels with either stressor. We also observed across all treatment groups changes in Neat1_2 and cortisol levels comparing samples taken before the intervention, compared to after, indicating confounding factors may have impacted the model. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring Neat1 in biological fluids obtained from farm mammals, with further work required to assess Neat1 lncRNA as a molecule involved in the physiological response to psychosocial stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 20","pages":"e71130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13681019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRPV4/NCX1 coupling regulates Ca²⁺-dependent cholecystokinin secretion from enteroendocrine cells to involve the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea in male mice.","authors":"Jianxin Wang, Xiongying Chen, Shuo Tong, Chengxin Qu, Wei Lu, Hui Dong","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71149","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although stress can stimulate the vagus nerve via the brain-gut axis to induce enterohormone secretion from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), little is currently known about the roles of ion channels in the regulation of enterohormone secretion and the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to investigate whether transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger 1 (NCX1) are critical for enterohormone secretion and whether they are involved in IBS. Ca²⁺imaging and patch-clamp were applied to STC-1. IBS-diarrhea (IBS-D) mouse model was established by wrap restraint stress (WRS). Western blot verified TRPV4 and NCX1 expressions in STC-1; co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated their physical interaction, and Ca²⁺ imaging and patch-clamp confirmed function and interaction. Carbachol (CCh), a stable analog of acetylcholine (ACh), induced Ca²⁺ signaling and currents in EECs via a functional coupling of TRPV4 and NCX1. Moreover, intestinal cholecystokinin (CCK) transcripts in IBS-D mice were significantly increased, and ACh enhanced intestinal CCK secretion in mice, all of which could be abolished by blockers of TRPV4, NCX1, and CCK receptors. Finally, these blockers alleviated the severity of IBS-D in mice. We reveal a novel TRPV4/NCX1/Ca²⁺/CCK pathway in EECs, which is involved in the pathogenesis of IBS-D. Targeting this pathway may hold promise for the prevention/treatment of IBS-D.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 20","pages":"e71149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13680996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing short-term linear and nonlinear heart rate variability in typically developing children and adolescents.","authors":"Alexs A Matias, Michele N D'Agata, Krista M Szymanski, Evan C Ciecko, Melissa A Witman","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.71126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Linear heart rate variability (HRV) quantifies heart rate (HR) changes due to stochastic processes while nonlinear HRV captures the complexity of the HR structure. Although linear HRV in childhood and adolescence has been explored, little is known about nonlinear HRV. The present study characterized short-term linear and nonlinear HRV in typically-developing children (7-12 years, n = 35) and adolescents (13-17 years, n = 29). HRV during quiet rest was assessed using a three-lead electrocardiogram for 5-min and analyzed using linear (time and frequency domain) and nonlinear (Poincáre analysis, approximate [ApEn] and sample entropy [Sampen], and detrended fluctuation analysis [DFA]) metrics. A greater mean RR time-interval was observed in adolescents (p = 0.007). Time-domain HRV was not different between children and adolescents, although sex differences were observed, such that females had lower linear HRV (p < 0.05, <math> <mrow><mover><mi>θ</mi> <mo>̂</mo></mover> </mrow> </math>  > 62); namely, standard deviation of the normal sinus interbeat intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of the successive differences between the normal interbeat intervals (RMSSD). ApEn was lower in adolescent males (p < 0.001, <math> <mrow><mover><mi>θ</mi> <mo>̂</mo></mover> </mrow> </math>  = 86). Short-term scaling DFA was also lower in adolescents (p = 0.023, <math> <mrow><mover><mi>θ</mi> <mo>̂</mo></mover> </mrow> </math>  = 64). Poincaré analysis revealed higher nonlinear short-term (p < 0.003, <math> <mrow><mover><mi>θ</mi> <mo>̂</mo></mover> </mrow> </math>  = 68) and long-term variability (p < 0.001, <math> <mrow><mover><mi>θ</mi> <mo>̂</mo></mover> </mrow> </math>  = 83) in males. Nonlinear metrics correlated with linear indices of parasympathetic tone. Collectively, age and sex differences were observed in nonlinear HRV in children and adolescents. Future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying nonlinear HRV during development and how these processes are altered in childhood disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 19","pages":"e71126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13635812/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increase in podocyte number induced by SV40T antigen during the fetal stage does not expand glomerular size in mice.","authors":"Taiji Matsusaka, Koichiro Ichimura, Takayuki Miyaki, Masahiro Koizumi","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.71114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In healthy kidneys without injury or compensatory hypertrophy, glomerular volume generally correlates with the podocyte number. In this study, we investigated whether experimentally increasing podocyte numbers can expand glomerular volume. We generated transgenic mice in which the SV40 large T antigen (SV40T) was selectively expressed in podocytes in a doxycycline-inducible manner. In adult mice, doxycycline treatment successfully induced cell cycle re-entry in podocytes, albeit with low efficiency. However, prolonged treatment caused proteinuria and podocyte injury. When doxycycline was administered during embryogenesis, newborn mice clearly exhibited an increase in podocyte proliferation, leading to an average of 54% increase in podocyte number. These additional podocytes frequently formed multiple layers and detached into Bowman's space or tubular lumen; consequently, the glomerular tuft area did not increase. By postnatal Day 7, excess podocytes disappeared, and podocyte counts returned to levels comparable to those in control mice. These findings indicate that glomerular volume is determined at or before the S-shaped body stage, and that forced increases in podocyte number induced by SV40T at later developmental stages are insufficient to expand glomerular volume.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 19","pages":"e71114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial-derived Exerkines preserve muscle size and function during disuse in aged mice in a sex-dependent manner.","authors":"Jainil Daredia, Taylor R Valentino, Ahmed Ismaeel, Yuan Wen, John J McCarthy, Benjamin I Burke","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71137","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disuse-induced muscle atrophy is a critical clinical challenge in older adults. Existing countermeasures have largely failed to preserve muscle size and function, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic strategies. We recently identified pipecolic acid and succinate (PAS) as microbial-derived exerkines that prevent disuse-induced atrophy and preserve muscle function in adult mice. Here, we tested whether PAS similarly protects aged muscle. Aged male and female mice received vehicle (VEH) or PAS via drinking water during 10 days of unilateral hindlimb casting. PAS did not preserve soleus or plantaris mass, but casted gastrocnemius mass was greater in PAS- than VEH-treated mice irrespective of sex. PAS attenuated the loss of soleus and plantaris fiber cross-sectional area, with the largest effect in the female soleus. PAS enhanced soleus contractile function in a sex-specific manner: females exhibited greater absolute force and rate of force development, and males greater fatigue resistance. Gastrocnemius citrate synthase activity was greater in PAS- than VEH-treated females but not males, mirroring the female-specific preservation of soleus fiber size and function. These sexually dimorphic responses highlight microbial-derived metabolites as a novel therapeutic avenue for preserving muscle function during disuse in aging and underscore the importance of considering sex as a biological variable.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 19","pages":"e71137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13639386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 on mechanisms of enteric neurotransmitter-mediated vasorelaxation in the isolated bovine mesenteric artery and vein.","authors":"Gabriel S S David, Erica C Maples, James L Klotz, Ronald J Trotta","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71134","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) administration increases small intestinal growth and mesenteric blood flow, although the vascular mechanisms involved remain unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of exogenous GLP-2 administration on glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, serotonin (5-HT)-, and acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated vascular relaxation in isolated bovine mesenteric arteries (MA) and mesenteric veins (MV). Ten steers received repeated subcutaneous injections of bovine serum albumin or GLP-2 for 48 h before vessel collection. Vascular dimensions, vasoactive responses using myography, and mRNA expression of receptors associated with vasorelaxation were evaluated. Exogenous GLP-2 did not directly induce vasorelaxation in isolated MA or MV despite detectable GLP2R mRNA expression in both vessels, suggesting that GLP-2-mediated increases in mesenteric blood flow occur through indirect mechanisms. Vasoactive intestinal peptide induced dose-dependent vasorelaxation in both vessel types, and only VIPR2 mRNA was detected. Serotonin-mediated responses were not altered by exogenous GLP-2 treatment. In contrast, exogenous GLP-2 enhanced ACh-mediated vasorelaxation in the MA at greater agonist concentrations and increased NOS3 mRNA expression in the MV. These findings suggest that cholinergic signaling pathways may contribute to GLP-2-associated vasoregulation in the bovine MA.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 19","pages":"e71134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging concomitantly reduces skeletal muscle proteome plasticity and hypertrophic responses to resistance training in male adults.","authors":"Dustyn T Lewis, J Max Michel, Mason C McIntosh, Dakota R Tiede, Daniel L Plotkin, Madison L Mattingly, Nicholas J Kontos, George Kontos, Breanna J Mueller, Samuel C Norton, Joshua S Godwin, Brad J Schoenfeld, Melissa D Boersma, Andrew D Frugé, C Brooks Mobley, Andreas N Kavazis, Michael D Roberts","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71141","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resistance training (RT)-induced hypertrophy is attenuated with aging, albeit the proteomic basis of this attenuation remains unclear. We thus determined whether reduced skeletal muscle proteome plasticity accompanies age-related blunted hypertrophic responses. Seventeen younger (21.9 ± 2.5 years) and 15 older (57.5 ± 6.9 years) untrained males completed 10-12 weeks of RT, and the vastus lateralis (VL) soluble proteome was profiled pre- and post-training using data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (2106 proteins). Despite similar training volume (p = 0.771), younger adults gained more lean body mass (+2.73 vs. +1.18 kg, p = 0.009) and VL thickness (+0.49 vs. +0.20 cm, p = 0.002) than older adults. Proteome plasticity paralleled this divergence, as RT altered 135 proteins (FDR < 0.05) in younger adults and none in older adults. This attenuation was one of magnitude rather than direction, as 81.5% of the 135 younger-adult proteins shifted concordantly in older adults (ρ = 0.711), and 75 gene sets were enriched with RT in older adults, led by translational machinery (NES up to +2.85). At baseline, 278 proteins differed between age groups (FDR <0.05), and age dominated the co-expression network (Turquoise module AUC = 0.96). In conclusion, the blunted hypertrophic response of older males coincides with a loss of RT-induced proteome plasticity, reflecting a compressed rather than qualitatively altered RT adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 19","pages":"e71141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149168753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac timing modulates the contribution of compliance to effective arterial elastance.","authors":"Thomas Murchie","doi":"10.14814/phy2.71112","DOIUrl":"10.14814/phy2.71112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective arterial elastance (E_a) is a lumped descriptor of arterial load. The contributions of arterial characteristics to E_a, and their interactions with cardiac timing parameters, have not been fully elaborated. Previous studies have shown that E_a can be approximated by equations of the form E_a ≈ R/T + k/C, where R is either total or peripheral resistance, T is cardiac cycle time, and C is arterial compliance, but reported values for the coefficient k vary substantially, and some analyses suggest that compliance contributes little to E_a. Here, an analytical approximation is derived from Sunagawa's Windkessel expression for E_a by replacing the exponential term with a truncated Taylor expansion. The resulting approximation predicts that k is not constant but varies with cardiac timing, such that k ≈ 0.5 (t_d/T)², where t_d is diastolic time. Approximation accuracy was assessed across 693 combinations of resistance, compliance, and heart rate and in a virtual population of 4374 adults derived from a published one-dimensional vascular model. The linear approximation for E_a closely tracked the Windkessel expression across the full parameter space (R² > 0.9999, mean absolute percentage error 0.51%). In the virtual population, the approximation showed good agreement with the E surrogate P_ES/SV (end-systolic pressure/stroke volume), surpassing previous approximations. These findings show that the contribution of compliance to E_a is modulated by cardiac timing and provide a mechanistic explanation for previously reported values of k.</p>","PeriodicalId":20083,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Reports","volume":"14 19","pages":"e71112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13623667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149081784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}