{"title":"Peptide-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy with the potential to use in Glioblastoma Treatment.","authors":"Zhicheng Zhang,Xin Wang,Qi Dai,Yaxin Qin,Xiaoyan Sun,Minoru Suzuki,Xiaoying Ying,Min Han,Qichun Wei","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2406044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2024.2406044","url":null,"abstract":"Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive glioma with limited treatment options. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) offers a promising approach for refractory cancers, utilizing boron-10 (10B) and thermal neutrons to generate cytotoxic particles. Effective BNCT depends on selective targeting and retention of 10B in tumors. Current BNCT drugs face issues with rapid clearance and poor tumor accumulation. To address this, we developed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) peptides as a nanocarrier for Sodium Mercaptododecaborate (BSH), resulting in AuNPs-BSH&PEG-cRGD. In vitro, AuNPs-BSH&PEG-cRGD increased 10B content in GL261 glioma cells by approximately 2.5-fold compared to unmodified AuNPs-BSH&PEG, indicating enhanced targeting due to cRGD's affinity for integrin receptor αvβ3. In a subcutaneous glioma mouse model, 6 hours post-intratumoral administration, the 10B concentration in tumors was 17.98 μg/g for AuNPs-BSH&PEG-cRGD, significantly higher than 0.45 μg/g for BSH. The tumor-to-blood (T/B) and tumor-to-normal tissue (T/N) ratios were also higher for AuNPs-BSH&PEG-cRGD, suggesting improved targeting and retention. This indicates that AuNPs-BSH&PEG-cRGD may enhance BNCT efficacy and minimize normal tissue toxicity. In summary, this study provides a novel strategy for BSH delivery and may broaden the design vision of BNCT nano-boron capture agents.","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hesham M Tawfeek,Aml I Mekkawy,Ahmed A H Abdelatif,Basmah N Aldosari,Waleed A Mohammed-Saeid,Marwa G Elnaggar
{"title":"Intranasal Delivery of Sulpiride Nanostructured Lipid Carrier to Central Nervous System; In Vitro Characterization and In Vivo Study.","authors":"Hesham M Tawfeek,Aml I Mekkawy,Ahmed A H Abdelatif,Basmah N Aldosari,Waleed A Mohammed-Saeid,Marwa G Elnaggar","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2404034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2024.2404034","url":null,"abstract":"The low and erratic oral absorption of sulpiride (SUL) a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, and its P-glycoprotein efflux in the gastrointestinal tract restricted its oral route for central nervous system disorders. An intranasal formulation was formulated based on nanostructured lipid carrier to tackle these obstacles and deliver SUL directly to the brain. Sulipride-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (SUL-NLC) was prepared using compritol®888 ATO and different types of liquid lipids and emulsifiers. SUL-NLCs were characterized for their particle size, charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Morphology and compatibility with other NLC excipients were also studied. Moreover, SUL in vitro release, nanodispersion stability, in vivo performance and SUL pharmacokinetics were investigated. Results delineates that SUL-NLC have a particle size ranging from 366.2 ± 62.1 to 640.4 ± 50.2 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 75.5 ± 1.5%. SUL showed a sustained release pattern over 24 h and maintained its physical stability for three months. Intranasal SUL-NLC showed a significantly (p < 0.01) higher SUL brain concentration than that found in plasma after oral administration of commercial SUL product with 4.47-fold increase in the relative bioavailability. SUL-NLCs as a nose to brain approach is a promising formulation for enhancing the SUL bioavailability and efficient management of neurological disorders.","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahmoud Elshaer, Shaaban K Osman, Ahmed M Mohammed, Gamal Zayed
{"title":"Co-crystallization of Hesperidin with different co-formers to enhance solubility, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.","authors":"Mahmoud Elshaer, Shaaban K Osman, Ahmed M Mohammed, Gamal Zayed","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2378498","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2378498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hesperidin (HSP) is a natural flavonoid glycoside with very low aqueous solubility and a slow dissolution rate, limiting its effectiveness. This study aims to address these issues by creating co-crystals of hesperidin with water-soluble small molecules (co-formers) such as L-arginine, glutathione, glycine, and nicotinamide. Using the solvent drop grinding method, we prepared three different molar ratios of hesperidin to co-formers (1:1, 1:3, and 1:5) and conducted in-vitro solubility and dissolution studies. The results demonstrated that the prepared co-crystals exhibited significantly enhanced solubility and dissolution rates compared to untreated hesperidin. Of particular note, the HSP co-crystals formula (HSP: L-arg 1:5) displayed approximately 4.5 times higher dissolution than pure hesperidin. Further analysis using FTIR, powder x-ray diffraction patterns, and DSC thermograms validated the formation of co-crystals between HSP and L-arginine. Additionally, co-crystallization with L-arginine improved the <i>in vitro</i> anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of hesperidin compared to the untreated drug. This study highlights the potential of using water-soluble small molecules (co-formers) through co-crystallization to enhance the solubility, dissolution, and biological activities of poorly water-soluble drugs. Furthermore, <i>in vivo</i> studies are crucial to validate these promising results.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"691-702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141752370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shiyi Zhou, Yiting Wang, Zhe Li, Fei Wu, Yanlong Hong, Lan Shen, Xiao Lin
{"title":"Fingerprinting of physical manufacturing properties of different acids for effervescent systems.","authors":"Shiyi Zhou, Yiting Wang, Zhe Li, Fei Wu, Yanlong Hong, Lan Shen, Xiao Lin","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2367519","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2367519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to fingerprint the physical manufacturing properties of five commonly used acid sources in effervescent systems for designing the formulation and process of such systems. The hygroscopicity, texture properties, rheological torque, compressibility, tabletability, etc., were investigated to inspect 'powder direct compression (DC)' and 'wet granulation and compression' properties of citric (CA), tartaric (TA), malic (MA), fumaric (FA), and adipic acid (AA). The DC ability was evaluated by the SeDeM expert system. The results indicated that all acid powders failed to meet flowability requirements for DC, and plastic deformation dominated during compression. Furthermore, CA exhibited strong hygroscopicity and punch sticking, while MA demonstrated the best tabletability. TA had a large wet granulation space and was relatively the most suitable for DC. AA was extremely hygroscopic, and its flowability improved significantly as particle size increased. Finally, FA displayed the lowest hygroscopicity and ejection force as well as great compressibility and wet granulation space, and did not exhibit punch sticking, while the granule fragments dissolved slowly during disintegration. Generally speaking, the formulation or granulation affected the tabletability, indicating that pairing with other acids or suitable fillers could potentially improve its disadvantages. These multidimensional assessments effectively reduce the pre-exploration and enhance the efficiency of the development of effervescent systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"649-662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141306537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Kawish, Shafi Ullah, Talat Roome, Anam Razzak, Shazmeen Aslam, Muhammad Raza Shah
{"title":"Thermoresponsive lipids engineered magnetic nanoparticles for spatiotemporal delivery of hesperidin to inflammatory sites in animal model.","authors":"Muhammad Kawish, Shafi Ullah, Talat Roome, Anam Razzak, Shazmeen Aslam, Muhammad Raza Shah","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2393216","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2393216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermoresponsive nanoparticles are exploited as drug-delivery vehicles that release their payload upon increment in temperature. We prepared and characterized thermoresponsive lipid-anchored folic acid engineered magnetic nanoparticles (LP-HP-FANPs) that combine receptor-based targeting and thermoresponsive sustained release of hesperidin (HP) in response to endogenous inflammation site temperature. The progressive surface engineering of NPs was validated by FTIR analysis. Our LP-HP-FANPs had a particle size of 100.5 ± 1.76 nm and a zeta potential of 14.6 ± 2.65 mV. The HP encapsulation effectiveness of LP-HP-FANPs is around 91 ± 0.78%. AFM scans indicated that our modified nanoparticles were spherical. LP-HP-FANPs exhibit increased drug release (85.8% at pH 4.0, 50.9% at pH 7.0) at 40 °C. Animal studies showed no toxicity from nanoparticles. Compared to conventional drugs and HP, LP-HP-FANPs effectively decreased paw edema, cytokine levels, and total cell recruitment in thioglycollate-induced peritonitis (<i>p</i> < 0.05). LP-HP-FANPs substantially decreased cytokines compared to HP, HP-FA-NPs, and the standard medication (<i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>p</i> < 0.01, and <i>p</i> < 0.001). These findings imply that the synthesized HP-loaded formulation (LP-HP-FANPs) may be a potential anti-inflammatory formulation for clinical development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"762-775"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141982980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tayseer M El-Nawawy, Yomna A Adel, Mahmoud Teaima, Noha N Nassar, Asmaa Ashraf Nemr, Inas Al-Samadi, Mohamed A El-Nabarawi, Sammar F Elhabal
{"title":"Intranasal bilosomes in thermosensitive hydrogel: advancing desvenlafaxine succinate delivery for depression management.","authors":"Tayseer M El-Nawawy, Yomna A Adel, Mahmoud Teaima, Noha N Nassar, Asmaa Ashraf Nemr, Inas Al-Samadi, Mohamed A El-Nabarawi, Sammar F Elhabal","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2376067","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2376067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depression, the second biggest cause of disability worldwide, is widespread. Many antidepressant medications, including Desvenlafaxine Succinate (D.V.S.), function by elevating neurotransmitter levels at the synapse through the inhibition of reabsorption by neurons. However, the effectiveness of these treatments is often limited by their inability to reach the brain using conventional administration methods. Bilosome-stabilized nanovesicles containing bile salts have drawn much interest because of their adaptability and versatility in various applications. This study aimed to address this issue by formulating intranasal bilosomes incorporated into a mucoadhesive <i>in situ</i> gel to deliver D.V.S. directly to the brain for depression treatment. The desvenlafaxine-loaded bilosomes were developed using a thin film hydration method based on the l-optimal design. They were intended to provide a more convenient route of administration for antidepressants, enhancing bioavailability and brain targeting through intranasal delivery. The study assessed the optimized bilosomes for particle size (311.21 ± 0.42 nm), Zeta potential (-<u>37.35 ± 0.43</u>)and encapsulation efficiency (99.53 ± 0.41%) and further evaluated them in <i>ex vivo</i> and <i>in vivo</i> pharmacokinetics studies. Pharmacokinetic data reveal enhanced brain uptake compared to a free drug. A statistically optimized bilosome formulation was determined. The intranasal administration of mucoadhesive <i>in situ</i> gel containing desvenlafaxine succinate-loaded bilosomes facilitated direct nose-to-brain drug delivery, improving brain bioavailability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"663-674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Kawish, Samina Parveen, Nimra Naz Siddiqui, Humera Jahan, Abdelbari Elhissi, Saira Yasmeen, Muhammad Raza Shah
{"title":"Highly functionalized pH-triggered supramolecular nanovalve for targeted cancer chemotherapy.","authors":"Muhammad Kawish, Samina Parveen, Nimra Naz Siddiqui, Humera Jahan, Abdelbari Elhissi, Saira Yasmeen, Muhammad Raza Shah","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2392271","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2392271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems are commonly limited by their short half-lives, poor bioavailability, and unsuccessful targetability. Herein, pH-responsive hybrid NPs consist of benzimidazole-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (BZ-MSN) loaded with naturally occurring flavonoid quercetin (QUE-BZ-MSN). The NPs were further capped with beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) to obtain our desired BCD-QUE-BZMSN, with a zeta potential around 7.05 ± 2.37 mV and diameter about 115.2 ± 19.02 nm. The abundance of BZ onto the nanoparticles facilitates targeted quercetin chemotherapy against model lung and liver cancer cell lines. FTIR, EDX, and NMR analyses revealed evidence of possible surface functionalizations. Powder XRD analysis showed that our designed BCD-QUE-BZMSN formulation is amorphous in nature. The UV and SEM showed that our designed BCD-QUE-BZMSN has high drug entrapment efficiency and a nearly spherical morphology. <i>In vitro,</i> drug release assessments show controlled pH-dependent release profiles that could enhance the targeted chemotherapeutic response against mildly acidic regions in cancer cell lines. The obtained BCD-QUE-BZMSN nanovalve achieved significantly higher cytotoxic efficacy as compared to QUE alone, which was evaluated by <i>in vitro</i> cellular uptake against liver and lung cancer cell lines, and the cellular morphological ablation was further confirmed <i>via</i> inverted microscopy. The outcomes of the study imply that our designed BCD-QUE-BZMSN nanovalve is a potential carrier for cancer chemotherapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"751-761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141976336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suhair S Al-Nimry, Ahlam Z Alkilani, Nareman A Alda'ajeh
{"title":"Transdermal drug delivery of rizatriptan using microneedles array patch: preparation, characterization and ex-vivo/in-vivo study.","authors":"Suhair S Al-Nimry, Ahlam Z Alkilani, Nareman A Alda'ajeh","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2393218","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2393218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the extensive first pass metabolism of rizatriptan in oral administration and its delayed absorption during a migraine attack as a result of gastric stasis, focus has been on transdermal delivery. The main purpose of this study is to prepare and assess transdermal formulation of rizatriptan, loaded on hydrogel microneedles delivery system, to avoid first pass metabolism and also improve its percutaneous permeation rate. Rizatriptan hydrogel microneedles were prepared using micromolding method and evaluated in terms of mechanical strength, encapsulation efficiency, permeation and in-vivo skin absorption. Different formulations of rizatriptan microneedles (F1-F5) were successfully prepared using different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose and gelatin type A. Rizatriptan hydrogel microneedles demonstrated favorable mechanical properties, including withstanding insertion forces, thereby enhancing its skin insertion ability. In permeation study, the percent cumulative drug released after 24 h ranged between 93.1-100% which means that microneedles were able to deliver the drug effectively. For in-vivo study, F3 formulation was selected due to its superior characteristics over other formulations as it exhibited the highest swelling capacity, and demonstrated favorable mechanical properties. Furthermore, F3 showcased the most controlled drug release over a 24-hour period. Relative bioavailability of F3 microneedles was 179.59% compared to oral administration based on the AUC<sub>0-24</sub>. The observed AUC<sub>0-24</sub> in F3 microneedles was statistically significant and 1.80 times greater than that in oral administration. The higher rizatriptan level in the microneedle demonstrated adequate drug permeability through the rat skin, suggesting the potential of microneedles for enhanced therapeutic effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"776-789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142004952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vanessa Düphans, Vincent Kimmel, Lukas Messing, Gerhard Schaldach, Markus Thommes
{"title":"Experimental and numerical characterization of screw elements used in twin-screw extrusion.","authors":"Vanessa Düphans, Vincent Kimmel, Lukas Messing, Gerhard Schaldach, Markus Thommes","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2378323","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2378323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hot melt extrusion by a co-rotating twin screw extruder is an important process in the pharmaceutical industry. Especially for quality by design aspects, a comprehensive process understanding is indispensable. The performance of conveying elements was determined as critical process parameter, and therefore an experimental and numerical framework was developed to analyze and compare variations. A test rig capable of measuring volume flow, pressure and torque with high accuracy and precision was designed and built. The 3D simulation was performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A stationary model with impulse transmission and an apparent motion of the screws was applied. The experimental data were fitted to the model of Pawlowski, and parameters for the pressure (A<sub>1</sub>, A<sub>2</sub>) and power characteristics (B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>) were determined. Good agreement between experimental data and the model was observed. The simulation was significantly faster compared to common methods, and the results were consistent with the literature. Systematic investigations of a native and worn screw were performed with CFD resulting in a transport capacity increase and a pressure build up decrease for all tested screw elements. An experimental and simulation setup was generated to assess the performance of co-rotating twin screw elements. The experiments provided high-quality data, and the simulations exhibited high flexibility with low computational effort.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"675-683"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141559387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intravenous delivery of furosemide using lipid-based versus polymer-based nanocapsules: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies.","authors":"Yasmine N Kamel, Eman M El-Marakby, Heba A Gad","doi":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2389855","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10837450.2024.2389855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Furosemide (FSM), a potent loop diuretic, is used to treat edema due to hypertension, congestive heart failure, and liver and renal failures. FSM applications are limited by its low bioavailability. Our aim is to use different nanoencapsulation strategies to control the release of FSM and enhance its pharmacokinetic properties.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two types of FSM-loaded nanocapsules, namely FSM-loaded lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) and polymeric nanocapsules (PNCs), were developed, physicochemically characterized, and subjected to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. Lipid nanocapsules were prepared by the simple phase inversion method using Labrafac<sup>TM</sup> lipid, while the polymeric nanocapsules were prepared by nanoprecipitation method using polycaprolactone polymer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transmission electron microscopy ascertains spherical structures, corroborating the nanometric diameter of both types of nanocapsules. The particle size of the optimized FSM-loaded LNCs and FSM-loaded PNCs was 32.19 ± 0.72 nm and 230.7 ± 5.13 nm, respectively. The percent entrapment efficiency was 63.56 ± 1.40% of FSM for the optimized PNCs. The <i>in vitro</i> release study indicated prolonged drug release compared to drug solutions. The two loaded nanocapsules systems succeeded in enhancing the pharmacokinetic parameters in comparison to the marketed FSM solution with superior diuretic activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The results of the stability study and the terminal sterilization by autoclave indicated the superiority of LNCs over PNCs in maintaining the physical parameters under storage conditions and the drastic conditions of sterilization.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LNCs and PNCs are considered promising nanosysems for improving the diuretic effect of FSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":20004,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"738-750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141894089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}