Jhon Lennon Genovez-Oliveira , Carlos Nei Ortúzar-Ferreira , Mariana de Souza Oliveira , Águida Aparecida de Oliveira , Viviane Moreira de Lima , Bruno Pereira Berto
{"title":"Isospora pichororei n. sp. (Chromista: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from rufous-capped spinetails Synallaxis ruficapilla Vieillot, 1819 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae: Synallaxiinae) in South America","authors":"Jhon Lennon Genovez-Oliveira , Carlos Nei Ortúzar-Ferreira , Mariana de Souza Oliveira , Águida Aparecida de Oliveira , Viviane Moreira de Lima , Bruno Pereira Berto","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spinetails are a suboscine passerines of the genus <em>Synallaxis</em> Vieillot, 1818 which have great interest for ornithology, given the wide diversity of 37 species that are distributed throughout the Neotropical region. Despite this wide diversity and distribution, <em>Synallaxis</em> spp. have never been recorded as hosts of coccidian parasites. In this context, the current study describes a new species of <em>Isospora</em> Schneider, 1881 from rufous-capped spinetails <em>Synallaxis ruficapilla</em> Vieillot, 1819 captured in the Itatiaia National Park, which is a federal conservation unit in Southeastern Brazil. The oocysts of <em>Isospora pichororei</em> Genovez-Oliveira & Berto n. sp. are subspheroidal to ovoidal, measuring on average 25 by 21 μm. Micropyle is present, but discrete. Oocyst residuum absent, but one or two polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal with slightly pointed posterior end, measuring on average 17 by 10 μm. Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies are present. Sporocyst residuum is clustered among the vermiform sporozoites, which have striations, refractile bodies and nucleus. This morphology was different from the other <em>Isospora</em> spp. recorded in the host family Furnariidae. Molecular identification was targeted by the amplification and sequencing of a <em>locus</em> of the mitochondrial cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase subunit 1 (<em>cox1</em>) gene. This sequence had the highest similarity of 99.5% with a sequence deposited for <em>Isospora oliveirai</em> Ortúzar-Ferreira & Berto, 2020, which is a coccidian species that parasitizes suboscine tityrids <em>Schiffornis virescens</em> (Lafresnaye, 1838), also in the Itatiaia National Park. Phylogenetic analysis grouped some species in subclades, including <em>I. pichororei</em> with <em>I. oliveirai</em>; however, it was inconclusive in an expectation of parasite-host coevolution. Finally, <em>I. pichororei</em> is established as new to science, being the first description from Synallaxinae and the third description from Furnariidae. Furthermore, this is the first <em>Isospora</em> sp. from the host family Furnariidae to have a molecular supplementation by sequencing a <em>locus</em> of the <em>cox1</em> gene of the mitochondrial genome.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102936"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141767045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evidence of γ-secretase complex involved in the regulation of intramembrane proteolysis in Entamoeba histolytica","authors":"Takashi Makiuchi , Yumiko Saito-Nakano , Tomoyoshi Nozaki","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Presenilins (PSNs) are multifunctional membrane proteins involved in signal transduction, lysosomal acidification, and certain physiological processes related to mitochondria. The aspartic protease activity of PSN and the formation of a γ-secretase complex with other subunits such as nicastrin (NCT) are required for the biological functions. Although PSN is widely conserved in eukaryotes, most studies on PSN were conducted in metazoans. Homologous genes for PSN and NCT (EhPSN and EhNCT, respectively) are encoded in the genome of <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em>, however, their functions remain unknown. In this study, we showed that EhPSN and EhNCT form a complex on the cell membrane, demonstrating that the parasite possesses γ-secretase. The predicted structure of EhPSN was similar to the human homolog, demonstrated by the crystal structure, and phylogenetic analysis indicated good conservation between EhPSN and human PSN, supporting the premise that EhPSN functions as a subunit of γ-secretase. By contrast, EhNCT appears to have undergone remarkable structural changes during its evolution. Blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with western blotting indicated that a 150-kDa single band contains both EhPSN (estimated molecular size: 47-kDa) and EhNCT (64-kDa), suggesting that the complex also contains other unknown components or post-translational modifications. Coimmunoprecipitation from amebic lysates also confirmed that EhPSN and EhNCT formed a complex. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the complex localized to the plasma membrane. Moreover, EhPSN exhibited protease activity, which was suppressed by a γ-secretase inhibitor. This is the first report of a γ-secretase complex in protozoan parasites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102925"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tong Xian , Meina Cao , Kaiting Chen , Wenbin Zhao , Yueqing Liu , Wenjing Yao , Hui Guang , Yinran Yang , Muya Su , Ruijuan Zhang , Jing Ma , Linyuan Ma , Jinliang Gao
{"title":"Identification of a novel protein Hq023 of the hard tick Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis and preliminary evaluation of its analgesic effect in mice model","authors":"Tong Xian , Meina Cao , Kaiting Chen , Wenbin Zhao , Yueqing Liu , Wenjing Yao , Hui Guang , Yinran Yang , Muya Su , Ruijuan Zhang , Jing Ma , Linyuan Ma , Jinliang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tick saliva contains a range of critical biological molecules which could inhibit host defenses and guarantee their food supply. Hq023, a novel cDNA sequence, was cloned from a cDNA library constructed from salivary glands of partially-engorged <em>Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis</em>. Hq023 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 408 bp coding a protein containing 135 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 15 kDa. Database homology showed that Hq023 protein was structurally similar to a natural toxin U33-theraphotoxin-Cg1c from the Chinese tarantula <em>Chilobrachys guangxiensis</em>. A recombinant protein was expressed with the novel cDNA in a prokaryotic system and its analgesic effect was evaluated in mice model. Both tail immersion and hot-plate tests uncovered an antinociceptive activity, while in the acetic acid-induced writhing test this effect was not observed. These results indicated that the novel recombinant protein Hq023 (rHq023) probably possessed a central antinociceptive activity. Finding of the novel protein might pave a new avenue for the development of tick-derived analgesics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102933"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biogeography of larval trematodes in the freshwater snail, Semisulcospira libertina: a comparison of the morphological and molecular approaches","authors":"Osamu Miura, Shu Takisawa","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While biogeographic patterns of free-living organisms are well documented, the biogeography of parasitic fauna remains largely unclear. Due to morphological similarities, parasites are often difficult to identify without the aid of molecular genetics, further complicating the interpretation of their biogeographic patterns. We investigated trematode parasites infecting the East Asian freshwater snail <em>Semisulcospira libertina</em> to understand their biogeography and to evaluate how molecular approaches influence the interpretation of biogeographic patterns of the trematode fauna. We identified 46 genetically delimited species from 19 morphologically distinguishable trematodes infecting <em>S. libertina</em> and found that their species richness was negatively correlated to latitude. We also found that potential definitive host (fishes) richness and host body size were positively correlated with trematode species richness, suggesting that host attributes are essential factors shaping the biogeographic pattern in trematodes. These trends were observed irrespective of species identification methods, demonstrating that classical morphological identification can also effectively identify the latitudinal gradient pattern in trematodes. We further detected the distance decay of similarity in trematode communities, although this trend was only detectable in the biogeographic dataset based on molecular identification. Our study showed that morphological identification sufficiently reflects the latitudinal richness gradient while molecular identification is essential to estimate accurate local species richness and increase the resolution of the large-scale pattern of population similarities in the trematode communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102924"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141634206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lizzy D. Remmerswaal , Victoria A. Janes , Armand B. Lamers , Bart G. Koot , Kees Stijnis , Sietse Q. Nagelkerke
{"title":"Echinococcal disease can present with giant abdominal cysts at very young age: A case report","authors":"Lizzy D. Remmerswaal , Victoria A. Janes , Armand B. Lamers , Bart G. Koot , Kees Stijnis , Sietse Q. Nagelkerke","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Echinococcus granulosus</em> larvae can cause cystic echinococcosis (CE, also known as hydatid disease) in humans. The latent phase of hydatid disease lasts for years as a result of the slow growth of the cysts, which only become symptomatic when they are large. Therefore, CE is seldomly seen in very young children. Here we present a 4-year-old boy with two giant asymptomatic abdominal cysts. Ultrasound was inconclusive in regard to the nature of the cysts and serology for echinococcosis was negative, rendering CE improbable also in view of the young age. Nevertheless, in the absence of other conclusive explanations, the patient was started on albendazole. A subsequent diagnostic percutaneous puncture with direct microscopy of cyst fluid revealed parasitological evidence of echinococcosis. This case report shows that CE can present with giant cysts also at very young age and should be considered as a possible diagnosis in all children with giant abdominal cysts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102923"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576924000746/pdfft?md5=ca7c530bf0e2d0de80bc6f35111e24d4&pid=1-s2.0-S1383576924000746-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141604013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seropositivity of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women living with HIV/AIDS worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan parasite <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>, a food- and water-borne zoonotic protozoan parasite that is able to infect almost all warm-blooded vertebrates. It has a major effect on public health, particularly in underdeveloped nations. Immune-competent individuals typically exhibit no symptoms or experience a mild influenza-like sickness, while there is a possibility of severe manifestation and fatal or high-risk for life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised people like pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients and lead to severe pathological effects on the fetus.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>We conducted a systematic search of databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, EMBASE, and Scopus) using the PRISMA criteria. We used specific keywords such as Toxoplasma gondii, Toxoplasmosis, pregnant women, prevalence, HIV/AIDS, and worldwide studies published from 2018 to 2022. We use Stata (version 14) software to estimate the pooled prevalence and heterogeneity of <em>toxoplasmosis</em> in pregnant women and HIV-infected people using a random-effects model and the Cochran's Q-test, respectively. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument and Egger's regression asymmetry test were used to assess study quality and publication bias, respectively, while the single study omission analysis was used to test the robustness of a pooled estimate.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We included and analyzed a total of 12,887 individuals in this review. The pooled prevalence of <em>T. gondii</em> in this review was 40% (95% CI = 0.31–0.50). The sub-group analysis revealed that the evaluation included 11,967 pregnant women. In pregnant women, the pooled sero-prevalence was 40% (95% CI = 0.31–0.50). In pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients, 920 individuals were evaluated, and the pooled sero-prevalence was 41% (95% CI = 0.20–0.61).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This review identified an overall sero-prevalence of <em>Toxoplasma</em> infection of 40% among pregnant women and HIV/AIDS. The expansion of prevention and control strategies, with a primary focus on enhancing educational initiatives, is necessary to avoid reactivation and stop the spread of infection, so investigative sero-prevalence is important work among pregnant women and HIV patients. In order to achieve a comprehensive explanation of the disease condition and reach this goal, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in Worldwide for future use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102922"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141601255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Infant gastrointestinal canthariasis caused by cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne)","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diseases caused by beetle larvae infestation are known as intestinal canthariasis. Canthariasis from the cigarette beetle, <em>Lasioderma serricorne</em>, is quite rare; however, with the accumulation of genetic references, such cases of accidental pseudo-parasitism have been increasingly recognized. Here, we describe a case of asymptomatic gastrointestinal passage of <em>L. serricorne</em> in a 4-year-old male. Larval identification was conducted by PCR-sequencing targeting cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 using DNA extracted from the larvae. Due to the difficulty of differential identification of beetles using larval morphology, DNA barcoding is essential.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"103 ","pages":"Article 102921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576924000722/pdfft?md5=39c42c447a43ba23fa00aa87636410a1&pid=1-s2.0-S1383576924000722-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbora Pavľáková , Natália Pipová , Monika Balogová , Igor Majláth , Peter Mikulíček , Viktória Majláthová
{"title":"Blood parasites of water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) from the Danube Delta, Romania","authors":"Barbora Pavľáková , Natália Pipová , Monika Balogová , Igor Majláth , Peter Mikulíček , Viktória Majláthová","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water frogs of the genus <em>Pelophylax</em> host a variety of parasites, from protozoa to helminths. Among the blood parasites, representatives of Apicomplexa, <em>Trypanosoma</em> and Nematoda show the highest prevalence. In this study, we focused on blood parasites of water frogs living in the Danube Delta, Romania. In total, 74 individuals of <em>P. ridibundus</em> and eight individuals of <em>P. esculentus</em> from six localities were examined. Blood parasites were detected microscopically and using a molecular marker (18S rDNA). 89.77% of frogs from all investigated localities were found to be infected with at least one parasitic group, specifically with haemogregarines (84.09%), nematodes (1.14%), and trypanosomes (63.64%). The parasitemia of haemogregarines and trypanosomes differed significantly among the studied locations. There was no statistically significant difference in parasitemia between male and female hosts. However, adults were found to have a significantly higher parasitemia in comparison with subadults infected with haemogregarines. Correlation between parasitemia and the body length of frogs infected with haemogregarines was also significant (<em>r</em> = 0.226). By comparing the 18S rDNA sequences with the corresponding GenBank sequences, <em>Hepatozoon</em> species identified in water frogs showed a close similarity (98.1–99.8%) to <em>Hepatozoon magna</em>. Trypanosomes showed the highest sequence similarity to <em>Trypanosoma</em> sp. isolate R10 clone L2–3, <em>Trypanosoma ranarum,</em> and <em>Trypanosoma cobitis</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102920"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141538358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of cats in the Middle East (2000−2023): A literature review","authors":"Mahdi Soroushianfar , Soheil Sadr , Alireza Sazmand , Shiva Dianaty , Javad Khedri , Rolf Karl Schuster , Hassan Borji","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/objective</h3><p>Gastrointestinal parasites in stray cats are of significant clinical and zoonotic importance and pose a potential threat to public health. Hence, the current review has practical implications as it aims to present the diversity and the prevalence of cat parasites in Middle Eastern countries.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The research process was rigorous and thorough, spanning from 2000 to 2023. Data collection and analysis were conducted utilizing multiple international and national databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Irandoc. This meticulous approach ensures the reliability and validity of the findings, providing a solid foundation for further research and preventive measures.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 159 articles were collected and comprehensively reviewed. Among these, 85 articles were from Iran, 25 from Türkiye, 20 from Iraq, 11 from Egypt, five from Qatar, three from Cyprus, three from Kuwait, and one each from the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine. <em>Toxocara cati</em> was the most prevalent nematode, exhibiting the highest prevalence in Iran, ranging from 8% to 90%, followed by Egypt, with a range of 8.23% to 58.7%. In comparison, the lowest prevalence was recorded in Qatar at 8%. <em>Hydatigera taeniaeformis</em>, a common cestode in the feline, showed the highest prevalence in Qatar, with a range of 73.6% to 75.8%, while the lowest was in Kuwait at 0.8%. In Iran, the prevalence ranged from 0.9% to 64.7%. <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>, a cosmopolitan protozoan, showcased the highest prevalence in Lebanon at 78.1% and the lowest in the UAE at 0.8%. In Iran, the prevalence ranged between 1.2% and 90%. Additionally, noteworthy patterns regarding the distribution and potential risk factors associated with these parasites were observed. While gender variations were not significant, environmental conditions such as high humidity and absence of sunlight exposure, along with the age and behavior of cats, were among the risk factors associated with the prevalence of parasites.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The prevalence of parasites among stray cats in Iran and other Middle Eastern countries remains notably high. This emphasizes the urgent need for a series of control and preventive measures. Implementing effective anti-parasitic strategies and emphasizing the development of multiple diagnostic methods are essential.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102919"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comprehensive molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species in Japan","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2024.102909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Cryptosporidium</em> species, causing diarrheal illnesses in humans and animals worldwide, are under investigation for their molecular epidemiology in Japan. The study focuses on detecting <em>Cryptosporidium</em> species in humans, animals, water, and the environment, revealing three species in people: <em>C. parvum</em>, <em>C. meleagridis</em>, and <em>C. hominis</em>. Subtype IIa of the <em>C. parvum gp60</em> gene is prevalent, indicating potential zoonotic transmission. Animal studies identified sixteen species, mainly cattle and pets, with <em>C. parvum</em> (subtype IIa) common in cattle and <em>C. canis</em> and <em>C. felis</em> prevalent in pets. Additionally, <em>C. bovis</em> and <em>C. ryanae</em> were found in cattle and sika deer. Knowledge gaps exist, particularly in water and environmental source typing, with limited research revealing five species and five genotypes, suggesting a significant role of water in transmission. Further research is needed to understand the molecular diversity and transmission dynamics across humans, animals, water, and the environment in Japan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102909"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141470058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}