Parasitology International最新文献

{"title":"Antimalarial drug efficacy and resistance: Insights from northern Uganda","authors":"Toshihiro Mita","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artemisinin in combination is the first-line treatment for <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> malaria in almost all regions. However, by the late 2000s, partial resistance, characterized by delayed parasite clearance after treatment, emerged in the Greater Mekong Subregion and rapidly expanded its range. Since 2013, we have conducted comprehensive malaria drug resistance surveillance in northern Uganda. In 2014, we identified <em>in vitro</em> artemisinin resistance, and by 2017, clinical partial resistance had also been observed. Additionally, we discovered the re-emergence of chloroquine sensitivity in this region as early as 2013, earlier than in the other parts of Uganda. This review aims to summarize our findings from northern Uganda, contextualizing them within similar studies conducted in other regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 103083"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and forecasting of cysticercosis burden in South Asia: Insights from global burden of disease data (1990–2021)","authors":"Ayush Sharma ,&nbsp;Diptismita Jena ,&nbsp;Muhammed Shabil ,&nbsp;Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib ,&nbsp;Mandeep Kaur ,&nbsp;Shriya Bhatnagar ,&nbsp;Manish Srivastava ,&nbsp;Pranchal Rajput ,&nbsp;Abhay M. Gaidhane ,&nbsp;Amit Verma ,&nbsp;Chanchal Goyal ,&nbsp;Abhishek Mewara","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cysticercosis, caused by <em>Taenia solium</em> larvae, is a neglected tropical disease endemic in more than 75 countries of the world. It significantly contributes to epilepsy in regions with poor sanitation and inadequate food safety practices. This study aims to examine the trends in cysticercosis burden in South Asia (SA) from 1990 to 2021 using prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates, and to forecast the disease burden up to 2031. Data from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) (1990–2021) was utilized to estimate DALYs and prevalence rates. Trend analysis was done by Joinpoint regression to detect temporal changes in cysticercosis. Future burden projections used the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, forecasting through 2031. The highest prevalence rates of cysticercosis per 100,000 population in the SEA region were recorded in Nepal, followed by Bhutan, and India, however, the trends differed from country to country. There was marked reduction in the disease burden from 1990 to 2021 across SA region, with India and Nepal achieving the highest numerical reductions in prevalence (47.38 and 39.91 respectively). Forecasting suggests a consistent overall reduction in both prevalence (50.55 to 42.14), and DALYs (14.35 to 10.58) from 2022 to 2031 respectively in the SA region. Despite an overall reduction in prevalence and DALYs, disparities in the cysticercosis burden in the different SA countries were observed. The forecasting predicted that though cysticercosis burden is expected to reduce, but it is likely to remain a major public health problem. Thus, the control of the disease will need continued efforts to enhance sanitation, health education, and pig husbandry management, integrated into the national health systems of the countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 103092"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canine intestinal pseudomyiasis by blow flies and first documented case report caused by Lucilia cuprina in Central America","authors":"Sabrina Lazo-Láscarez ,&nbsp;Irene Alvarado-Hidalgo ,&nbsp;Diana Rojas-Araya ,&nbsp;Adriana Troyo ,&nbsp;Olger Calderón-Arguedas","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pseudomyiases occur when vertebrates ingest eggs or larvae of flies that survive gastrointestinal passage and may result in pathological reactions, but they are usually unable to continue their life cycle in the host. Many blow fly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are associated with facultative cutaneous myiasis in humans and animals; however, very few cases of blow fly pseudomyiasis have been published in animals. In this report, two cases of canine pseudomyiasis caused by blow flies are documented, and <em>Lucilia cuprina</em> Wiedemann was confirmed as the species responsible in one of them. It is likely that cases of pseudomyiasis in dogs are being underestimated, so it is important to consider and identify these events as a differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease to prevent recurrences. Recognizing the particularities of blow fly behavior should be a priority for sanitary authorities to establish control strategies and prevent their impact on public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 103084"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemotaxis of Miamiensis avidus to hyaluronic acid, a component of fish surface mucus","authors":"Sang-Hee Kim ,&nbsp;Tadashi Isshiki ,&nbsp;Shin-Ichi Kitamura","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Miamiensis avidus</em> is a marine parasitic ciliate belonging to the order Scuticociliatida, the members of which are the causal agents of scuticociliatosis. This ciliate has resulted in considerable economic losses to the aquaculture industry in the Republic of Korea and Japan. Nevertheless, the development of vaccines and therapeutics has proven to be challenging, and there are currently no reports of such products commercially available in Korea or Japan. Furthermore, the aetiology and pathogenesis of <em>M. avidus</em> infection in fish remain unknown, as do the underlying reasons for the initial infection. Our goal was to investigate the mechanism of infection by examining the chemotactic response of <em>M. avidus</em> to fish tissues. We found that <em>M. avidus</em> exhibited a high degree of chemotaxis towards the tissues, blood, and surface mucus of the olive flounder (<em>Paralichthys olivaceus</em>) specimens used in the experiment. We analyzed the components of olive flounder surface mucus to determine the degree of chemotaxis induced by each component. <em>Miamiensis avidus</em> exhibited pronounced chemosensitivity to hyaluronic acid, one of the constituents. Given the nature of the surface mucus, it is plausible to suggest that it acts as a potent attractant for initial parasitism by scuticociliates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"109 ","pages":"Article 103082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high prevalence of dogs seropositive to Leishmania in Zambia","authors":"Herman M. Chambaro ,&nbsp;Kyoko Hayashida ,&nbsp;Lavel C. Moonga ,&nbsp;Misheck Shawa ,&nbsp;Walter Muleya ,&nbsp;Joseph Chizimu ,&nbsp;David Squarre ,&nbsp;Tatsuki Sugi ,&nbsp;Junya Yamagishi ,&nbsp;Shohei Ogata ,&nbsp;Masahiro Kajihara ,&nbsp;Hirofumi Sawa ,&nbsp;Chizu Sanjoba ,&nbsp;Enala T. Mwase ,&nbsp;Roma Chilengi ,&nbsp;Gilbert H. Munsaka ,&nbsp;Kelvin L. Sarenje ,&nbsp;Namwiinga R. Mulunda ,&nbsp;Mable M. Mutengo ,&nbsp;Boniface Namangala ,&nbsp;Yasuyuki Goto","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Domestic dogs are the main reservoir of <em>Leishmania infantum</em>, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Although the disease is widespread in the world, the burden of visceral or any other disease form of leishmaniasis is poorly documented in Zambia, largely due to lack of surveillance. Recently, three cases of autochthonous canine leishmaniasis (CanL) were reported in Zambia following decades of presumed disease absence. This finding intimated probable disease emergence, raising the need for the identification of infection foci. Thus, in this study, we conducted the first mass serological survey for <em>Leishmania</em> infections in domestic dogs from two densely populated urban areas of Zambia in July 2022. In some of the study sites, seropositivity was up to ∼17 %, suggesting probable presence of <em>Leishmania</em> transmission hot spots. Moreover, on follow-up surveys of seropositive dogs, presence of antileishmanial antibodies was a risk factor for dog survival (relative risk = 7.9; odds ratio = 42.5). Our findings implies that <em>Leishmania</em> infection can be a health issue in domestic dogs in Zambia. Considering the risk of zoonotic transmission, the need for improved disease diagnosis and surveillance in both humans, dogs and sand fly vectors is highlighted in Zambia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103081"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and morphological characterization of Rhabdias luzonensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Sanguirana luzonensis (Boulenger, 1896) (Amphibia: Ranidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines","authors":"Vasyl V. Tkach ,&nbsp;Yuriy Kuzmin ,&nbsp;Rafe M. Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A lung-dwelling nematode <em>Rhabdias luzonensis</em> n. sp. is described based on 6 specimens collected from the Luzon frog, <em>Sanguirana luzonensis</em>, on Luzon Island, Philippines. The new species is readily distinguishable from congeneric nematodes occurring in eastern and south-eastern Asia by the very distinct structure of the buccal capsule which consists of anterior thick-walled portion and posterior thin-walled portion; both parts are similar in length. <em>Rhabdias luzonensis</em> is the third species of the genus described from Philippines and the first species described from amphibians of this archipelago. Phylogenetic relationships of the new species and other <em>Rhabdias</em> spp. have been studied using nuclear rDNA (ITS region + partial 28S gene). Our phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in a clade containing several species originating from disparate geographic regions and demonstrating apparent widespread evolutionary host-switching among several families and even orders of amphibians. Given our discovery of the first <em>Rhabdias</em> specific to Philippine frogs, the remaining 120 species of amphibians (∼80 % endemic) native to this archipelago should be the focus of targeted surveys aimed at characterizing undocumented helminth diversity during future field studies. Partial sequences of mitochondrial cox1 and 12S genes have been generated for the new species and several phylogenetically and geographically closest congeners for the purpose of species differentiation and facilitate molecular species identification in future surveys of Rhabdias biodiversity in the Philippines and other SE Asian archipelagos.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103080"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143907759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New morphological, biological, and molecular insights into Taenia talicei (Cestoda: Taeniidae), adding the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) as definitive hosts, and new records of intermediate hosts in Peru","authors":"Luis A. Gomez-Puerta ,&nbsp;M. Alejandra Rossin ,&nbsp;Joel I. Pacheco ,&nbsp;José M. Angulo-Tisoc ,&nbsp;Armando E. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Taenia talicei</em> is a cestode endemic to South America that was originally described based on its metacestodes. The adult strobilus was described after being obtained through experimental infection in dogs. Despite this, the natural definitive host for this cestode, as well as its genetic information, remained unknown. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of the domestic dog, the Andean fox (<em>Lycalopex culpaeus</em>), and other species of rodents in the life cycle of <em>T. talicei</em>. Molecular analysis of the mitochondrial genes of cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase subunit 1 (<em>cox1</em>) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (<em>nad1</em>) was also carried out in the cestodes. For this, 13 adult cestodes and five metacestodes were collected from a domestic dog (<em>n</em> = 6), an Andean fox (<em>n</em> = 7), a northern viscacha (<em>Lagidium peruanum</em>) (<em>n</em> = 1), a yellow-rumped leaf-eared mouse (<em>Phyllotis xanthopygus</em>) (<em>n</em> = 3), and a robust tuco-tuco (<em>Ctenomys tuconax</em>) (n = 1). Various features of the scolex and rostellar hooks were analyzed using morphological methods. The molecular characterization of <em>cox1</em> and <em>nad1</em> was analyzed by standard PCR protocols. All parasites were identified as <em>T. talicei</em> by looking at their diagnostic features, e.g., size of their rostellar hooks, distribution of testes, and the shape of their metacestodes (fimbriocercus and polycephalic metacestodes). The analysis of the <em>cox1</em> and <em>nad1</em> mitochondrial genes showed 99 % and 100 % identity between them, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that <em>T. talicei</em> is closely related to <em>Taenia polyacantha</em>. Our findings confirm the domestic dog and the Andean fox as the definitive hosts and indicate that <em>T. talicei</em> has both a domestic and wild life cycle, as well as the participation of new species of rodents in their life cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103079"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of wood creosote on anisakiasis: A Japanese traditional medicine as a potential tool against Anisakis larva infection","authors":"Caroline Donzeli Pereira ,&nbsp;Chikako Shimokawa ,&nbsp;Hiromu Sugiyama ,&nbsp;Mitsuko Shiroyama ,&nbsp;Takanori Miura","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anisakiasis has become more widely known because of the increasing popularity of raw fish consumption worldwide; it is the most common form of food poisoning in Japan. This foodborne disease has no specific treatment. Current treatments involve detecting and removing parasites that penetrate the gastric mucosa using endoscopy in medical settings. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wood creosote (WC) on anisakid larval movement and viability <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo.</em> Using two WC concentrations, 0.67 and 6.7 mg/mL, we performed <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> experiments to demonstrate the effect of WC on anisakid larval movement and viability using an infrared locomotion track device and a viability scoring method. <em>In vitro</em>, WC effectively reduced the motility of anisakid larvae by 69.3 % at a recommended dosage of 0.67 mg/mL and killed the larvae at a higher concentration of 6.7 mg/mL. These results were supported by an <em>in vivo</em> experiment in BALB/c mice, in which WC, at both concentrations, reduced the motility of anisakid larvae in infected mice by more than 58.0 %. WC may become an important tool in treating anisakiasis, owing to its rapid and significant inhibitory effect on the movement and viability of anisakid larvae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic potentials of whole and fragmented major egg protein for human schistosomiasis","authors":"Jose Ma M. Angeles ,&nbsp;Yasuyuki Goto ,&nbsp;Minh-Anh Dang-Trinh ,&nbsp;Pilarita T. Rivera ,&nbsp;Elena A. Villacorte ,&nbsp;Shin-ichiro Kawazu","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat shock proteins are known to be antigenic due to their high conservation. A 40 kDa heat shock protein, considered a major egg protein, was identified as a potential candidate antigen for diagnosing schistosomiasis. Consequently, this study aims to evaluate the diagnostic potential of SjMEP-40 for detecting human schistosomiasis. SjMEP-40 was fragmented into three distinct portions—SjMEP-40 N (N-terminal), SjMEP-40 M (middle), and SjMEP-40C (C-terminal)—to determine which segment provides the best diagnostic performance compared to the whole antigen (SjMEP-40 W) for both IgG and IgM detection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze archived samples from various endemic areas in the Philippines, all previously confirmed either positive or negative for <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> infection through microscopy or stool PCR. Additionally, cross-reactivity tests were conducted with other parasitic infections, including paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, and opisthorchiasis. IgG ELISA results revealed that SjMEP-40 M has the sensitivity (82.24 %) and specificity (95.97 %). On the other hand, SjMEP-40 N showed the highest sensitivity (85.5 %) and positivity rates in IgM ELISA with both microscopy and PCR-positive samples. Overall, SjMEP-40 M showed the best diagnostic results for IgG evaluation, whereas SjMEP-40 N is the fragment responsible for antigen detection at the early stage of the disease, as shown by the IgM ELISA results. The fragmented antigens might be useful in differentiating early and chronic disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blastocystis colonization among inland and forest periphery Negritos in Malaysia: The crucial role of sanitation and hygiene practices","authors":"Norfatini Sajidah Rozani ,&nbsp;Mohd Shafiq Aazmi ,&nbsp;Achigili Okau Attah ,&nbsp;Farah Haziqah Meor Termizi ,&nbsp;Shezryna Shahrizal ,&nbsp;Mohd Yusri Idorus ,&nbsp;Azdayanti Muslim","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been an increasing trend in the study of <em>Blastocystis</em> due to its ubiquitous nature, and potential impact on human health. In Malaysia, its prevalence among the undeserved indigenous Orang Asli (OA) population varies widely from 1.7 %- 80.0 %. These huge differences were suggested to be attributed to disparities in living standards, including sanitation and access to treated water status. We investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and subtypes of <em>Blastocystis</em> among the OA Negritos residing in forest periphery villages and the inland jungle settings. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 259 participants and their stool samples were screened microscopically for intestinal parasites and molecular techniques for <em>Blastocystis</em>. Risk factors including the type of village category and <em>Blastocystis</em> subtypes were identified. Of the 259 participants, 40 (15.4 %) were found to be colonized with <em>Blastocystis</em>. Prevalence was higher in the inland (17/81; 21.0 %) than in forest periphery villages (23/178; 12.9 %), but the difference was not statistically significant (<em>P</em> = 0.096). Among the 40 positive individuals, 31 (77.5 %) were co-infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Multivariate analysis identified the unavailability of a household latrine (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), infrequent washing hands after defecation (<em>P</em> = 0.005), having other household members positive with <em>Blastocystis</em> (<em>P</em> = 0.003), individuals from the Bateq subtribe (<em>P</em> = 0.011), and living in inland villages (<em>P</em> = 0.033) as significant predictors of <em>Blastocystis</em> colonization. Three subtypes were identified: ST1, ST2 and ST3 (the most predominant). We highlighted the critical role of hygiene and sanitation practices in the transmission dynamics of <em>Blastocystis</em> rather than type of village category or development status among OA. Continuous health practices, particularly on proper hygienic practices, should be emphasized especially concerning parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 103075"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}