Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Environmental enrichment attenuates maternal separation-induced excessive hoarding behavior in adult female mice","authors":"Yiming Cai ,&nbsp;Ruofan Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Huang ,&nbsp;Huiping Yang ,&nbsp;Ye Liu ,&nbsp;Rui Yang ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiran Liu ,&nbsp;Shu Yan ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Xueyong Yin ,&nbsp;Yang Yu ,&nbsp;Shuai Gao ,&nbsp;Yating Li ,&nbsp;Ye Zhao ,&nbsp;Haishui Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Previous studies have demonstrated that early life stress (ELS) impacts hoarding behavior in adult humans. This study aimed to assess the potential mitigation by environmental enrichment on hoarding behavior in rodents caused by maternal separation, thereby providing insights into therapeutic strategies for hoarding disorder.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Newborn mice were randomly divided into four groups. The control group was allowed to grow naturally. The maternal separation group underwent two weeks of maternal separation. The short-term environmental enrichment group received two weeks of environmental enrichment intervention after the two weeks of maternal separation. The long-term environmental enrichment group received five weeks of environmental enrichment intervention after the two weeks of maternal separation. Hoarding behavior was assessed during adolescence and adulthood. Hippocampal tissue from adult female mice was analyzed using LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. Spearman correlation analysis was then performed to assess the relationship between differentially expressed metabolites and hoarding behavior.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Environmental enrichment attenuates maternal separation-induced excessive hoarding behavior in adult female mice. The untargeted metabolomics of the hippocampal region in female mice showed that long-term environmental enrichment reversed multiple differential metabolites, including Substance P, which were mainly concentrated in metabolic pathways such as cancer choline metabolism, glycolipid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings indicate that ELS and long-term environmental enrichment have sex-dependent effects on adult hoarding behavior, potentially related to altered hippocampal metabolism. This study highlights the importance of environmental enrichment in mitigating the long-term effects of early maternal separation on hoarding behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 173913"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated exposure to ethanol alters memory acquisition and neurotransmission parameters in zebrafish brain","authors":"Guilherme Lodetti ,&nbsp;Samira Leila Baldin ,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Salvador de Farias ,&nbsp;Karolyne de Pieri Pickler ,&nbsp;Amanda Gomes Teixeira ,&nbsp;Eduardo Ronconi Dondossola ,&nbsp;Henrique Teza Bernardo ,&nbsp;Caio Maximino ,&nbsp;Eduardo Pacheco Rico","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alcohol is widely consumed worldwide and its abuse can cause cognitive dysfunction, affecting memory and learning due to several neurophysiological changes. An imbalance in several neurotransmitters, including the cholinergic and glutamatergic systems, have been implicated in these effects. Zebrafish are sensitive to alcohol, respond to reward stimuli, and tolerate and exhibit withdrawal behaviors. Therefore, we investigated the effects of repetitive exposure to ethanol (REE) and the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) on memory acquisition and glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission. Memory was assessed using the inhibitory avoidance and object recognition tasks. Brain glutamate levels and the activity of Na⁺-dependent transporters were evaluated as indexes of glutamatergic activity, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), enzyme activity were evaluated as indexes of cholinergic activity. Behavioral assessments showed that REE impaired aversive and spatial memory, an effect that MK-801 mimicked. Glutamate levels, but not transporter activity, were significantly lower in the REE group; similarly, REE increased the activity of AChE, but not ChAT, activity. These findings suggest that intermittent exposure to ethanol leads to impairments in zebrafish memory consolidation, and that these effects could be associated with alterations in parameters related to neurotransmission systems mediated by glutamate and acetylcholine. These results provide a better understanding of the neurophysiological and behavioral changes caused by repetitive alcohol use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 173915"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From colours to cravings: Exploring conditioned colour preference to ethanol in zebrafish","authors":"Ethan V. Hagen ,&nbsp;Yanbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Trevor J. Hamilton","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conditioned preference paradigms like conditioned colour preference tests (CCP) can be used to investigate addictive drug seeking in zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>), but many aspects of this procedure require further study. Conditioned preference can be tested with either biased or unbiased conditioning methods, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. The present study used unbiased stimuli to test seeking behaviour in ethanol-exposed zebrafish at different durations of drug withdrawal. Zebrafish were exposed to one of two equally preferred colours (red or yellow) while dosed with 0.8 % vol/vol ethanol or with habitat water (controls) for 1 h each day for 21 days. Next, fish experienced withdrawal for either 2-, 4-, or 8-days then were tested in a two-way red and yellow task for 10 min with their movement recorded via motion-tracking software. Fish conditioned to red showed a main effect of ethanol and a significant preference for red compared to yellow at 8-days of withdrawal but not at 2-days or 4-days of withdrawal. Fish conditioned to yellow did not show any colour preference during the 2-, 4-, or 8-days of withdrawal, but did show a main effect of withdrawal duration. This work expands our understanding of CCP paradigms in zebrafish and highlights the capacity of zebrafish to develop an association to red but not yellow under our experimental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 173909"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the alcohol-sleep-hangover relationship in college students using a daily diary approach.","authors":"Neel Muzumdar, Kristina M Jackson, Jennifer F Buckman, Andrea M Spaeth, Alexander W Sokolovsky, Anthony P Pawlak, Helene R White","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This daily diary study expands knowledge of the pharmacological alcohol-sleep relationship using a multilevel modeling approach. The interplay between alcohol and sleep on hangover susceptibility is also explored. College students (n = 337; 52 % female) provided 2976 days of self-reported alcohol use. We regressed sleep duration onto accumulated sleep debt, prior night sleep duration, and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) at bedtime; linear mixed models disaggregated day and person-level effects. Binomial models, assessing days after drinking when eBAC = 0 % versus when eBAC>0 % at waketime, regressed hangover susceptibility onto the same predictors plus sleep duration. More accumulated sleep debt predicted slightly longer same-night sleep. Greater than average bedtime intoxication predicted longer than average same-night sleep when drinking ceased early, but later drinking attenuated the relationship. People who typically stopped drinking later in the night reported typically shorter sleep durations on drinking nights. When waketime eBAC = 0 %, higher eBAC at bedtime and drinking later on a given night predicted greater next-day hangover susceptibility. Typical bedtime eBAC and typically later drinking predicted typically greater hangover susceptibility. When waketime eBAC>0 %, longer sleep duration predicted more likely hangovers. Bedtime eBAC and sleep debt interacted, such that more sleep debt attenuated the positive association between intoxication and next-day hangover susceptibility. Late-night drinking appeared to reduce sleep duration and increase hangover susceptibility. Accumulated sleep debt complicated the alcohol-sleep-hangover relationship. External factors influencing sleep behaviors were not assessed, but the results highlight the need to deconstruct sleep into acute and chronic processes. Future studies should better subdivide physiological processes related to hangovers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"173910"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dusting off old blueprints: Is it time to reconsider metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 for therapeutic drug development?","authors":"Anton Bespalov ,&nbsp;Robert Lütjens ,&nbsp;Dario Doller","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu₂) is a heavily studied therapeutic target in neuropsychiatry for which we anticipate a renewed interest in the near future. We review the rationale and the outcome of clinical trials with mGlu_2/3 receptor agonists in schizophrenia, a field of intense research since a seminal publication by Patel and colleagues (2007). We summarize evidence about selective, potent and safe agents with quantifiable CNS penetration that can be used to test hypotheses of mGlu₂ receptors involvement in neuropsychiatric diseases. We summarize lessons learned from previous programs that should be considered to maximize the probability of success when targeting orthosteric and allosteric enhancement of mGlu₂ receptor function in schizophrenia and beyond. First, we propose expanding our focus beyond presynaptic mGlu₂ receptor stimulation in schizophrenia to novel hypotheses and that the choice of a therapeutic indication no longer be dictated by commercial opportunity but following science as a driver. Second, evidence on internal validity of preclinical studies supporting efficacy claims in the mGlu₂ field is very limited. This gap will need to be closed when reviewing the rationale to re-initiate efforts in this field. Third, the pomaglumetad program was halted due to insufficient clinical efficacy, partly because of the inability to identify a treatment responder population. In preclinical studies, effects of mGlu_2/3 receptor stimulation also seemed to vary significantly between laboratories. Definition of the responsive subject population and development of response-predicting biomarkers is therefore one of the main avenues of further research in the mGlu₂ field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 173908"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conditioned place preference with low dose mixtures of α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats","authors":"Jakob D. Shaykin,&nbsp;Lisa E. Baker","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two common constituents of psychoactive “bath salts”, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and α-pyrrolidinoipentiophenone (α-PVP) belong to a novel class of synthetic chemicals structurally related to the psychostimulant drug, cathinone. Recreational use of MDPV and α-PVP pose serious health risks, which may be exacerbated by concomitant use of both substances. Preclinical psychopharmacology studies have established that MDPV and α-PVP have high abuse liabilities, comparable to that of cocaine and methamphetamine. Whereas polysubstance use is common among recreational users of synthetic cathinones, preclinical behavioral assays can serve to inform potential behavioral health risks of drug mixtures. This study employed a rodent model of conditioned drug reward, conditioned place preference (CPP), to determine if concurrent treatment with MDPV (1 mg/kg) and α-PVP (1 mg/kg) produced stronger locomotor activation or CPP compared to each individual substance. A secondary aim of this study was to assess sex as variable in the behavioral effects of these substances. Females exhibited a stronger response than males to the locomotor stimulant effects of α-PVP and the α-PVP + MDPV mixture. Additionally, the α-PVP + MDPV mixture produced significantly greater increases in activity compared to either drug alone in females. MDPV and the α-PVP + MDPV mixture established CPP in both sexes, whereas α-PVP alone failed to produce CPP in either sex. These results are consistent with previous preclinical study findings that females may be more susceptible to the psychostimulant effects of these synthetic cathinones. Further investigation is warranted to determine the mechanisms responsible for sex differences in the behavioral effects of these drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 173907"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Splenic γδ T cells mediate antidepressant and prophylactic actions of arketamine in lipopolysaccharide-induced depression in mice","authors":"Guilin Liu ,&nbsp;Li Ma ,&nbsp;Akemi Sakamoto ,&nbsp;Lisa Fujimura ,&nbsp;Dan Xu ,&nbsp;Mingming Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiayun Wan ,&nbsp;Rumi Murayama ,&nbsp;Naohiko Anzai ,&nbsp;Kenji Hashimoto","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arketamine, the (<em>R</em>)-enantiomer of ketamine, exhibits both therapeutic and sustained prophylactic effects in an inflammation-driven model of depression, although the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Given the involvement of γδ T cells in inflammatory processes, this study explored their role in the effects of arketamine. To assess therapeutic outcomes, mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS:1.0 mg/kg), followed by either arketamine (10 mg/kg) or saline. For prophylactic assessment, arketamine or saline was administered six days prior to LPS exposure. A single dose of LPS (1.0 mg/kg) reduced the proportion of γδ T cells in the spleen but did not affect their levels in the blood, prefrontal cortex, or small intestine. Arketamine mitigated LPS-induced splenomegaly, counteracted the elevation of plasma interleukin-6 levels and the reduction in the proportion of splenic γδ T cells, and alleviated depression-like behavior as assessed by the forced swimming test. Notably, negative correlations were observed between the proportion of splenic γδ T cells and indicators of inflammation and depression. Furthermore, pretreatment with a γδ TCR antibody significantly countered the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of arketamine on LPS-induced changes. These findings highlight a novel role for splenic γδ T cells in inflammation-associated depression and suggest the potential of arketamine as a treatment option. Consequently, γδ T cells may represent a novel therapeutic target for inflammation-related depression. Further studies on the role of γδ T cells in depressed patients with inflammation are warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 173906"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mescaline-induced behavioral alterations are mediated by 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in rats","authors":"Lucie Olejníková-Ladislavová ,&nbsp;Michaela Fujáková-Lipski ,&nbsp;Klára Šíchová ,&nbsp;Hynek Danda ,&nbsp;Kateřina Syrová ,&nbsp;Jiří Horáček ,&nbsp;Tomáš Páleníček","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Rationale</h3><div>Mescaline is a classical psychedelic compound with a phenylethylamine structure that primarily acts on serotonin 5-HT2A/C receptors, but also binds to 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B receptors. Despite being the first psychedelic ever isolated and synthesized, the precise role of different serotonin receptor subtypes in its behavioral pharmacology is not fully understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>In this study, we aimed to investigate how selective antagonists of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A receptors affect the behavioral changes induced by subcutaneous administration of mescaline (at doses of 10, 20, and 100 mg/kg) in rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used adult male Wistar rats in all our experiments. We evaluated locomotor activity using the open field test, and assessed sensorimotor gating deficits by measuring prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reaction (ASR).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>While the highest dose of mescaline induced hyperlocomotion (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), which almost all the other antagonists reversed (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05–0.001), the PPI deficits were selectively normalized by the 5-HT2A antagonist (p &lt; 0.05–0.01). The 5-HT2C antagonist partially reversed the small PPI deficit induced by lower doses of mescaline (<em>p</em> = 0.0017).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings suggest that mescaline-induced changes in behavior are primarily mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor subtype, with less pronounced contributions from the 5-HT2C receptor. The other antagonists had limited effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 173903"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142639073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baseline-dependent enhancement of working memory by memantine in male rats: Involvement of NMDA receptor subunits and CaMKII signaling","authors":"Shuo-Fu Chen ,&nbsp;Wan-Ju Cheng ,&nbsp;Chih-Chang Chao ,&nbsp;Chun-Hsien Kuo ,&nbsp;Ruey-Ming Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>N</em>-methyl-<span>d</span>-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, activated by glutamate, play a crucial role in learning and memory. Memantine (MEM), a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, is currently prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or dementia, which meanwhile simultaneously promotes a need to clarify its potential pro-cognitive effects that exist in normal healthy individuals. However, the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying the cognitive improvement by MEM in normal individuals remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to assess the effects of MEM on working memory, measured by a discrete paired-trial delay alternation task in a T-maze in normal male rats. The impacts of MEM were hypothesized to vary depending on different baseline levels of working memory performance. Neurochemical examination of the levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (CaMKII) and NMDA receptor subunits within five targeted brain regions was conducted after behavioral tests. The results showed that acute administration of MEM enhanced working memory performance, with 2.5, 5.0, and 10 mg/kg doses increasing task accuracy compared to the vehicle, particularly in low performers. Neurochemically, the protein expression of CaMKII in the amygdala and that of the glutamate (Glu) N2A subunit in the dorsal striatum were greater in the low-performance group than in the high-performance group. Additionally, the protein expression of the GluN2A subunit in the dorsal striatum was negatively associated with task performance at baseline. The expression of GluN1 and GluN2B in the nucleus accumbens was negatively associated with task performance in the retest three weeks after drug treatment. These findings underscore the baseline-dependent improvement of working memory resulting from MEM administration, with observed drug effects associated with alterations in the levels of NMDA receptor subunits in striatal subareas and CaMKII in the amygdala.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 173904"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANXIOLYTICS: Introduction to a special issue celebrating 50 years of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior","authors":"Jeffrey M. Witkin ,&nbsp;James E. Barrett","doi":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173905","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19893,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 173905"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}