Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences最新文献_第2页

Tension in the solar energetic proton paradigm for historical cosmogenic nuclide events. 历史宇宙核素事件的太阳能量质子范式中的张力。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0291

Ed Cliver, Hugh Hudson, Lyndsay Fletcher

{"title":"Tension in the solar energetic proton paradigm for historical cosmogenic nuclide events.","authors":"Ed Cliver, Hugh Hudson, Lyndsay Fletcher","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2025.0291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2025.0291","url":null,"abstract":"'Miyake events' are exceptional increases in atmospheric 14C recorded in tree rings that, if confirmed, are accompanied by simultaneous 10Be and 36Cl enhancements in ice cores. During the last 15 000 years, six such events have been confirmed. They are generally thought to originate in solar flares that produce strong high-energy solar proton events. The 774 CE Miyake event is currently estimated to have been produced by a flare with a soft X-ray (SXR) flare classification of X430. A recently constructed size distribution of SXR events from 1975 to 2022 permits an estimate of the 'return time' for any given SXR event. We extrapolate the observed distribution to obtain a flare return time of ⋟106 years for all six of the Miyake events. We examine various possibilities (e.g. overestimates of greater than 200 MeV proton fluences, episodes of multiple smaller flares) to reduce the tension between the estimated long return (waiting) times for these extreme flares and the 15 000-year observation interval. We conclude that the most likely explanation for the inferred outsized proton events is a yet unknown Dragon-King type mechanism or scenario that can increase high-energy solar proton fluences in certain events by one to two orders of magnitude. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events'.","PeriodicalId":19879,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"384 2329","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ice-core cosmogenic radionuclides support the occurrence of an extreme solar particle storm 5259 BCE (7208 years BP). 冰芯宇宙放射性核素支持极端太阳粒子风暴5259 BCE（7208年BP）的发生。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0347

Chiara I Paleari, Florian Mekhaldi, Marcus Christl, Philip Gautschi, Christof Vockenhuber, Emma Anderberg, Jürg Beer, Grant Raisbeck, Francoise Yiou, Nicholas Brehm, Lukas Wacker, Frank Wilhelms, Raimund Muscheler

{"title":"Ice-core cosmogenic radionuclides support the occurrence of an extreme solar particle storm 5259 BCE (7208 years BP).","authors":"Chiara I Paleari, Florian Mekhaldi, Marcus Christl, Philip Gautschi, Christof Vockenhuber, Emma Anderberg, Jürg Beer, Grant Raisbeck, Francoise Yiou, Nicholas Brehm, Lukas Wacker, Frank Wilhelms, Raimund Muscheler","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2025.0347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2025.0347","url":null,"abstract":"A prominent rapid increase in radiocarbon from tree rings has been detected in 5259 BCE (7208 years BP). In this study, we present 10Be and 36Cl data from the NGRIP and the GRIP ice cores from Greenland, and the EDML ice core from Antarctica around the 14C excursion. The ice-core radionuclide data show an increase consistent with the occurrence of an extreme solar energetic particle (SEP) event. The 10Be data show the event was of a similar magnitude as the extreme SEP event of 7176 BCE (9125 years BP), in agreement with previously published 14C data. Using all ice-core radionuclide data, we show that the event was characterized by a fluence above 200 MeV comparable with that of other extreme SEP events detected in radionuclide records. In addition, the detection of the SEP event in both tree-ring and ice-core records provides an important time-marker to synchronize the ice-core and tree-ring chronologies. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events'.","PeriodicalId":19879,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"384 2329","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

36Cl concentrations from polar ice cores set new constraints on the Carrington event. 来自极地冰芯的36Cl浓度为卡灵顿事件设定了新的限制。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0257

Florian Mekhaldi, Chiara I Paleari, Andrew M Smith, Ala Aldahan, Jürg Beer, Marcus Christl, Christof Vockenhuber, Hisashi Hayakawa, Mark Curran, Tobias Erhardt, Christopher Plummer, Krista Simon, Klaus Wilcken, Minjie Zheng, Raimund Muscheler

{"title":"36Cl concentrations from polar ice cores set new constraints on the Carrington event.","authors":"Florian Mekhaldi, Chiara I Paleari, Andrew M Smith, Ala Aldahan, Jürg Beer, Marcus Christl, Christof Vockenhuber, Hisashi Hayakawa, Mark Curran, Tobias Erhardt, Christopher Plummer, Krista Simon, Klaus Wilcken, Minjie Zheng, Raimund Muscheler","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2025.0257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2025.0257","url":null,"abstract":"The Carrington event of 1859 CE is considered one of the largest geomagnetic storms of the observational era and often used as a benchmark for a worst-case scenario. Yet, there exists no robust evidence of an associated solar energetic particle (SEP) event of a significant magnitude, based on measurements of cosmogenic radionuclides 10Be and 14C from ice cores and tree rings, respectively. In this study, we present two 36Cl records from Greenland with 2- and 4-year resolution from the EGRIP and NGRIP ice core sites, together with semi-annual 10Be data from EGRIP, as well as annual 10Be and 36Cl concentrations from the Dome Summit Site, Law Dome, East Antarctica. We observe no significant 36Cl concentration increase around 1859 CE in the three records. This allows us to rule out an extreme SEP event hitting Earth associated with the Carrington event in terms of fluence above 30 MeV. Based on these ice core 36Cl measurements, we can suggest two scenarios: (i) a soft SEP event with a maximum fluence above 30 MeV up to three times larger than any Space Age event or (ii) the possibility that there was no Earth-bound SEP event. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events'.","PeriodicalId":19879,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"384 2329","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Empirical flare energy limits for the largest historical sunspots. 历史上最大太阳黑子的经验耀斑能量极限。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0290

Natalie Krivova, Theodosios Chatzistergos, Maria Kazachenko, Emre Işık

{"title":"Empirical flare energy limits for the largest historical sunspots.","authors":"Natalie Krivova, Theodosios Chatzistergos, Maria Kazachenko, Emre Işık","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2025.0290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2025.0290","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme solar particle events (ESPEs) reveal that the Sun can occasionally produce eruptions significantly more energetic than those observed in the modern era. These events are thought to originate from powerful coronal mass ejections (CMEs), typically associated with large solar flares triggered by magnetic field reconnection in complex active regions (ARs). Stellar observations indicate that Sun-like stars can host 'superflares' exceeding 1034 erg roughly once per century, yet it remains uncertain whether the Sun can reach such flare energies. We empirically estimate the upper limit of solar flare energies using statistical relations between flare-ribbon areas and released energy derived from modern observations. By extrapolating these upper-envelope relations to the largest sunspot group recorded since 1859-the Great Sunspot of 8 April 1947-we find that exceptionally large and complex solar ARs could, in principle, produce flares with bolometric energies of a few ×1034 erg. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events'.","PeriodicalId":19879,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"384 2329","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Challenges and opportunities for the construction of the next IntCal and SHCal radiocarbon calibration curves. 构建下一个IntCal和SHCal放射性碳校准曲线的挑战和机遇。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0265

Timothy J Heaton, Alex Bayliss, Maarten Blaauw, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, E Marian Scott

{"title":"Challenges and opportunities for the construction of the next IntCal and SHCal radiocarbon calibration curves.","authors":"Timothy J Heaton, Alex Bayliss, Maarten Blaauw, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, E Marian Scott","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2025.0265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2025.0265","url":null,"abstract":"Radiocarbon (14C) provides the most frequently used approach to dating the last 55 000 years. However, owing to fluctuations in past levels of 14C, all radiocarbon dating requires calibration to convert the 14C measurement obtained from a sample into a calendar age. This is achieved by comparing the sample's 14C determination against a suitable calibration curve constructed from 14C measurements of reference samples that have known, or independently estimated, calendar age. The internationally agreed standards for these 14C calibration curves are provided by the IntCal working group, which ensures comparability between derived chronologies. The IntCal curves are periodically updated as significant new reference 14C datasets and Earth system insights become available. Since the last IntCal update in 2020, we have seen a substantial increase in the volume of reference 14C datasets available for use in calibration curve construction, in particular, measurements of annual growth rings in trees that represent individual calendar years. The rapid increase in reference 14C datasets provides exciting new opportunities for the radiocarbon community, but also presents challenges to ensure that 14C calibration remains reliable and accurate for all users. In this paper, we present some of these challenges and opportunities, and discuss some of the ideas under consideration for the next set of IntCal curve updates, which are planned to be released within the next year. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events'.","PeriodicalId":19879,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"384 2329","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Radiation doses during extreme solar energetic particle events. 极端太阳高能粒子事件期间的辐射剂量。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0259

Silvia Dalla, Konstantin Herbst, Raimund Muscheler, Mathew J Owens

{"title":"Radiation doses during extreme solar energetic particle events.","authors":"Silvia Dalla, Konstantin Herbst, Raimund Muscheler, Mathew J Owens","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2025.0259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2025.0259","url":null,"abstract":"Ions and electrons accelerated to high energies during flares and coronal mass ejections at the Sun may escape the solar atmosphere and, guided by the interplanetary magnetic fields, propagate through space to near-Earth locations. These Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) can be detected directly by spacecraft instrumentation. The highest energy SEPs may also propagate through the geomagnetic field and precipitate to low atmospheric heights, producing secondary particles including neutrons and protons that trigger the formation of cosmogenic radionuclides. The space weather effects associated with the SEP ion population (for the most part protons) consist principally of radiation risk to aviation, humans in space and spacecraft. This paper focuses on the risks to aviation and astronauts and emphasizes how the parameters of the SEP event, including fluence and spectrum, affect radiation doses. Space weather effects for events that took place in recent decades, for which a large body of measurements and models exist, are discussed. SEP events of extreme magnitudes, such as those extrapolated from radionuclide data from the distant past are then considered and first estimates of the associated radiation at aviation altitudes and in space presented. These are worst-case estimates derived within the assumption that the radionuclide spike was caused by a single SEP event and that the particle spectrum and geomagnetic conditions were the same during all events. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events'.","PeriodicalId":19879,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"384 2329","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The first four ground-level enhancements in the 1940s: investigation, digitization and analysis of forgotten data. 20世纪40年代的前四个基层改进：调查、数字化和对被遗忘数据的分析。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0346

Hisashi Hayakawa, Stepan Poluianov, Sergey Koldobskiy, Aleksander Mishev, Nicholas Larsen, Inna Usoskina, Ilya Usoskin

{"title":"The first four ground-level enhancements in the 1940s: investigation, digitization and analysis of forgotten data.","authors":"Hisashi Hayakawa, Stepan Poluianov, Sergey Koldobskiy, Aleksander Mishev, Nicholas Larsen, Inna Usoskina, Ilya Usoskin","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2025.0346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2025.0346","url":null,"abstract":"Intense solar eruptions occasionally accelerate solar energetic particles (SEPs) and trigger ground-level enhancements (GLEs). Among the 77 known GLEs, the first four #1- 4, in the 1940s, took place before the advent of the standard neutron monitors (NMs) and were missing from the International GLE Database (IGLED). This data gap challenged their quantification. To overcome this difficulty, we systematically gathered, digitized and quantified contemporaneous cosmic-ray records pertaining to these GLEs. These data allow us to reconstruct the GLE temporal evolution with 1-15 minute resolutions and broaden their geographical coverage to a global scale. GLEs #1 and #3 exhibited gradual increases in their rise times, measured at 45±15 and 105±15 minutes, respectively. By contrast, GLEs #2 and #4 both exhibited abrupt increases of 15±15 minutes. We also compared integral ionization increase on the standard ionization chambers (ICs) and their local geomagnetic cut-off rigidities Pc to qualitatively compare GLE spectral hardness: Our result indicates that their spectra are extremely hard for GLEs #2 and #4 and mildly hard for GLEs #1 and #3. GLE #3 showed the greatest integral ionizations for polar detectors among them. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events'.","PeriodicalId":19879,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"384 2329","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Radiocarbon production and cosmic radiation events: current state of the evidence. 放射性碳的产生和宇宙辐射事件：证据的现状。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0262

Michael Dee, Margot Kuitems, Mathew Owens, Benjamin Pope

引用次数: 0

Radiocarbon dating with cosmic radiation events: problems and unexplored possibilities. 宇宙辐射事件的放射性碳定年法：问题和未探索的可能性。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0263

Bente Philippsen, Helene L Svarva, Martin Seiler

引用次数: 0

Assessing uncertainties in the numerical modelling of cosmogenic radionuclide production. 评估宇宙起源放射性核素产生数值模拟中的不确定性。

IF 3.7 3区综合性期刊

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Pub Date : 2026-09-10 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2025.0348

Konstantin Herbst, Silvia Dalla, N Eugene Engelbrecht, Raimund Muscheler, Mathew Owens, Minjie Zheng

{"title":"Assessing uncertainties in the numerical modelling of cosmogenic radionuclide production.","authors":"Konstantin Herbst, Silvia Dalla, N Eugene Engelbrecht, Raimund Muscheler, Mathew Owens, Minjie Zheng","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2025.0348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2025.0348","url":null,"abstract":"The terrestrial production of cosmogenic radionuclides such as 10Be, 14C and 36Cl is triggered by spallation reactions of high-energy particles with atmospheric constituents such as oxygen, nitrogen and argon. After being produced and transported within the atmosphere, these radionuclides are deposited in natural archives, storing, for example, solar information over thousands of years. Therefore, records of 10Be, 14C and 36Cl can be used to reconstruct solar activity back in time. However, to understand the underlying physical processes that dominate production and interpret the observations, numerical modelling is crucial. Here, we shall discuss the dependencies of the numerically derived production rates on a variety of factors that include the effects of the choice of the local interstellar spectrum (LIS), the geomagnetic field and the production cross-sections available in the literature. We show that the investigated factors have modest to significant impacts on the modelled production rates of cosmogenic radionuclides and identify the discrepancies in the available cross-sections as the most crucial factor. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon and cosmic radiation events'.","PeriodicalId":19879,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","volume":"384 2329","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0