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Societal Impact in Research Collaborations beyond the Boundaries of Science 超越科学界限的研究合作的社会影响
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00593
Inkeri Koskinen
{"title":"Societal Impact in Research Collaborations beyond the Boundaries of Science","authors":"Inkeri Koskinen","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00593","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research collaborations beyond the boundaries of science—such as transdisciplinary, participatory or co-research projects—usually aim at increasing the societal impact of the research conducted. In the literature discussing such collaborations, as well as in science policy endorsing them, it is generally assumed that the wanted societal impact is achieved through exchange that contributes to knowledge production and to the results of the research. However, collaboration beyond the boundaries of science can help a research project reach its societal impact goals even if it does not contribute to the epistemic outcomes of the project at all. Instead, other kinds of contributions from the extra-academic partners, and what the extra-academic partners receive from the collaboration, can be crucial. Recognizing this helps us to better understand existing practices, and to identify potentially interesting forms of collaboration beyond the boundaries of science.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"07 1","pages":"744-770"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83241309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Latour on Politics: Political Turn in Epistemology or Ontological Turn in Politics? 论政治的拉图尔:认识论的政治转向还是政治的本体论转向?
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00583
Noemí Sanz Merino
{"title":"Latour on Politics: Political Turn in Epistemology or Ontological Turn in Politics?","authors":"Noemí Sanz Merino","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00583","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract According to some authors, Latour’s attention to politics during the last decades is the result of his proposing a different approach to politics that entails, with respect to his overall project, one of two situations. Either his epistemological proposal has suffered a “normative turn”—which necessarily breaks with the previous assumptions of Actor-Network Theory (ANT); or, if ANT’s view on technosciences remains valid, his political proposal becomes not possible as a new normative approach. In this paper, I will focus on the critique voiced by John Law, as well as Graham Harman. I will argue that this is a false dilemma because there has not been a change in Latour’s conceptual basis, nor a lack of coherence within his thought that would undermine the democratic commitment of his Political Epistemology. I will justify this by exposing the fact that Latour’s overall project, as part of Science Studies, has not lately followed a “political” but an “ontological” turn, which has been underling his works since the very beginning of ANT.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"76 1","pages":"119-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77046535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Reinvigorating the Nineteenth Century Scientific Method: A Peirce-pective on Science 重振19世纪的科学方法:皮尔斯对科学的看法
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00605
Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen, Majid D. Beni
{"title":"Reinvigorating the Nineteenth Century Scientific Method: A Peirce-pective on Science","authors":"Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen, Majid D. Beni","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00605","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper proposes to recover the topic of the philosophy of scientific method from its late nineteenth-century roots. The subject matter of scientific method sprouted from key inferential ingredients identified by Charles Peirce. In this paper, the historical path is traversed from the viewpoint of contemporary Cognitive Structural Realism (CSR). Peirce’s semiotic theory of methods and practices of scientific inquiry prefigured CSR’s reliance on embodied informational structures and experimentation upon forms of relations that model generic scientific domains. Three results are shown to follow from this convocation: (i) a naturalization of Peirce’s interconnected abductive, deductive and inductive stages of the logic of science, here characterized de novo in terms of CSR. (ii) a perspective to scientific modeling that incorporates processes of abstraction and generalization as originated from Peirce’s logic of science, and (iii) diagrammatic reasoning as a pivotal method in analyzing scientific reasoning in experimental practices.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135501070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Constitutional Ecology of Practices. Bringing Law, Robots and Epigrams into Latourian Cosmopolitics 实践的宪政生态。将法律、机器人和警句带入拉图里亚的世界政治
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00585
N. van Dijk
{"title":"Constitutional Ecology of Practices. Bringing Law, Robots and Epigrams into Latourian Cosmopolitics","authors":"N. van Dijk","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00585","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the role of constitutional thought in Latour’s work on cosmopolitics. It will study his non-modern proposal in the Politics of Nature (2004) and argue for a constitutional rather than political understanding. To address criticisms of being too metaphysical or unpractical, we will work out the notion of a “constitutional ecology of practices” to highlight how different practices such as politics, science, organization, but also law, all contribute to the design of the stage and processes for composing a common world. Special focus will here be placed on the role of “epigrams”: practical models for ordering contributions of different practices or modes in hierarchical relationships. This renders them identifiable, mobilizable, and contestable as cross-cutting models for shaping mutual relations in concrete collaborative settings. The case of the legal regulation of robots will be presented as an example of a cosmopolitical attempt to introduce non-human entities in the common collective. We will here observe the role that epigrams play in framing, ordering and contesting the epistemic contributions of the various practices involved in this innovation ecology. This case will be used to discuss Latour’s proposals and to study non-modern constitutionalism in action.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"159-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75469249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Actor Network Theory and Sensing Governance: From Causation to Correlation 行动者网络理论与感知治理:从因果关系到相关关系
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00584
D. Chandler
{"title":"Actor Network Theory and Sensing Governance: From Causation to Correlation","authors":"D. Chandler","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00584","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article is organized in four sections. The first section introduces sensing governance in terms of the governance of effects rather than causation, focusing on the work of Bruno Latour in establishing the problematic of contingent interaction, rather than causal depth, as key to emergent effects, which can be unexpected and catastrophic. The second section considers in more depth how sensing governance enables politics by other means through putting greater emphasis on relations of interaction, rather than on ontologies of being, and links the methodological approach of sensing governance closely to actor network assumptions that disavow structures of causation. The final two sections analyze how correlation works to reveal new agencies and processes of emergence and how new technologies have been deployed in this area, providing some examples of how the shift from causal relations to sensing effects has begun to alter governmental approaches.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"139-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89159765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bruno Latour’s Science Is Politics By Other Means: Between Politics and Ontology 布鲁诺·拉图尔的《科学是另一种方式的政治:在政治与本体论之间》
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00579
È. Seguin, Laurent-Olivier Lord
{"title":"Bruno Latour’s Science Is Politics By Other Means: Between Politics and Ontology","authors":"È. Seguin, Laurent-Olivier Lord","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00579","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “Science Is Politics By Other Means” (SIPBOM) was coined in The Pasteurization of France, Latour’s 1984 empirical study of the birth of microbiology. Yet, it encapsulates an outstanding political theory of science that Latour has never formalized and that has remained unnoticed to this day. The theory is comprised of two dimensions. The first one is the ontological labor performed by science, that is, the laboratory production of new nonhumans. The second one is the ability of science to devise and implement novel policies targeted at the new beings it produces. These “other means” are incorporated in political projects and contribute to the shaping of society. Fifteen years later, Latour published Politics of Nature ([1999] 2004), a full-blown political treatise equally devoted to the political character of science. It would be mistaken, however, to assume that it falls in the same SIPBOM paradigm as the Pasteur study. The compositionist theory it offers redefines politics as the institution of the nonhumans that make up external reality, a task that has traditionally been monopolized by Science. In this sense, “science is politics by other means” has become “politics is science by other means,” these “other means” now referring to “cosmopolitics,” that is, the due process advocated by compositionism. The first claim of the present paper is that the respective weight ascribed to politics and ontology is different in The Pasteurization of France and in Politics of Nature. The second claim is that compositionism is not as successful as Latour’s early theory to account for the politicity of science.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"78 1","pages":"9-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84052113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Attending to Latour’s Militaristic Rhetoric and Politics “With Other Means” 论拉图尔的军国主义修辞与政治“用其他手段”
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00581
L. Nelson
{"title":"Attending to Latour’s Militaristic Rhetoric and Politics “With Other Means”","authors":"L. Nelson","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00581","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While much has been written on Latour’s politics and use of militaristic language, by attending to some of Latour’s lesser known or read writings, his political location within the traditional Left-Right spectrum becomes more discernable, as does the reason for his frequent resort to the language of war. This article does not seek to defend Latour’s politics or rhetoric, but to provide a corrective by incorporating, rather than taking distance from, his use of militaristic language. Doing so reveals an understanding of Latour’s project as having always been—if not traditionally Left—charting a different Leftist approach.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"57-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88224968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
How Do Technological Systems Define Who War Victims Are? 技术系统如何定义谁是战争受害者?
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00586
María Belén Albornoz, J. A. J. Becerra
{"title":"How Do Technological Systems Define Who War Victims Are?","authors":"María Belén Albornoz, J. A. J. Becerra","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00586","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In a range of peace process scenarios, the expert’s knowledge has become a fundamental tool for generating information systems as a mechanism for the storage and circulation of data. These information artifacts are supposed to faithfully document situations of human rights violations and contribute to the design of public policy and the construction of collective memory. Following Latour’s (1993) original coinage of the term coproduction, this paper analyzes how the Inter-Institutional System of Information for Justice and Peace (SIIJYP)1 was designed to define victims of war and means of reparation from the State in Colombia. From an actor network theory perspective, we explain how victimizers become the main beneficiaries of the application of the SIIJYP. To comprehend this unintended social impact of the technological artifact and how it becomes an artifact that functions as an aseptic mediator of the historical-judicial truth, and the policy of transitional justice, we examine the relations between human and nonhuman actors, how information is collected, organized, hierarchized, and negotiated, as well as the consequences of the technical and legal construction of the notion of victims of war.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"186-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85224763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Politicizing Algorithms by Other Means: Toward Inquiries for Affective Dissensions 通过其他方式将算法政治化:对情感纠纷的询问
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00582
Florian Jaton, D. Vinck
{"title":"Politicizing Algorithms by Other Means: Toward Inquiries for Affective Dissensions","authors":"Florian Jaton, D. Vinck","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00582","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we build upon Bruno Latour’s political writings to address the current impasse regarding algorithms in public life. We assert that the increasing difficulties at governing algorithms—be they qualified as “machine learning,” “big data,” or “artificial intelligence”—can be related to their current ontological thinness: deriving from constricted views on theoretical practices, algorithms’ standard definition as problem-solving computerized methods provides poor grips for affective dissensions. We then emphasize on the role historical and ethnographic studies of algorithms can potentially play in the politicization of algorithms. By both digging into the genealogy of algorithms’ constricted definition and by making their contemporary constitutive relationships more visible, both historical and ethnographic studies can contribute to vascularizing algorithms and making them objects of enlarged disputes. We conclude by giving a flavor of the political potential of the vascularization efforts we call for, using materials from an ethnographic study conducted in a computer science laboratory.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"17 1","pages":"84-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78403926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Introduction: Science Is Politics By Other Means Revisited 引言:科学是政治的另一种形式
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_e_00578
È. Seguin, D. Vinck
{"title":"Introduction: Science Is Politics By Other Means Revisited","authors":"È. Seguin, D. Vinck","doi":"10.1162/posc_e_00578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_e_00578","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the past forty years, Bruno Latour’s claim that Science Is Politics By Other Means (SIPBOM) has been the underlying creed of Science and Technology Studies (STS), most of us simply taking it for granted. In contrast, this special issue is predicated on the observation of an enduring lack of exegesis of this catchphrase so remarkable that is has caused an outcry among natural scientists, echoed in some social science quarters. If SIPBOM has been a resource for decades, by turning it into a topic this special issue revisits one of the most exciting and challenging insights of contemporary thought.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"280 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77117063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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