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Pierre Janet: A psychological reading of Maine de Biran’s theory of the unconscious 皮埃尔·珍妮特:梅因·德·比兰无意识理论的心理学解读
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00601
D. Vincenti
{"title":"Pierre Janet: A psychological reading of Maine de Biran’s theory of the unconscious","authors":"D. Vincenti","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00601","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper aims to analyze Pierre Janet’s interpretation of Maine de Biran’s notion of the “unconscious” through a comparative study between L’automatisme psychologique (1889) and some Biranian writings devoted to the problem of pure affections. The objective is to question whether Janet’s psychological reading of this very notion had been faithful to Biran’s intentions, and to understand what kind of Biranism Janet is referring to when dealing with the problem of the unconscious.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"302 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79681371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Proust on the Subconscious: Psychic splitting, Half-sleep, and Metempsychosis 普鲁斯特论潜意识:精神分裂、半睡半醒和轮回
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00602
M. Piazza
{"title":"Proust on the Subconscious: Psychic splitting, Half-sleep, and Metempsychosis","authors":"M. Piazza","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00602","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This contribution explores the concept of the unconscious as articulated by Proust in his À la recherche du temps perdu and in a series of documents and texts that preceded it. It aims at understanding whether and to what extent Proust can be placed on a line of French thought that begins with the work of Maine de Biran and culminates in the reception of Biranism by French alienists, that is doctors specialized in the study of mental alienation, in the second half of the nineteenth century. This type of interpretation of Biran’s doctrine is attuned to the increasing attention which, at the time of Proust’s education, was given to the unconscious and to the idea that, alongside the conscious self, there is an unconscious self, understood as a secondary personality that can manifest itself in the life of the individual in both normal and pathological ways. Following the interpretative path pursued in Piazza (1997; 2017), Bizub (2006) and Fraisse (2013), this article takes into account both Proust₡s secondary and university education and his familiarity with experimental psychology, to which he was introduced by his father.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75470842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coenesthesia or the Immediate Feeling of Existence: Maine de Biran and the Problem of the Unconscious between Physiology and Philosophy 通感或存在的直接感觉:梅因·德·比兰和生理学与哲学之间的无意识问题
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00598
Alessandra Aloisi
{"title":"Coenesthesia or the Immediate Feeling of Existence: Maine de Biran and the Problem of the Unconscious between Physiology and Philosophy","authors":"Alessandra Aloisi","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00598","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The term “coenesthesia” was introduced at the end of the 18th century by the German physiologist Johann Christian Reil to designate the general perception of the living body through the nerves disseminated in it. Over the course of the 19th century, this notion circulated widely not only in Germany, but also in France, where it was developed in particular by Théodule Ribot. However, a good sixty years before Ribot, Maine de Biran had already employed the notion of “coenesthesia” to indicate the “immediate feeling of existence”, which he distinguishes from the apperception of the self in relation to the body. What Biran emphasizes, in his philosophical appropriation of “coenesthesia”, is the impersonal and mostly unconscious nature of this feeling, which nevertheless never leaves us and plays a key role in the shaping of our personal and conscious life, unnoticeably influencing the course of our ideas, our character, and the emotional tone of our perception of the world. The purpose of this article is to study Biran’s philosophical use of the notion of “coenesthesia” in the last phase of his philosophical reflection (1823–1824) in relation to the emergence of the problem of the unconscious.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73366388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tics, Slips of the tongue and Habit between Maine de Biran and Victor Egger 缅因州·德·比兰和维克多·埃格之间的口误、口误和习惯
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00600
Sofia Sandreschi de Robertis
{"title":"Tics, Slips of the tongue and Habit between Maine de Biran and Victor Egger","authors":"Sofia Sandreschi de Robertis","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00600","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article compares the phenomena of tic and slip of the tongue [lapsus] as they have been described by Maine de Biran and Victor Egger, including a possible reception of Biran’s thought by Egger. In the 20th century these phenomena will be analysed by psychoanalysis, but their first description appears in nineteenth-century French philosophy. Starting from the analysis of Biran’s tics and Egger’s slips, the extent to which the concept of habit is linked, since the nineteenth century, to a reflection on the unconscious emerges. Tic and slip of the tongue constitute, each in its own way, the place where habit exhibits its most peculiar characteristic, that of being always suspended in the dual dialectic of the voluntary and the involuntary, of the conscious and the unconscious. Maine de Biran’s habit tics underline the tendency set by habit for which voluntary and conscious actions become involuntary and unconscious, whereas Egger defines slip of the tongue as an involuntary and unconscious event that allows the birth of new habits.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76238510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Use and Plagiarism of Descartes’s Traité de l’homme by Henricus Regius: A Reassessment 亨利库斯·雷古斯对笛卡儿《人物论》的使用与抄袭:再评
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00587
Andrea Strazzoni
{"title":"The Use and Plagiarism of Descartes’s Traité de l’homme by Henricus Regius: A Reassessment","authors":"Andrea Strazzoni","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00587","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article I discuss a particular aspect of the Dutch reception of the ideas of René Descartes, namely the use of his Traité de l’homme by Henricus Regius. I analyze the use that Regius made of the theory of the movement of muscles, passions, hunger, and more generally of the neurophysiology expounded by Descartes in his book (not printed until 1662–1664). In my analysis, I reconstruct the internal evolution of Regius’s neurophysiology, I illustrate its sources beyond Descartes (i.e., Jean Fernel and Santorio Santorio), and I show that he was certainly acquainted with some of its contents as early as 1641 (when he used it with the mediation of Descartes), before relying on it—as variously discussed in secondary literature—in his Fundamenta physices (1646), when he appropriated from it without Descartes’s authorization.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"627-683"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80294342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Methodological and Cognitive Biases in Science: Issues for Current Research and Ways to Counteract Them 科学中的方法论和认知偏差:当前研究的问题和解决方法
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00589
Manuela Fernández Pinto
{"title":"Methodological and Cognitive Biases in Science: Issues for Current Research and Ways to Counteract Them","authors":"Manuela Fernández Pinto","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00589","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Arguments discrediting the value-free ideal of science have left us with the question of how to distinguish desirable values from biases that compromise the reliability of research. In this paper, I argue for a characterization of cognitive biases as deviations of thought processes that systematically lead scientists to the wrong conclusions. In particular, cognitive biases could help us understand a crucial issue in science today: how systematic error is introduced in research outcomes, even when research is evaluated as of good quality. To conclude, I suggest that some debiasing mechanisms have great potential for countering implicit methodological biases in science.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"535-554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90673739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Promises of Complexity Sciences: A Critique 复杂性科学的承诺:批判
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00592
Fabrizio Li Vigni
{"title":"The Promises of Complexity Sciences: A Critique","authors":"Fabrizio Li Vigni","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00592","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Complexity sciences have become famous worldwide thanks to several popular books that served as echo chambers of their promises. These consisted in departing from “classical science” defined as deterministic, reductionist, analytic and mono-disciplinary. Their founders and supporters declared that complexity sciences were going to give rise (or that they have given rise) to a post-Laplacian, antireductionist, holistic and interdisciplinary approach. By taking a closer look at their content and practices, I argue in this article that, because of their physics-oriented, computationalist, and mathematical assumptions, complexity sciences have paradoxically produced knowledge at odds with these four tenets.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"465-502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80430996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Towards a Genealogy of Thomas Kuhn’s Semantics 托马斯·库恩语义学谱系研究
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00591
Pablo Melogno, L. Giri
{"title":"Towards a Genealogy of Thomas Kuhn’s Semantics","authors":"Pablo Melogno, L. Giri","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00591","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores Thomas Kuhn’s intellectual history by examining sources that have been understudied so far: the Lowell Lectures of 1951 (The Quest for Physical Theory) and the hitherto unpublished Notre Dame Lectures of 1980. The analysis of these texts aims to reconstruct Kuhn’s development of a semantics that can account for scientific progress. This analysis will show that the alleged “linguistic turn” attributed to the author is actually a renewed interest in problems that existed well before publishing The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"385-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74634026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Self-reinforcing Mechanisms Driving the Evolution of the Chemical Space 驱动化学空间演化的自我强化机制
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00588
J. Jost, G. Restrepo
{"title":"Self-reinforcing Mechanisms Driving the Evolution of the Chemical Space","authors":"J. Jost, G. Restrepo","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00588","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chemistry is engaged with a subject that is not static but evolving in time, in chemical space, namely, the collection of all substances and reactions reported over time. If we accept that premise, we can identify the path dependencies and self-reinforcing mechanisms that determined its current space and selected it across historical alternatives. In particular, data analysis allows us to identify two crucial turning points. One was the introduction of structural theory in 1860, the other a technological shift around 1980.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"555-593"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89550243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Dealing with Molecular Complexity. Atomistic Computer Simulations and Scientific Explanation 处理分子复杂性。原子计算机模拟与科学解释
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00594
Julie Schweer, M. Elstner
{"title":"Dealing with Molecular Complexity. Atomistic Computer Simulations and Scientific Explanation","authors":"Julie Schweer, M. Elstner","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00594","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Explanation is commonly considered one of the central goals of science. Although computer simulations have become an important tool in many scientific areas, various philosophical concerns indicate that their explanatory power requires further scrutiny. We examine a case study in which atomistic simulations have been used to examine the factors responsible for the transport selectivity of certain channel proteins located at cell membranes. By elucidating how precisely atomistic simulations helped scientists draw inferences about the molecular system under investigation, we respond to some concerns regarding their explanatory power. We argue that atomistic simulations can be tools for managing molecular complexity and for systematically assessing how the occurrence of the explanandum is sensitive to a range of factors.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"49 1","pages":"594-626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86092788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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