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Perspectives on Science最新文献

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Introduction: Emancipation from Metaphysics? Natural History, Natural Philosophy and the Study of Nature from the Late Renaissance to the Enlightenment 导言：从形而上学中解放出来？文艺复兴晚期至启蒙运动时期的自然史、自然哲学和自然研究
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1162/posc_e_00614
Tinca Prunea-Bretonnet, O. Matei
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引用次数: 0
The Racialization of Killer Whales: An Application of Gene-Culture Coevolutionary Theory 虎鲸的种族化：基因-文化协同进化论的应用
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00630
David Golding
{"title":"The Racialization of Killer Whales: An Application of Gene-Culture Coevolutionary Theory","authors":"David Golding","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00630","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An expanding body of research aims to identify culture in cetaceans, often positing killer whales as an exemplar species. To this end, gene-culture coevolutionary theory provides a conceptual language with which whales are discussed in raciological terms. It renders killer whale ecotypes as discrete cultures that are intrinsically xenophobic and evolutionarily divergent. Such research on whale culture intends to substantiate theories of divergent natural selection between human cultures as well. This effort furthers the essentialism, simultaneously biological and cultural, that has long impelled colonial technoscientific projects of racial typologization. The exchange between the raciologies of humans and killer whales is facilitated by the infrahumanizing frameworks of gene-culture coevolutionary theory that locate whale populations alongside indigenous peoples on a spectrum of cultural simplicity and complexity. At this convergence of the animal and the human, gene-culture coevolutionary theory posits indigenous peoples and killer whales as evidence for social Darwinist theories that dehistoricize and naturalize intercultural conflict and ethnicization. The extension of raciology beyond the human species signals an urgent need to decolonize the biological sciences.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"75 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140755003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Preface: Virtual Entities in Science 前言：科学中的虚拟实体
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1162/posc_e_00613
Robert Harlander, Jean-Philippe Martinez, Friedrich Steinle, Adrian Wüthrich
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引用次数: 0
Conflicting results and statistical malleability: embracing pluralism of empirical results 相互矛盾的结果与统计延展性：拥抱经验结果的多元化
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00627
Mariusz Maziarz
{"title":"Conflicting results and statistical malleability: embracing pluralism of empirical results","authors":"Mariusz Maziarz","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00627","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Conflicting results undermine making inferences from the empirical literature. So far, the replication crisis is mainly seen as resulting from honest errors and questionable research practices such as p-hacking or the base-rate fallacy. We discuss the malleability (researcher degrees of freedom) of quantitative research and argue that conflicting results can emerge from two studies using different but plausible designs (e.g., eligibility criteria, operationalization of concepts, outcome measures) and statistical methods. We also explore how the choices regarding study design and statistical techniques bias results in a way that makes them more or less relevant for a given policy or clinical question.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139958435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Between mind and body? Psychoneuroimmunology, psychology, and cognitive science 介于身心之间？精神神经免疫学、心理学和认知科学
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00626
Joseph Gough
{"title":"Between mind and body? Psychoneuroimmunology, psychology, and cognitive science","authors":"Joseph Gough","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00626","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the past half century, our best scientific understanding of the immune system has been transformed. The immune system has turned out to be extremely sophisticated, densely connected to the central nervous system and cognitive capacities, deeply involved in the production of behaviour, and responsive to different kinds of psychosocial event. Such results have rendered the immune system part of the subject-matter of psychology and cognitive science. I argue that such results, alongside the history of psychoneuroimmunology, give us good reason to be sceptical about the characterization of cognitive science and psychology as studying the mind and the mental.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"343 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138966590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiple Historic Trajectories Generate Multiplicity in the Concept of Validity 多重历史轨迹催生有效性概念的多重性
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00624
Yingying Han
{"title":"Multiple Historic Trajectories Generate Multiplicity in the Concept of Validity","authors":"Yingying Han","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00624","url":null,"abstract":"Although researchers agree on the importance of validity, they have not yet reached a consensus on what validity consists of. This article traces the historic trajectories of validity theory development in three research traditions: psychometrics, experiment in social settings, and animal models of psychiatric disorders, showing that the multiplicity in the concept of validity is shaped by its multiple historic trajectories and reflects the diversity of practices and concerns in different research traditions. I argue that specifying validity of what target practice and for what purpose in discussions helps to connect validity to its rich context that gives rise to its specific meaning and relevance.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139231798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is Model-Based Science a kind of Historical Science? 基于模型的科学是一种历史科学吗？
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00625
Joseph Wilson
{"title":"Is Model-Based Science a kind of Historical Science?","authors":"Joseph Wilson","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00625","url":null,"abstract":"Philosophers have yet to provide a systematic analysis of the relationship between historical science and model-based science. In this paper I argue that prototypical model-based sciences exhibit features understood to be central to historical science. Philosophers of science have argued that historical scientists are distinctly concerned with inference to the best explanation, that explanations in historical science tend to increase in complexity over time, and that the explanations take the form of narratives. Using general circulation models in climate science as a reference, I illustrate how simulation models in model-based science share these features exhibited by historical science. That model-based sciences share these features raises important philosophical questions about how we should understand prototypical types of scientific enquiry, including the relationship between experimental science, historical science, and model-based science. I conclude by exploring several options for how to accommodate the noted similarities within a more general taxonomy of the sciences.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139232406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using Paleoclimate Analogues to Inform Climate Projections 利用古气候类似物为气候预测提供信息
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00622
Aja Watkins
{"title":"Using Paleoclimate Analogues to Inform Climate Projections","authors":"Aja Watkins","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00622","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Philosophers of science have paid close attention to climate simulations as means of projecting the severity and effects of climate change, but have neglected the full diversity of methods in climate science. This paper shows the philosophical richness of another method in climate science: the practice of using paleoclimate analogues to inform our climate projections. First, I argue that the use of paleoclimate analogues can offer important insights to philosophers of the historical sciences. Rather than using the present as a guide to the past, as is common in the historical sciences, paleoclimate analogues involve using the past as a guide to the future. I thereby distinguish different methods in the historical sciences and argue that these distinctions bear on debates over whether the historical sciences can produce generalizations or predictions. Second, I suggest that paleoclimate analogues might actually be considered a type of climate model, and, as such, their use expands on common characterizations of models to include those that are full-scale, naturally occurring, and non-manipulable.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"68 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Beyond Descartes: Noël Regnault and Eighteenth-Century French Cartesianism 超越笛卡尔:Noël勒诺与十八世纪法国笛卡尔主义
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00623
Marco Storni
{"title":"Beyond Descartes: Noël Regnault and Eighteenth-Century French Cartesianism","authors":"Marco Storni","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00623","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper proposes new ways of characterizing eighteenth-century French Cartesianism. Besides two widely-accepted elements—the belief in “strict mechanism” and the idea that to demonstrate in physics does not involve mathematics, but reference to mechanical models—I add two more, hitherto neglected, features. First, a strong emphasis on experimentalism, namely the view that experiments are crucial to natural-philosophical practice. Second, an epistemological thesis that I call “conjecturalism,” which consists in doubting that natural philosophy would attain an ultimate truth on the nature of things. To explore these facets of Cartesianism, I focus on the works of the Jesuit Noël Regnault.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"29 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chance Combinatorics: The Theory that History Forgot 机会组合:被历史遗忘的理论
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00621
John D. Norton
{"title":"Chance Combinatorics: The Theory that History Forgot","authors":"John D. Norton","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00621","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Seventeenth-century “chance combinatorics” was a self-contained theory. It had an objective notion of chance derived from physical devices with chance properties, such as casts of dice, combinatorics to count chances and, to interpret their significance, a rule for converting these counts into fair wagers. It lacked a notion of chance as a measure of belief, a precise way to connect chance counts with frequencies and a way to compare chances across different games. These omissions were not needed for the theory’s interpretation of chance counts: determining which are fair wagers. The theory provided a model for how indefinitenesses could be treated with mathematical precision in a special case and stimulated efforts to seek a broader theory.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136077979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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