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Latour and Schmitt: Political Theology and Science 拉图尔和施密特:《政治神学与科学》
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00580
S. Turner
{"title":"Latour and Schmitt: Political Theology and Science","authors":"S. Turner","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00580","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article the nature of Bruno Latour’s relation to Carl Schmitt is discussed, considering the point by point revisions of Schmitt offered by Latour and his references to Schmitt. These turn out to be plentiful and illuminating. Yet the nature of Latour’s revision and its implications are obscure. The implications of his notion of cosmopolitics for political theory are minimal, and in other respects the Schmittian picture is unchanged. Unlike Schmitt, who embeds political theory in political theology, and presents a political theology in order to problematize political theory, but provides a meta-theology, Latour presents an alternative political theology, and not a meta-theology.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"40-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89192744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hypernormal Science and its Significance 超常科学及其意义
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00572
H. Collins, Jeff Shrager, A. Bartlett, Shannon Conley, Rachel Hale, Robert Evans
{"title":"Hypernormal Science and its Significance","authors":"H. Collins, Jeff Shrager, A. Bartlett, Shannon Conley, Rachel Hale, Robert Evans","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00572","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “Hypernormal science” has minimal potential for contestation on matters of principle and practice so that information exchange can be unproblematic. Sciences comprise hypernormal domains and more contestable “normal” domains where knowledge diffusion, like acquiring linguistic fluency, depends on face-to-face interaction. Hypernormal domains belonging to molecular biology are contrasted with normal domains in gravitational wave detection physics. Sciences as a whole should not be confused with their typical domains. The analysis has immediate implications for proposed transitions out of the Covid-19 lockdown, proposed solutions to the replication crisis, and, perhaps, our understanding of the early development of social studies of science.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"262-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78725553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Scientific Inquiry: From Metaphors to Abstraction 科学探究:从隐喻到抽象
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00571
N. Carrillo, Sergio F. Martínez
{"title":"Scientific Inquiry: From Metaphors to Abstraction","authors":"N. Carrillo, Sergio F. Martínez","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00571","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In philosophy of science, abstraction tends to be subsumed under representation, often being described as the omission of a target’s features when it is represented. This approach to abstraction sidesteps cognitive aspects of abstraction processes. However, cognitive aspects of abstraction are important in understanding the role of historically grounded epistemic criteria supporting modeling in science. Drawing on recent work on the relation between metaphor and abstraction, we introduce the concept of paths of abstraction, and use historical and contemporary examples to point to their role in guiding the development of relevance criteria which support modeling strategies in science.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"120 1","pages":"233-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79360665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Cognitive Turn in Psychology 心理学认知转向的文献计量学分析
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00574
J. Engelen, Sander Verhaegh, Loura Collignon, G. Pannu
{"title":"A Bibliometric Analysis of the Cognitive Turn in Psychology","authors":"J. Engelen, Sander Verhaegh, Loura Collignon, G. Pannu","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00574","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We analyzed co-citation patterns in 332,498 articles published in Anglophone psychology journals between 1946 and 1990 to estimate (1) when cognitive psychology first emerged as a clearly delineated subdiscipline, (2) how fast it grew, (3) to what extent it replaced other (e.g., behaviorist) approaches to psychology, (4) to what degree it was more appealing to scholars from a younger generation, and (5) whether it was more interdisciplinary than alternative traditions. We detected a major shift in the structure of co-citation networks between approximately 1955 and 1975 and draw novel conclusions about the developments commonly referred to as “the cognitive turn.”","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"30 1","pages":"324-359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81877808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Themes of Consolidation in Eugene P. Odum’s Publicization of the Levels Concept in Ecology Textbooks, 1953–1975 欧达姆在1953-1975年生态学教科书中对层次概念的宣传中的巩固主题
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00570
D. Brooks
{"title":"Themes of Consolidation in Eugene P. Odum’s Publicization of the Levels Concept in Ecology Textbooks, 1953–1975","authors":"D. Brooks","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00570","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Following its initial development in the 1920’s and 1930’s, by mid-century the concept of “levels of organization” began to disperse throughout the life science textbook literature. Among other early textbooks that first applied the levels concept, Eugene P. Odum’s usage of the notion in his textbook series Fundamentals of Ecology (and his later series Ecology) stands out due to the marked emphasis placed on the concept as a foundational, erotetically-oriented organizing principle. In this paper, I examine Odum’s efforts toward advocating the levels concept in ecology in light of the concept’s wider uptake in biology around that time.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"437-464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76405869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Uniformitarianism Re-Examined, or the Present is the Key to the Past, Except When It Isn’t (And Even Then It Kind of Is) 均变说重新审视，或者现在是过去的关键，除非它不是(即使如此)
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00573
Max W. Dresow
{"title":"Uniformitarianism Re-Examined, or the Present is the Key to the Past, Except When It Isn’t (And Even Then It Kind of Is)","authors":"Max W. Dresow","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00573","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Perhaps no term in the geological lexicon excites more passions than uniformitarianism, whose motto is “the present is the key to the past.” The term is controversial in part because it contains several meanings, which have been implicated in creating a situation of “semantic chaos” in the geological literature. Yet I argue that debates about uniformitarianism do not arise from a simple chaos of meanings. Instead, they arise from legitimate disagreements about substantive questions. This paper examines these questions and relates them to several “forms of understanding” pursued by researchers in geohistory.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"405-436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83112731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Nietzsche and Cosmology: A Possible Way of Enriching the Practice of Science 尼采与宇宙学:丰富科学实践的可能途径
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00577
Wigson Rafael Silva da Costa, Antonio A. P. Videira
{"title":"Nietzsche and Cosmology: A Possible Way of Enriching the Practice of Science","authors":"Wigson Rafael Silva da Costa, Antonio A. P. Videira","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00577","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper we will present the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche’s main reflections on the scientific enterprise, its relation to the metaphysical tradition, and how the German author drew on the nineteenth century cosmological discussion to develop a worldview that ultimately endorses a dynamic and more creative form of science, whose representations and values should not be separated from human interests.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"86 1","pages":"503-533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85063543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Unsettled History of Passive Voice in the Sciences: The Royal Society, 1665–2020 科学中被动语态的不稳定历史:皇家学会，1665-2020
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00576
Jeremy E. Plotnick
{"title":"The Unsettled History of Passive Voice in the Sciences: The Royal Society, 1665–2020","authors":"Jeremy E. Plotnick","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00576","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper seeks to understand the rise and fall of passive voice in the publications of the Royal Society from 1665 to 2020. Though it came to be seen as the very voice of scientific objectivity, passive voice remained in the clear ascendency for just over a century. The rise of passive voice coincided with the progressively diminished role of an observer who directly apprehends the world through the senses. The recent re-emergence of active voice is more of a puzzle. I argue that the unsettled history of voice reflects the unsettled relationship of science to agency and conscious experience.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"77 1","pages":"293-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83396148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Making the Physical Real in the Psychical: How Intoxicants Intervened in the Formation of the Biological Subject in the Nineteenth Century 使生理在心理中变得真实:19世纪麻醉品如何干预生物主体的形成
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00575
Matthew Perkins-McVey
{"title":"Making the Physical Real in the Psychical: How Intoxicants Intervened in the Formation of the Biological Subject in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"Matthew Perkins-McVey","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00575","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores the formative role of substances of intoxication in the social and scientific establishment of the biological subject in late nineteenth-century Germany. Sourcing the emergence of substances of intoxication as “vital substances” from Brunonianism, this narrative traces their initial significance for Romantic physiology, followed by their rejection from neo-mechanical scientific physiology. Emphasis is placed on late nineteenth-century psychological research on the effects of intoxicants on the mind as the site of a dynamic encounter between theories of the mind and the body, particularly through Kraepelin’s concept of intoxication as model psychosis, and his related research. The biological subject, here, is anti-vitalistic, and, yet, conceptually distinct from neo-mechanism.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"360-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75589116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Girolamo Cardano’s Meteorological Predictions: Hippocratism, Weather Signs, Winds, and the Limits of Astrology 吉罗拉莫·卡尔达诺的气象预测:希波克拉底主义、天气标志、风和占星术的极限
Perspectives on Science Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00562
Craig R. Martin
{"title":"Girolamo Cardano’s Meteorological Predictions: Hippocratism, Weather Signs, Winds, and the Limits of Astrology","authors":"Craig R. Martin","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00562","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The subject of meteorology was central to Girolamo Cardano’s thought. It held together his encyclopedism by tying the celestial realm to the sublunary world and human action. Meteorology, for Cardano, links abstract knowledge to the practical and operative. While many of his Aristotelian predecessors understood weather prediction as distinct from meteorology as a natural philosophical field, Cardano’s profound interest in conjectural arts and probabilistic reasoning led him to tie causal explanations to methods of forecasting future conditions of the air and their effects on humans, especially regarding health and disease. While it might be expected that Cardano would have emphasized astrological tools for weather forecasting, instead he went in a different direction, namely, embracing the ancient tradition of weather signs and revising Aristotelian theories of winds. At the end of his career, which he mostly spent writing commentaries on Hippocratic writings, he integrated his understanding of weather signs with Hippocratic rules of prognosis, revising traditional understandings of the causes of winds.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"79 1","pages":"851-873"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88159723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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