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Is Discrimination Widespread or Concentrated? Evaluating the Distribution of Anti-Black Discrimination in Judicial, Hiring, and Housing Decisions. 歧视是普遍还是集中？评估反黑人歧视在司法、雇用和住房决策中的分布情况》（Evaluating the Distribution of Anti-Black Discrimination in Judicial, Hiring, and Housing Decisions.
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241288929
Manuel J Galvan, Gabriella M Alvarez, William Cipolli, Erin Cooley, Keely A Muscatell, B Keith Payne
{"title":"Is Discrimination Widespread or Concentrated? Evaluating the Distribution of Anti-Black Discrimination in Judicial, Hiring, and Housing Decisions.","authors":"Manuel J Galvan, Gabriella M Alvarez, William Cipolli, Erin Cooley, Keely A Muscatell, B Keith Payne","doi":"10.1177/01461672241288929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241288929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Is anti-Black discrimination concentrated among a discriminatory few, or widespread across many decision-makers? The handful of studies that have addressed this question have reached divergent conclusions, with some suggesting that discrimination follows the 80/20 rule (i.e., a Pareto distribution) and others suggesting that discrimination is normally distributed. This paper explores the distribution of discrimination in hiring, housing, and judicial decisions. Study 1 examined the distribution of anti-Black discrimination in judges' repeated sentencing decisions. The distribution of discrimination was more consistent with a normal distribution than a Pareto distribution. In Study 2, meta-analyses of hiring and housing field experiments revealed anti-Black discrimination in more than 80% of studies. Simulations of widespread discrimination using a normal distribution were more consistent with these experimental data than were simulations of concentrated discrimination using a Pareto distribution. These findings suggest that discrimination is not concentrated in the behaviors of a few highly biased individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
When Time Is the Enemy: An Initial Test of the Process Model of Patience. 当时间成为敌人：耐心过程模型的初步测试》（When Time Is the Enemy: An Initial Test of the Process Model of Patience）。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241284028
Kate Sweeny, Jason Hawes, Olivia T Karaman
{"title":"When Time Is the Enemy: An Initial Test of the Process Model of Patience.","authors":"Kate Sweeny, Jason Hawes, Olivia T Karaman","doi":"10.1177/01461672241284028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241284028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The process model of patience attempts to reconcile disparate approaches to understanding patience. This investigation provides an initial test of the tenets of this new theoretical model, which positions impatience as a discrete emotion and patience as a targeted form of emotion regulation. In three studies with diverse samples (<i>N</i> = 1,401; data collected 2022-2023), participants responded to hypothetical scenarios designed to tap into familiar experiences of impatience. Regarding impatience, findings support our claim that impatience arises in response to the perception that a delay is unreasonable or unfair, and situational and intrapersonal characteristics emerged as predictors of impatience. Regarding patience, findings were consistent with the conceptualization of patience as driven more by intrapersonal than situational factors and revealed a set of individual differences that predicted patience. This investigation lends support to the process model of patience as a viable approach, generative of testable research questions, with implications for well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is It Fair to Kill One to Save Five? How Just World Beliefs Shape Sacrificial Moral Decision-making. 为救五人而杀一人公平吗？公正世界的信念如何影响牺牲道德的决策。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241287815
Paul Conway, Rael J Dawtry, Jason Lam, Ana I Gheorghiu
{"title":"Is It Fair to Kill One to Save Five? How Just World Beliefs Shape Sacrificial Moral Decision-making.","authors":"Paul Conway, Rael J Dawtry, Jason Lam, Ana I Gheorghiu","doi":"10.1177/01461672241287815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241287815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sacrificing a target to save a group violates deontological ethics against harm but upholds utilitarian ethics to maximize outcomes. Although theorists examine many factors that influence dilemma decisions, we examined justice concerns: We manipulated the moral character of sacrificial targets, then measured participants' dilemma responses and just world beliefs. Across four studies (<i>N</i>=1116), participants considering guilty versus innocent targets scored lower on harm-rejection (deontological) responding, but not outcome-maximizing (utilitarian) responding assessed via process dissociation. Just world beliefs (both personal and general) predicted lower utilitarian and somewhat lower deontological responding, but these effects disappeared when accounting for shared variance with psychopathy. Results suggest that dilemma decisions partly reflect the moral status of sacrificial targets and concerns about the fairness implications of sacrificing innocent targets to save innocent groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Performing like a Learning Machine: The Emphasis on Performance Goals Results in Self-Objectification. 像学习机器一样工作：强调绩效目标导致自我目标化。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241287817
Jingyu Zhang, Lei Cheng, Ying Yang, Xijing Wang
{"title":"Performing like a Learning Machine: The Emphasis on Performance Goals Results in Self-Objectification.","authors":"Jingyu Zhang, Lei Cheng, Ying Yang, Xijing Wang","doi":"10.1177/01461672241287817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241287817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Little attention has been given to self-objectification, which refers to viewing oneself as an instrument or object rather than a full human, in an educational context. To address this gap, the current research aims to test self-objectification among students, and we hypothesized that a performance goal orientation would result in self-objectification (H1), which would further predict reduced authenticity (H2). Six studies (N = 1,716) confirmed our hypotheses. Studies 1-2, employing cross-sectional and 2-wave designs, found a positive association between a performance goal orientation and self-objectification among college students. Study 3 further showed the link among middle school students (i.e., adolescents). Studies 4-5b employed experimental methodologies to demonstrate the causal relationship between the performance goal orientation and self-objectification. In addition, increased self-objectification triggered by the performance goal orientation was further related to reduced authenticity (Studies 3-5b). This work advances the understanding of self-objectification in the educational domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
For Me or Against Me? Reactions to AI (vs. Human) Decisions That Are Favorable or Unfavorable to the Self and the Role of Fairness Perception. 支持我还是反对我？对自我有利或不利的人工智能（与人类）决策的反应以及公平感的作用。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241288338
Jungmin Choi, Melody M Chao
{"title":"For Me or Against Me? Reactions to AI (vs. Human) Decisions That Are Favorable or Unfavorable to the Self and the Role of Fairness Perception.","authors":"Jungmin Choi, Melody M Chao","doi":"10.1177/01461672241288338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241288338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Public reactions to algorithmic decisions often diverge. While high-profile media coverage suggests that the use of AI in organizational decision-making is viewed as unfair and received negatively, recent survey results suggest that such use of AI is perceived as fair and received positively. Drawing on fairness heuristic theory, the current research reconciles this apparent contradiction by examining the roles of decision outcome and fairness perception on individuals' attitudinal (Studies 1-3, 5) and behavioral (Study 4) reactions to algorithmic (vs. human) decisions. Results from six experiments (N = 2,794) showed that when the decision was unfavorable, AI was perceived as fairer than human, leading to a less negative reaction. This heightened fairness perception toward AI is shaped by its perceived unemotionality. Furthermore, reminders about the potential biases of AI in decision-making attenuate the differential fairness perception between AI and human. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Interdependent Nature of Well-Being: Evidence From American and Japanese Spouses. 幸福的相互依存性：来自美国和日本配偶的证据
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241285180
Ryosuke Asano, Yuji Kanemasa, Kentaro Komura, Kenichi Ito
{"title":"The Interdependent Nature of Well-Being: Evidence From American and Japanese Spouses.","authors":"Ryosuke Asano, Yuji Kanemasa, Kentaro Komura, Kenichi Ito","doi":"10.1177/01461672241285180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241285180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study investigated spousal interdependencies in well-being and the sources of these interdependencies among Americans and Japanese. We collected high-powered three-wave longitudinal and cross-sectional data from a wide age range of participants (<i>N</i>s = 3,012 American couples aged 26-96 and 2,307 Japanese couples aged 24-76) and assessed a variety of well-being measures. Study 1 replicated previous findings that American spouses' well-being was positively associated with each other. Studies 2a and 2b generalized the findings of Study 1 to Japanese spouses. Both Studies 1 and 2b showed conflicting results: There were effects of mutual influence and shared environmental factors' influences on American and Japanese spouses' well-being in a longitudinal actor-partner interdependence model when using the cross-lagged panel model, but not when using the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. These findings illustrate that the interdependent nature of well-being is an essential feature of American and Japanese married couples.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Perceiving Low Social Mobility Induces Zero-Sum Beliefs About Social Hierarchies. 认为社会流动性低会诱发关于社会等级的零和信念。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241290390
Xue Wang, Yuemin Zhuo, Wei-Fen Chen, Hongfei Du, Zhansheng Chen
{"title":"Perceiving Low Social Mobility Induces Zero-Sum Beliefs About Social Hierarchies.","authors":"Xue Wang, Yuemin Zhuo, Wei-Fen Chen, Hongfei Du, Zhansheng Chen","doi":"10.1177/01461672241290390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241290390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals may consider socioeconomic status (SES) change from an absolute or relative standpoint. Across five studies and supplementary analyses of secondary data, we found that individuals who perceive SES as being unlikely to change (i.e., low perceived social mobility) tend to consider SES change from a relative standpoint-i.e., one person's gain in SES occurs at the expense of another's loss in SES-reflecting that they harbor zero-sum beliefs regarding social hierarchies. In other words, the <i>extent</i> to which individuals believe that society is mobile predicts how they consider the <i>nature</i> of social mobility. This relationship is mediated by a scarcity mindset and further predicts the tendency for aggression. The findings held when we controlled for variables such as perceived economic inequality, income, and education.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Let the Music Play: Live Music Fosters Collective Effervescence and Leads to Lasting Positive Outcomes. 让音乐响起来现场音乐促进集体活力，带来持久的积极成果。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241288027
Nicole Koefler, Esha Naidu, Shira Gabriel, Veronica Schneider, Gabriela S Pascuzzi, Elaine Paravati
{"title":"Let the Music Play: Live Music Fosters Collective Effervescence and Leads to Lasting Positive Outcomes.","authors":"Nicole Koefler, Esha Naidu, Shira Gabriel, Veronica Schneider, Gabriela S Pascuzzi, Elaine Paravati","doi":"10.1177/01461672241288027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241288027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work examined the power of live music events to enhance wellbeing through collective effervescence (CE)-the sense of sacredness and connection felt when in large groups. Four studies (<i>N</i> = 789) using both university and community samples examined the relationship between live music events and CE and how this relationship contributes to positive, lasting outcomes. Results suggest that CE is highly related to positive outcomes associated with attending live music events. CE uniquely predicted meaning in life and enjoyment during the event above and beyond related constructs. Feeling CE was also related to greater meaning in life during the event and continued happiness a week after live music events. Further, CE mediated effects between various elements of live music events (e.g., parasocial bonds with the artist) and positive lasting outcomes. In summary, CE plays a key role in the lasting wellbeing that follows live music events.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Praise Is for Actions That Are Neither Expected nor Required. 赞美是对既非期望也非要求的行为的赞美。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241289833
Rajen A Anderson, Shaun Nichols, David A Pizarro
{"title":"Praise Is for Actions That Are Neither Expected nor Required.","authors":"Rajen A Anderson, Shaun Nichols, David A Pizarro","doi":"10.1177/01461672241289833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241289833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In six studies, we examined two foundational questions about moral praise. First, what makes an action praiseworthy? In Study 1, participants reported that actions that exceed duties (compared with dutiful actions) deserve greater praise and are perceived as less likely to happen. Second, what do observers infer from praise? Praise may communicate information about local norms. In Study 2, we found that-in general-participants expect praise to increase the likelihood of a behavior. However, in Studies 3-6, participants inferred that moral behavior that receives praise is less common and is less required and expected of people. These inferences led individuals to judge that someone would be <i>less</i> likely to perform a behavior that was praised. These studies provide insight into the lay beliefs and communicative function of moral praise.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Essentializing Happiness Mitigates the Changes in Subjective Well-Being Following Negative Life Events. 幸福的本质化减轻了消极生活事件后主观幸福感的变化。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241279657
Xyle Ku, Seung Eun Cha, Youngju Kim, Young Joo Jun, Incheol Choi
{"title":"Essentializing Happiness Mitigates the Changes in Subjective Well-Being Following Negative Life Events.","authors":"Xyle Ku, Seung Eun Cha, Youngju Kim, Young Joo Jun, Incheol Choi","doi":"10.1177/01461672241279657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241279657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People hold different beliefs about the changeability of happiness. Some believe that happiness is biologically predetermined and thus unchangeable (essentialist beliefs), while others believe that it is malleable and can be changed (non-essentialist beliefs). Do these beliefs have a tangible impact on how individuals actually experience well-being? Here, we predict and empirically demonstrate that endorsing essentialist beliefs about happiness (EBH) can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy that buffers the changes in subjective well-being (SWB) following life events. Through a series of four studies utilizing diverse methodologies (total <i>N</i> = 7,364), we provide converging evidence that happiness essentialists, compared to non-essentialists, experience relatively stable levels of SWB following life events, particularly negative ones. We find that this pattern also emerges when people recall past events or anticipate hypothetical or impending future events. Together, happiness essentialism extends beyond mere belief and has real-world implications for how individuals experience fluctuations in SWB.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142406687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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