Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Effectivity of Gel Derived from Degumming Silkworm Cocoon Waste for Skin Pigmentation.","authors":"Masitta Tanjung, Raudhatul Jannah","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.607.614","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.607.614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The trash produced by boiling silkworm cocoons during the degumming process still retains useful amino acids, such as sericin and fibroin, that can repair skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. This study seeks to examine the impact of utilising degumming silkworm cocoons (DSC) gel, derived from boiling waste, on the healing process of rat skin that has been subjected to Ultraviolet (UV) light, as well as the determination of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatment groups, namely the positive control, avobenzone, the group without avobenzone and DSC gel and the administration of DSC gel at 20, 40 and 60% for 14 days. The research used 25 male rats (&lt;i&gt;Rattus norvegicus&lt;/i&gt;). Skin tissue was prepared for microscopical examination using the paraffin method combined with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. The data were analyzed statistically with the one-way ANOVA test and continued with the &lt;i&gt;post hoc&lt;/i&gt; Duncan's test. Non-parametric data were carried out by the Kruskal Wallis test and continued with the Mann Whitney test. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The degumming silkworm cocoons (DSC) gel had a fairly high SPF value with an extra protection category of 7.10 at a concentration of 60%. The DSC gel had the potential to accelerate the recovery of skin as observed by the test subjects showing no wrinkles and redness. An increase in epithelial thickness and a decrease in melanocyte cells were also obtained from the treatment. Increasing the concentration of DSC gel also improved the skin recovery exposed to ultraviolet light. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The effective and efficient concentration of cocoon degumming waste gel is 40-60%. The ability of silkworm cocoon degumming waste to rejuvenate UV-exposed skin suggests its future application as a topical preparation for promoting skin health.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 12","pages":"607-614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Relationships of Sun Bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>) Based on Mitochondrial DNA from Sumatra and Other Southeast Asian Regions.","authors":"Dewi Imelda Roesma, Djong Hon Tjong, Syaifullah, Dyta Rabbani Aidil, Muhammad Ryan Maulana, Viola Mutiara Salis","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.615.627","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.615.627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The &lt;i&gt;Helarctos malayanus&lt;/i&gt; is the sole bear species-living in Indonesia (Sumatra and Borneo). The available biological data for sun bears (&lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt;) in Sumatra is limited, especially for morphological and genetic data. A morphological approach is difficult to do. Therefore, a molecular approach is the most likely choice. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on &lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt; in Central Sumatra (Dharmasraya, South Solok and Riau) using the Cytochrome B gene. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Blood samples from three individuals of &lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt; were obtained at the Sumatran Tiger Rehabilitation Center, Dharmasraya. Three &lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt; Central Sumatra sequences and 62 GenBank sequences were used in the analysis. The DNA sequences were analyzed using the DNA Star, AliView, Bioedit, DNA SP, haplotype network, IQ Tree and MEGA software. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Forty-one haplotypes were identified in 65 sequences, with 17 haplotypes belonging to &lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt;. Haplotype network analysis divides &lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt; into Haplogroup I (Sundaland) and Haplogroup II (Mainland). All individuals of &lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt; in Central Sumatra have the same haplotype as Peninsular Malaysia sequence. The sun bear (&lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt;) has a monophyletic relationship with other bear species. The &lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt; has a higher genetic distance between the two lineages (1.0-2.3%) than the genetic distance within the subpopulations of each lineage. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The study results supported sun bear (&lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt;) divided into two different lineages: Mainland (subcluster 1) and Sundaland (subcluster 2 and 3). The geographic isolation causes the absence of gene flow, which results in high genetic distance between sun bears (&lt;i&gt;H. malayanus&lt;/i&gt;) in Sundaland and Mainland lineages.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 12","pages":"615-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Using <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Enzyme as a Caffeine Level Reducer in Cascara Robusta Coffee (<i>Coffea canephora</i> L.).","authors":"Novi Fajar Utami, Berna Elya, Hayun Hayun, Kusmardi Kusmardi, Syamsu Nur","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.600.606","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.600.606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; An increase in the consumption of robusta coffee resulted in an increase in waste from coffee, one of the coffee wastes, namely coffee bean skins or cascara. Robusta coffee cascara contains 1-1.3 g of caffeine which causes side effects, such as insomnia and seizures etc. So this research aims to reduce the caffeine content in cascara by using &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt;. Using optimum conditions and capabilities. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The experiment was conducted from May to August, 2022 in the Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pakuan, Indonesia. Before optimizing, cascara was extracted using the ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) method, validated by the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method to determine caffeine content and a paired sample t-test was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; It showed that in validating the HPLC method, the wavelength of caffeine in cascara was 272 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol-water (adjust orthophosphate). The pH (2.4) (45:55), obtained the optimum decaffeination conditions at the concentration of bacteria &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; 6% and a long incubation time of 24 hrs resulted in a decrease in caffeine content of 51.3843±0.2503%. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The results of the paired sample t-test indicate that the concentration of bacteria &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; and incubation time significantly influence caffeine levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 12","pages":"600-606"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digestive Enzyme Activities, Oxidative Status and Intestinal Histomorphometry of Rats Supplemented with Steviana, A Natural Sweetener.","authors":"Abdulmajeed Fahad Alrefaei, Kamal Ali Attia","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.593.599","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.593.599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Stevia (&lt;i&gt;Stevia rebaudiana&lt;/i&gt;), often known as sweet leaf, is a perennial plant and a member of the Asteraceae family. The commercial version of stevia leaf powder, known as Steviana, is one of the most popular natural sweeteners in use today. The current study aimed to analyze the activities of gut digestive enzymes, intestinal oxidative state and intestinal histological structure in stevia-fed rats. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; In this study, male rats were given Steviana and the oxidative condition of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the activities of certain digestive enzymes and the histomorphology of the GIT were examined. Animals used in experiments were split into 2 groups: Control and treated groups. For four consecutive weeks, the treatment group received a daily oral intake of 5 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; b.wt., of Steviana solution. At the end of the trial, serum, pancreas and intestinal tissue samples were taken. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The Steviana sweetener has a strong antioxidative effect on both blood and intestinal tissue. Both sample types showed a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and a marked increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared to control samples. In samples of blood, pancreas and intestinal contents, the activities of digestive enzymes including α-amylase, lipase and protease were significantly elevated in Steviana-treated rats. In addition, histological analysis of the small intestine showed that in rats given Steviana sweetener, intestinal glandular crypt depth was more pronounced compared to the control animals. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; In summary, consumption of Steviana appears to enhance digestion and absorption processes through antioxidative effects, improving the health of the local GIT and subsequently accelerating the rate of synthesis and release of endogenous digestive enzymes. Another aspect that enhances the digestion and absorption process is the change in the histological structure of the intestinal glands, as shown by an increase in the crypt depth.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 12","pages":"593-599"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miracle Tree (<i>Moringa oleifera</i>) Attuned GFAP and Synaptophysin Levels, Oxidative Stress and Biomarkers in Cerebellar Fluorosis of Pregnant Rats.","authors":"Amira El-Helaly, Amoura M Abou-El-Naga, Khulud M Alshehri, Mai Alaa El-Dein","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.628.650","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.628.650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Cerebellar fluorosis is a health issue associated with excessive exposure to fluoride (F) either in direct or indirect ways as pesticides, drinking water and caries preventing prescriptions. It is characterized by elevation in oxidative stress, inflammation, demyelination and Purkinje cell loss. &lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; (M), is a widely cultivated plant used as a health-booster agent in modulating various disorders because of its high content of vitamins and minerals. The beneficial effect of moringa against fluoride-induced cerebellar toxicity in pregnant rats was investigated in this study. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Twenty pregnant rats were administered daily 300 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;i&gt;M. oleifera&lt;/i&gt; aqueous extract incorporated with 10 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; of F intoxication from the 1st day of gestation until the 20th day. Following the termination of the trial, sera were collected and cerebellar tissue was removed for further examinations, along with the assessment of maternity. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The &lt;i&gt;M. oleifera&lt;/i&gt; significantly normalized serum FSH, LH, progesterone, dopamine and serotonin levels of F-intoxicated mothers. Additionally, &lt;i&gt;M. oleifera&lt;/i&gt; markedly prevented the lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation indicated by the tail length and moment in comet assay (-34.4 and -75.3%, respectively, when compared to the fluoride intoxicated group), while sustaining the levels of SOD and CAT revealing its antioxidant activity. The &lt;i&gt;M. oleifera&lt;/i&gt; regressed the cerebellar α-amylase (-25.4%) and acetylcholinesterase activity (-40.6%), also attenuated GFAP (-73.4%, p<0.0001), synaptophysin level (216.6%, p<0.0001) and IL-6 expression (-91.2%) comparing to fluoride only treated mothers. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Histological and ultrastructural examinations confirmed the recuperating effects of &lt;i&gt;M. oleifera&lt;/i&gt; on mothers' cerebellar tissue intoxicated with fluoride indicated by intact folia and restored Purkinje cells number and architecture. The maternal study emphasized the anti-abortifacient activity of moringa against fluoride induced-fetotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 12","pages":"628-650"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Thraustochytrium Trk-23 Producing Docosahexaenoic Acid from North Kalimantan, Indonesia","authors":"Witono Basuki, Rofiq Sunaryanto, Andri Frediansya, Ika Rahmatul Layly, Yusnitati, R. Giarni, Abdul Wakhid Shodiq","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.567.575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.567.575","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139318951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro Culture Optimization of Pomelo Seeds (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.): A South Sulawesi Orange","authors":"Mustika Tuwo, T. Kuswinanti, Andi Nasruddin, E. Tambaru","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.576.585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.576.585","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139319151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Constituents and in vitro Antibacterial Activity of Fixed Oils from Different Parts of Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume","authors":"Sharjana Rahman, Shahin Aziz, Sadia Afrin, Nasim Ahmed, Salma Ahmed, S. M. Al-Reza","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.549.556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.549.556","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139318944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Sago Caterpillars as Cooking Oils: Extraction, Purifying and Characterization","authors":"Feti Fatimah, S. Gugule, D. G. Katja, A. D. Wuntu, Stevie Karouw, Jane Sulinda Tambas, Maureen Kumaunang, Chaleb Paul Maanari, Anderson Arnold Aloanis","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.557.566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.557.566","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139319090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of the Medicinal Plants of Genus <i>Orthosiphon</i> sp.: Aiming to Expand Valuable Medicinal Resources for Medical Treatment.","authors":"Van Duong Thieu, Van Be Nam Tran, Van Hung Mai, Thanh Trong Pham","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.586.592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.586.592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Orthosiphon&lt;/i&gt; sp., contains many active ingredients that are beneficial to health. In addition to prevention, they are also used in treatment. This study aims to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of 9 &lt;i&gt;Orthosiphon&lt;/i&gt; sp., based on morphology and combine molecular biology methods to determine the genetic relationship based on the \"ITS1-4\" gene region. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Nine seed samples/species &lt;i&gt;Orthosiphon&lt;/i&gt; sp., grown in 9 provinces in South Vietnam were collected and planted for survey at the Can Tho experimental farm. The method of observing and describing the external morphology and microdissection of the eye cage is carried out. The DNA extraction was performed at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; There are differences in some parameters except leaf width and flower diameter. A simple pedigree chart can classify nine cat breeds into 3 groups: Group I includes An Giang (Râ1), Ca Mau (Râ2) and Can Tho (Râ3) breeds that are genetically close to each other and have only the same quantity, group II includes 2 varieties of Vinh Long (Râ8) and Dong Thap (Râ6), group III includes 4 identical samples in Kien Giang (Râ7), Hau Giang (Râ4), Soc Trang (Râ5) and Tien Giang (Râ9). &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; With molecular biology techniques, 9 cat breeds have been identified, all belonging to the species &lt;i&gt;Orthosiphon aristatus&lt;/i&gt;. However, to have more accurate and complete conclusions, it is necessary to study some specific gene sequences related to the morphology and substances contained in the plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 11","pages":"586-592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139403951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}