Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Research on <i>Passiflora foetida</i> L. as a Pharmaceutical Treatment for Neurasthenia in Humans.","authors":"Van Mai Do, Van Duong Thieu, Van Hung Mai","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.504.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.504.509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; This plant is known in many parts of the world and is used as medicine in some countries. In Vietnam, people know how to use &lt;i&gt;Passiflora foetida &lt;/i&gt;L.,&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;as an herb. There are many research works in the world, most of them focus on medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of samples of &lt;i&gt;Passiflora foetida &lt;/i&gt;L., yellow fruit based on agronomic traits and the gene region of \"&lt;i&gt;rbcL&lt;/i&gt;\". &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Seed samples were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The trial was a sample of &lt;i&gt;Passiflora foetida &lt;/i&gt;L., species. The distance between sample plant is 3×2 m, so the total number of trees is 1,330 trees ha&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. The genetic relationship between them was determined through the construction of a phylogenetic tree in the \"&lt;i&gt;rbcL&lt;/i&gt;\" gene region sequence. Data analysis and processing methods done by using X software. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The PCR results that amplify the \"&lt;i&gt;rbcL&lt;/i&gt;\" gene region around 670 bp, the PCR products were then sequenced. The sequence results were compared with the sequences on the NCBI gene bank, showing that the sequences of the nine varieties/species all coincided with the &lt;i&gt;Passiflora foetida &lt;/i&gt;Sims species sequences with a high similarity coefficient from 98.77 to 99.9%. Genetically shows that all nine species samples belong to &lt;i&gt;Passiflora foetida&lt;/i&gt; which can be classified into three genetic samples of An Giang (LA1), Ca Mau (LA2) and Can Tho (LA3) which are genetically close to each other, have the same index. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The heritability in the broad sense is high in the two traits of stem height and leaf length, so it can be considered that these two traits are controlled by genes. The cultivation of algae seeds to improve the productivity of these medicinal plant varieties is important in providing raw materials for the oriental medicine industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 10","pages":"504-509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138800699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Life Form and Adaptive Capacity of Coral Reef Ecosystem in Tanjung Tiram Waters, Southeast Sulawesi.","authors":"Kangkuso Analuddin, Muhammad Helmi, Luky Adrianto, Wa Iba, L M Golok Jaya, Andi Septiana, Rempei Suwa, Kazuo Nadaoka, Takashi Nakamura, Lalang","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.534.542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.534.542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The coastal areas of Southeast Sulawesi are households of rich coastal ecosystems, which provide precious ecosystem services for society, but recent conditions might be suffered by various natural and anthropogenic pressures. This study aimed to elucidate the life forms and adaptive capacity of the coral reefs ecosystem in the Tanjung Tiram waters, as one of the potential tourist places in Southeast Sulawesi. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Observation of the life form and adaptive capacity of coral reefs was carried out using the LIT (line intercept transect) method. The adaptive capacity components of the coral reef ecosystem were assessed including: (1) Coral reef dimensional index (IDCR), (2) Coral cover (%), (3) Dominance of life forms, (4) Number of life form species, (5) Number of reef fish species, (6) Depth of coral reefs and (7) Distance of coral reef ecosystems from residential areas. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The life forms of coral reefs consist of &lt;i&gt;Acropora&lt;/i&gt; and non-&lt;i&gt;Acropora&lt;/i&gt; corals. Adaptive capacity components of coral reefs showed different categories, such as the coral reef dimensional index belonging to the \"Low\" category, while mostly other adaptive capacity parameters including coral cover, the coral life forms and the number of coral fish belong to the \"Moderate\" category except for the number of life-form species of coral reefs is in the high category. The distance of the coral reef ecosystem is very near to human settlements of Tanjung Tiram Village and thus coral reef ecosystems are affected by human activities. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Overall, the adaptive capacity of the coral reef ecosystem in Tanjung Tiram waters was a moderate category, thus, efforts must be made such as by coral transplantation, conservation, etc., to increase the coral reefs' adaptive capacity in the coastal regions of Southeast Sulawesi.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 10","pages":"534-542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138800300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Potential of <i>Rhynchophorus</i> Beetle Larval Haemolymph Against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>.","authors":"Nurdjannah Jane Niode, Billy Johnson Kepel, Tilesky Caprizio Phoanda, Stephanie Lukita, Trina Ekawati Tallei","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.543.548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.543.548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The emergence of methicillin-resistant community-acquired &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus &lt;/i&gt;and antibiotic-resistant &lt;i&gt;Neisseria gonorrhoeae&lt;/i&gt; has raised significant concerns. Efforts to combat resistance involve the exploration of novel alternative therapies, particularly those derived from insect components. &lt;i&gt;Rhynchophorus&lt;/i&gt; sp., a coconut pest commonly found in Southeast Asia, has haemolymph that exhibits bactericidal properties&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt; The objective of this study was to assess the potential of the haemolymph of &lt;i&gt;Rhynchophorus&lt;/i&gt; sp., larvae as an antimicrobial agent against Methicillin-resistant &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; (MRSA) and &lt;i&gt;Neisseria gonorrhoeae&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; In this study, &lt;i&gt;Rhynchophorus&lt;/i&gt; sp., larvae were gathered for the purpose of haemolymph extraction. These larvae were then divided into distinct groups, with one group subjected to immunization using &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;, while another group was left unimmunized. The study utilized the well diffusion method to evaluate antibacterial effectiveness. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Haemolymph fluid extracts from &lt;i&gt;Escherichia&lt;/i&gt; coli-immunized &lt;i&gt;Rhynchophorus&lt;/i&gt; sp., larvae, exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with an average value of 19.3±0.47 mm, against MRSA, more enhanced compared to unimmunized larvae. In contrast, haemolymph fluid extracts from &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;-immunized &lt;i&gt;Rhynchophorus&lt;/i&gt; sp., larvae demonstrated a more moderate antibacterial activity, with a mean of 14.17±0.27 mm, against &lt;i&gt;Neisseria gonorrhoeae&lt;/i&gt;, a level similar to unimmunized larvae. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The haemolymph extracted from &lt;i&gt;Rhynchophorus &lt;/i&gt;sp., beetles larvae exhibited antimicrobial effects against MRSA and &lt;i&gt;Neisseria gonorrhoeae&lt;/i&gt;, particularly when it is enhanced through &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; immunization.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 10","pages":"543-548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138800155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Saudi Society's Awareness of the Hazards of Scented Candles and Air Fresheners.","authors":"Leen Abdullah Alghariri, Renad Sultan Alanzi, Reem Oudah Albalwi, Lamees Fuad Garot, Hadeel Saud Alqbali, Mervat Sayed Mohamed","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.510.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.510.515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Air fresheners and scented candles are dangerous for human health and the environment. They are associated with allergies and irritation for a weak respiratory system. This study was conducted to determine the extent of community awareness of the toxicity associated with scented candles and air fresheners. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; This study uses a questionnaire from March, 2023 to June, 2023. The study questionnaire, which was completed by 1667 participants, assesses the degree of knowledge, habits and diseases connected to scents and candles. Descriptive statistics, including percentages, were used. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; It was discovered that, on average, 568 (34.1%) people are unaware that candles contain chemicals. As 1497 (89.8%) are prepared to replace them with natural and safer candles, while 163 (9.8%) consulted a doctor after exposure to candles because of respiratory allergies; 1093 (65.5%) do not care to check the ingredients before buying a candle and 854 (51.2%) are unaware that candles might cause long-term damage. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; A significant portion of participants were unaware of the dangers of scented candles and air fresheners. There is no link between respiratory allergies and the substances present in these candles, but it has been proven that most participants are ready to change and use natural alternatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 10","pages":"510-515"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138800396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ethanol Extract of Soursop (<i>Annona muricata</i> L.) Stem Bark on Rat Liver Function.","authors":"Masykur, Nurdin, Lukman Hakim, Rosnizar, Widya Sari, Munira Ulfa, Novi Yana Sari, Ria Ceriana","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.516.528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.516.528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Paracetamol does not cause toxic effects if given in therapeutic doses, namely below 4 g per day. Use of paracetamol at a dose of more than 4 g per day can result in hepatotoxicity. This study aims to compare the hepatoprotector potency of the ethanol extract of soursop stem bark (&lt;i&gt;A. muricata&lt;/i&gt;) against the enzyme activity of SGOT and SGPT in rats induced by toxic doses of paracetamol. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) comprised of 6 treatment groups and 3 replications. Total 27 white male rats were induced hepatotoxicity with 1350 mg of paracetamol on the 7th day, except for normal control (K0) which was given aquadest. The tested animals received akuades as the negative control (K-) 11.34 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; b.wt., of Hepa-Q as the positive control (K+), ethanol extract stem bark &lt;i&gt;Annona muricata&lt;/i&gt; at a dose of 150 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; BB (P1), 300 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; BB (P2) and 600 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; BB (P3). &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the levels of SGOT and SGPT after giving ethanol extract of soursop (&lt;i&gt;A. muricata&lt;/i&gt;) stem bark. The best treatment for reducing SGOT and SGPT levels in rats induced by paracetamol was the administration of ethanol extract of &lt;i&gt;A. muricata&lt;/i&gt; stem bark at a dose of 600 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; BB. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that all ethanol extract of &lt;i&gt;Annona muricata&lt;/i&gt; L. stem bark (EEAMSB) doses had the potential to reduce the levels of AST and ALT in paracetamol-induced rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 10","pages":"516-528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138800476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Lactic Acid and pH of Probiotic Yogurt on Peak Production of Laying Hens.","authors":"Alfinira Sekar Rosiyanti, Lovita Adriani, Rahmad Fani Ramadhan, Safri Ishmayana","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.529.533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.529.533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Probiotic yogurt is beneficial for laying hens because it can improve the animal's hematological status which will improve livestock health, therefore it is hoped that probiotic yogurt can increase the production of laying hens. This research was conducted to determine the lactic acid levels and pH of probiotic yogurt, probiotic yogurt's effect on feed conversion ratio and total production of laying hens. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The research was carried out using experimental methods using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 8 replications so the total sample was 40. The treatment consisted of P0: Basal ration; P1: Basal diet+2% probiotic powder B1 (&lt;i&gt;Bifidobacterium&lt;/i&gt; spp. and &lt;i&gt;L. acidophilus&lt;/i&gt;), P2: Basal ration+3% probiotic powder B1, P3: Basal diet+2% probiotic powder B2 (&lt;i&gt;L. bulgaricus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;S. thermophilus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;L. acidophilus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;B. bifidum&lt;/i&gt;) and P4: Basal ration+3% probiotic powder B2. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Lactic acid content in probiotic yogurts B1 is 0.945% and B2 is 0.638%. Based on the results of statistical analysis using the variance test, show that giving probiotic powder to laying hens has a significant effect on the feed conversion ratio and has no significant effect on the production of laying hens. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Based on the results of statistical analysis using the variance test, it shows that giving probiotic powder to laying hens has no significant effect on the production of laying hens during the peak period.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"26 10","pages":"529-533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138800609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Circulating 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Receptor and Molecular Response in Multiple Myeloma","authors":"Zahraa Abdulwahaab Abdulrazaq, Mushtak Talib Salih Al-O, Nabeel Mudhir Talib","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.472.481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.472.481","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) regulate several body processes related to metabolism, immunological function and oncogenesis. Low vitamin D levels are recognized as associated with a higher incidence of hematologic malignancies and poor outcomes. This study aims to determine whether vitamin D levels and VDR contribute to multiple myeloma (MM). Materials and Methods: This study enrolled twenty-five patients diagnosed with MM. Ages and gender were matched between patients and healthy groups. Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP) was detected for all patients. Also, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were recorded. The PCR products were submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Sanger sequencing to detect VDR gene polymorphism including (FokI, ApaI and Tru9I). Results: This study revealed that an M spike was detected in five patients newly diagnosed with MM. According to vitamin D levels 84% of patients had a vitamin D deficiency. In the RFLP technique, FokI CT, ApaI AA and Tru9I GG genotypes were highly distributed in patients. Additionally, the MM group had a significant frequency of the T allele in the FokI (44.0%), the A allele in the ApaI (68.0%) and the A allele in the Tru9I (30.0%). Conclusion: The SPEP is an easy-to-perform laboratory test that can be used to detect and quantify monoclonal proteins. Low vitamin D level of less than 20 ng mL1 is associated with an increased prevalence of MM and a worse response to treatment. In addition, VDR gene polymorphisms may be a molecular marker of MM risk.","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135165348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Effects of Fig Leaf Extract and Orlistat on Obesity, Kidney and Liver of Rats","authors":"Abdulrahim Aljamal, Mahmoud Al Shawabk, Kawther Amawi, Taha Alqadi, Alia Khwaldeh","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.458.462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.458.462","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Obesity is a global health epidemic associated with various health complications. This study investigates the potential effects of ethanolic fig leaf extract and orlistat on obesity, as well as their impact on kidney and liver function in a rat model, aiming to contribute to the development of strategies for managing obesity-related health issues. Materials and Methods: Forty male albino rats with hypercholesterolemia were divided into four groups: Group one served as a control and received a normal diet, group two was a control group that was fed a high-fat diet, group three received a high-fat diet with a daily force-fed ration of 3 g kg1 b.wt., of fig leaves and group four received a high-fat diet along with daily administration of orlistat at 4 mg kg1 b.wt. Blood samples were collected from all groups at baseline and after 30 days of treatment. Results: Rats in the high-fat diet group showed a significant increase in body weight by 49%, while rats treated with fig leaf extract showed a significant decrease in body weight by 18% (p<0 .01) and treatment with orlistat resulted in 12% elevation in body weight. Renal function markers creatinine and urea were decreased in the group treated with fig leaves. Liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP decreased significantly in the group treated with fig leaves and orlistat. Albumin and globulin concentrations decreased more with fig leaf extract than with orlistat. Conclusion: Fig leaves and orlistat reduce body weight and improve kidney and liver function in hypercholesterolemic rats.","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135165338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought Stress Decreases Morphophysiological Characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre a Biodiesel Tree","authors":"Ni Luh Arpiwi, I. Ketut Muksin, Song Ai Nio","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.463.471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.463.471","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Drought stress is a condition of water shortage in plants. One tree species targeted for planting on marginal lands is Pongamia pinnata which produces oil for biodiesel feedstock. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the morphophysiological response of Pongamia pinnata and its resistance mechanism under drought stress at the seedling stage. Materials and Methods: Three months old Pongamia seedlings were given 4 treatments of watering intervals, namely every day (control) and every 7th, 14th and 21st day at field capacity indicating no stress, moderate stress, high stress and very high stress, respectively. Measurement of growth parameters was carried out every month for 4 months. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%. Results: Very high drought stress reduced plant survival to 60% at 3 MAP (month after planting) and dead at 4 MAP. Both moderate and high drought stresses slow down height growth. Both specific leaf area and leaf area ratio decreased dramatically by 45.7 and 63.74%, respectively at a very high drought stress treatment at 3 MAP. Root length decreased slightly by 18.40% at very high drought stress. Total plant dry weight decreased by 15.9 and 46.4% by high and very high drought stress respectively. Leaf pigment content decreased sharply to very high drought stress. Conclusion: Pongamia seedlings survived under moderate and high drought stress. This was achieved by reducing plant height, leaf area, dry weights and pigment content. The resistance mechanism was drought avoidance, achieved by dropping leaves and maintaining root growth.","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135165349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid Hormones Regulate the Thermoregulatory Mechanisms of the Body: Review","authors":"Wessam Mansour Filfilan","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2023.453.457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2023.453.457","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid hormones (TH) play a critical role in metabolism, energy balance and thermogenesis. The mechanisms whereby thyroid hormone increases heat production have been analyzed with emphasis in more recent developments. Thyroid hormone increases obligatory thermogenesis as a result of the stimulation of numerous metabolic pathways involved in the development, remodeling and delivery of energy to the tissues. In this section, alterations in primary hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism will be contrasted with the physiological characteristics of TH-dependent regulation in response to fasting and exposure to cold. The current review will discuss the situation with regard to regional thyroid hormones in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and more specifically, in peripheral cells. When caused by exposure to cold or fasting, local anomalies in the CNS are distinct from peripheral compartments, in contrast to hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which differ when similar changes are observed. Lower hypothalamic TH concentrations are associated with cold exposure, although higher peripheral TH levels. The TH tendency is reversed by fasting. Primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism impair them. The current study aims to trace the various mechanisms used by the thyroid gland to regulate the body's energy production process.","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135165325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}