PeerJ最新文献

{"title":"Construction and validation of a prognostic model for colorectal cancer based on migrasome-related long non-coding RNAs.","authors":"Qiang Lv, Qingzhu Yang, Hongsheng Chen, Yang Wang, Yuliuming Wang, Xu Hu, Ming Liu","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19443","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a globally prevalent and deadly malignancy of the digestive system. Recently, migrasomes have gained significant attention as important regulators of tumor cell migration and metastasis. The current research developed a highly accurate prognostic model using migrasome-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in COAD, providing new insights for prognostic assessment and immunotherapy of COAD patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RNA sequencing data from COAD patients were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database to construct a prognostic lncRNA model based on known migrasome-related genes (MRGs). The model's predictive accuracy was then assessed using concordance index (C-index) analysis, nomograms, principal component analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curves. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted to identify significant differences in biological functions and signaling pathways associated with differentially expressed genes in the high-risk subgroup. A comprehensive evaluation of the model incorporated clinical-pathological features, tumor microenvironment, and chemotherapy sensitivity. The expression levels of prognostic genes in COAD patients were validated <i>via</i> quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, the role of LCMT1-AS1 in colorectal cancer was examined through CCK-8 assays, colony formation assays, and Transwell experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Migrasome-related lncRNAs were identified as robust prognostic predictors for COAD. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk score derived from these lncRNAs is an independent prognostic factor for COAD. Patients in the low-risk group exhibited significantly longer overall survival (OS) compared to those in the high-risk group. Accordingly, the nomogram prediction model we developed, which integrates clinical features and risk scores, demonstrated excellent prognostic performance. <i>In vitro</i> experiments further showed that LCMT1-AS1 promotes the proliferation and migration of COAD cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the impact of Speed-Agility-Quickness Training method on the agility performance of collegiate sanda specialty students.","authors":"Xingwei Si, Yaojia Liu, Xia Feng, Shuyu Feng","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19406","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Research objective: </strong>This study investigates the effects of Speed, Agility, and Quickness (SAQ) training on the agility of collegiate sanda athletes at Henan Normal University.</p><p><strong>Research methods: </strong>The experimental group (EG) (<i>n</i> = 12, Age: 19.58 ± 1.165, height: 176.592 ± 3.181 cm, weight: 71.38 ± 15.84 kg, training years: 2.92 ± 0.793) was trained by the SAQ training method, and the control group (CG) (<i>n</i> = 12, Age: 19.92 ± 1.084, 177.308 ± 2.171 cm, 71.63 ± 16.80 kg, training years: 2.75 ± 0.754) was trained by traditional agility. The data of the CG group and the EG group were compared by repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) in different periods of the test indexes (pro agility run, Illinois agility run, compass pointer run, cross quadrant jump, 15s repeated ring jump, and punch-kick combination test) in the CG group and EG group.</p><p><strong>Research results: </strong>Post-experiment, the EG group showed significant differences in all six agility test indicators after adopting SAQ training. There were no significant differences in the Pro Agility Test, the Compass Pointer Test, and the 15s Repeated Ring Jump after the CG group used traditional agility performance training (<i>P</i> > 0.05). There were significant differences in the Illinois agility test (effect size D = 0.626), the cross quadrant jump test (effect size D = 0.558), and the punch-kick combination test (effect size D = 0.519) in the CG group after the experiment (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Similarly, the EG group showed significant differences in the Illinois agility test (effect size D = 0.894), the cross quadrant jump test (effect size D = 0.852), and the punch-kick combination test (effect size D = 0.896).</p><p><strong>Research conclusion: </strong>SAQ training significantly enhances the agility performance of collegiate sanda specialty students. The effects of improving agility performance through SAQ training are superior to those achieved with traditional agility training methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated albumin-bilirubin score as a predictor of kidney stones in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence from a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Wenya Mo, Tao Zhou, Qifei Dong, Yuhan Chen, Xuechun Hu, Jun Xiao, Changming Wang, Ping Xiang","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19419","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of kidney stones in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant challenge and burden, yet the underlying pathogenesis remains elusive. This study aimed to reveal the relationship between the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score and kidney stones in adult patients with T2DM. This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from 9,511 eligible patients. The main outcome of interest was the incidence of kidney stones, with the ALBI score serving as the primary exposure factor. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between ALBI score and kidney stones. Our study found that a higher ALBI score was independently related to the presence of kidney stones in adult patients with T2DM. When the ALBI score was stratified into tertiles, compared to patients with an ALBI score in the T1 category, those with ALBI scores in the T2 and T3 categories exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of kidney stones after adjusting for multiple potential confounding factors. Additionally, our results revealed a non-linear relationship between ALBI score and the presence of kidney stones, which was further supported by subgroup and interaction analyses. These findings offer preliminary insights that could potentially inform future approaches to understanding kidney stone risk in adults with T2DM. Additional studies are needed to validate our conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative efficacy of targeted therapy, chemotherapy and their combination for advanced cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","authors":"Zhoujun Liao, Zhuoyue Yao, Zhiqing Yang, Shaohua Yang, Wenjuan Gu, Huijie Wang, Lingyan Deng","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19386","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. Multiple randomized controlled trial (RCT) have shown conflicting benefits of different therapies. The study was to assess the effectiveness of chemotherapy (CT), targeted therapy (TT) and both of them (targeted therapy + chemotherapy; TT+CT) for advanced cholangiocarcinoma by a systematic review and network meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, EmBase, Medline, Cochrane were searched. Two reviewers independently selected published reports of RCT comparing any targeted therapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy combined with chemotherapy <i>vs</i>. placebo. The outcomes were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) on the hazard ratio-scale (HR) and mean differences-scale (MD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 13 RCT involving 1,914 patients. We revealed a differential reporting of outcomes. All three treatments significantly reduced the HR in OS and PFS when compared with the placebo. HR and MD values of OS and PFS in TT+CT group were significantly better than those in the other two groups. Only targeted therapy can significantly improve PFS in patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>1) All treatments significantly reduced the hazard ratio in OS and PFS when compared with the placebo; 2) HR and MD values of OS and PFS in TT+CT group were significantly better; 3) Only targeted therapy alone significantly increased the PFS of patients, thereby improving the quality of life of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing effect of 5-azacytidine on saline-alkaline resistance of <i>Akebia trifoliata</i> and underlying physiological and transcriptomic mechanisms.","authors":"Xiao Xu Bi, Kai Wang, Xiaoqin Li, Jiao Chen, Jin Yang, Jin Yan, Guijiao Wang, Yongfu Zhang","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19285","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saline-alkaline stress is a common problem in <i>Akebia trifoliata</i> cultivation. In this study, the enhancing effects of 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) on the resistance of <i>A. trifoliata</i> to saline-alkaline stress and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Plant height, stem diameter, biomass, root length, fresh weight of root, and root/shoot ratio of 6-month-old <i>A. trifoliata</i> seedlings were measured after saline-alkaline stress with or without 5-AzaC treatment. Moreover, the contents of photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂, sodium, soluble sugar, and proline; activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT); and anatomical structures of root, stem, and leaf were assessed. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome sequencing was performed. The results demonstrated that growth and development of <i>A. trifoliata</i> were severely inhibited under saline-alkaline stress, suggesting that the seedlings were exposed to severe oxidative and osmotic stresses. Treatment with exogenous 5-AzaC could significantly relieve the symptoms of saline-alkaline stress in <i>A. trifoliata</i>. Under saline-alkaline stress, 5-AzaC could increase the stem diameter, biomass, root length, fresh weight of root, and root/shoot ratio and minimize damages to the anatomical structure. Moreover, absorption of Na⁺ was reduced; ionic balance was maintained; POD and CAT activities were significantly improved; proline and soluble sugar contents increased, and H₂O₂ and MDA contents decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 5-AzaC functioned via regulating KEGG pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and glutathione metabolism under saline-alkaline stress. Particularly, enhanced expression of genes from the auxin pathway in plant hormone signal transduction; the lignin synthetic pathway in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis; and photosystem II, photosystem I, photosynthetic electron transport, and F-type ATP pathway in photosynthesis may be related to 5-AzaC-induced saline-alkaline resistance. The results provided theoretical references for <i>A. trifoliata</i> cultivation in saline-alkaline soil and application of 5-AzaC to improve saline-alkaline tolerance in plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaze behavior and decision-making among handball referees: exploring gender and expertise differences.","authors":"Jacek Świdwa, Stefanie Klatt, Adam Kantanista","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19401","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gaze behavior has been extensively studied in various sports, yet research on handball referees remains limited. Understanding gaze behavior in handball officiating is crucial for enhancing training programs, particularly for novice referees. This study investigates gaze behavior and decision-making processes among male and female handball referees of varying expertise levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 51 handball referees (aged 30.25 ± 7.61 years), including 11 females and 40 males from the Polish Handball Federation, participated in the study. The sample comprised 31 higher-level referees (Super League and First League) and 20 lower-level referees (Second and Regional League). Participants wore head-mounted mobile eye-trackers to assess fixations and saccades while watching video clips of handball match scenarios. After each scene, referees made decisions based on the handball rules.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher-level referees demonstrated significantly greater decision-making accuracy compared to lower-level referees (<i>p</i> < 0.05; Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.678), particularly in \"punishment\" scenarios (<i>p</i> < 0.001; Cohen's <i>d</i> = 1.407). Although no significant differences in gaze behavior (<i>e.g.</i>, number and duration of fixations and saccades) were observed concerning gender or expertise level, specific differences in decision-making accuracy emerged, particularly regarding expertise and free-throw scenarios.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicate that differences in decision-making accuracy among handball referees are likely influenced by factors such as experience and cognitive processing rather than gaze behavior. The absence of gender differences in gaze patterns challenges prior research suggesting systematic visual search disparities. Future studies in real-game settings are needed to explore the impact of physical and psychological demands on referees' performance, providing practical insights for training programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Nanopore sequencing for sequence-based detection of four tilapia pathogens.","authors":"Jérôme Delamare-Deboutteville, Watcharachai Meemetta, Khaettareeya Pimsannil, Han Ming Gan, Laura Khor, Mohan Chadag, Ha Thanh Dong, Saengchan Senapin","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19425","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tilapia aquaculture faces significant threats posed by four prominent pathogens: tilapia lake virus (TiLV), infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), <i>Francisella orientalis</i>, and <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>. Currently, employed molecular diagnostic methods for these pathogens rely on multiple singleplex polymerase chain reactions (PCR), which are time-consuming and expensive.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we present an approach utilizing a multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay, coupled with rapid Nanopore sequencing, enabling the one-tube simultaneous detection and one-reaction Nanopore sequencing-based validation of four pathogens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our one-tube multiplex assay exhibits a detection limit of 1,000 copies per reaction for TiLV, ISKNV, and <i>S. agalactiae</i>, while for <i>F. orientalis</i>, the detection limit is 10,000 copies per reaction. This sensitivity is sufficient for diagnosing infections and co-infections in clinical samples from sick fish, enabling rapid confirmation of the presence of pathogens. Integrating multiplex PCR and Nanopore sequencing provides an alternative approach platform for fast and precise diagnostics of major tilapia pathogens in clinically sick animals, adding to the available toolbox for disease diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12091030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144111590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility and resistance profiles of field and laboratory strains of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts to pirimiphos-methyl, alpha-cypermethrin and spinetoram.","authors":"Muhammad Bukhari, Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19423","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The khapra beetle, <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts, 1898, is a significant pest of stored commodities worldwide. Insecticides are heavily relied upon to manage <i>T. granarium</i>. However, the long-term usage of insecticides has led to the development of resistance to insecticides, reducing their effectiveness against <i>T. granarium</i>. This study investigated variations in susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl, alpha-cypermethrin and spinetoram in a laboratory and seven field strains of <i>T. granarium</i>, using dose-mortality bioassays. Metabolic resistance mechanisms were investigated through synergism studies using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and <i>S,S,S</i>-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). Susceptibility of the laboratory strain was the highest to all insecticides compared to the field strains. For field strains, the LD₅₀ values ranged from 25.9 to 49.6 mg/kg grain for pirimiphos-methyl, 15.0 to 40.5 mg/kg grain for alpha-cypermethrin, and 2.2 to 6.0 mg/kg grain for spinetoram. Compared to the laboratory strain, field strains of <i>T. granarium</i> exhibited significant resistance ratios ranging from: 19.9 to 38.1 fold against pirimiphos-methyl, 12.3 to 45.0 fold against alpha-cypermethrin, and 7.3 to 20.0 against spinetoram. In synergism bioassays, there was a significant effect of enzyme inhibitors on enhancing suceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl only in field strains, suggesting P450 monooxygenase and esterases may contribute to pirimiphos-methyl resistance. In conclusion, variable susceptibility to insecticides was observed across different strains of <i>T. granarium</i>. Reduced susceptibility to insecticides in field strains compared to the laboratory strain poses challenges for effective control of <i>T. granarium</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12083465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antarctic macroalgal-associated amphipod assemblages exhibit long-term resistance to ocean acidification.","authors":"Hannah E Oswalt, Julie B Schram, Margaret O Amsler, Charles D Amsler, James B McClintock","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19368","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pH of the world's oceans has decreased since the Industrial Revolution due to the oceanic uptake of increased atmospheric CO₂ in a process called ocean acidification. Low pH has been linked to negative impacts on the calcification, growth, and survival of calcifying invertebrates. Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, dominant brown macroalgae often shelter large numbers of diverse invertebrate mesograzers, many of which are calcified. Mesograzer assemblages in this region are often composed of large numbers of amphipods which have key roles in Antarctic macroalgal communities. Understanding the impacts of acidification on amphipods is vital for understanding how these communities will be impacted by climate change. To assess how long-term acidification may influence the survival of different members in these assemblages, mesograzers, particularly amphipods, associated with the brown alga <i>Desmarestia menziesii</i> were collected from the immediate vicinity of Palmer Station, Antarctica (S64°46', W64°03') in January 2020 and maintained under three different pH treatments simulating ambient conditions (approximately pH 8.1), near-future conditions for 2100 (pH 7.7), and distant future conditions (pH 7.3) for 52 days then enumerated. Total assemblage number and the relative proportion of each species in the assemblage were found to be similar across the pH treatments. These results suggest that amphipod assemblages associated with <i>D. menziesii</i> may be resistant to long-term exposure to decreased pH.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12083470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fitts' law-based identification of motor development stages for the upper limb: proof of concept in three age groups.","authors":"Cristina Sanchez, Eloy Urendes, Alejandra Aceves, María Martínez-Olagüe, Rafael Raya","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19433","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19433","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Psychomotor development, including fine motor skills, progresses throughout childhood and stabilizes in adulthood. This process is closely tied to neurological maturation, with \"reaching and pointing tasks\" considered fundamental upper limb functions. According to Fitts' law, movement time (MT) depends on the task's index of difficulty (ID). From an Information Theory perspective, throughput (TP) reflects processing speed in reaching tasks, while error rate (ER) quantifies incorrect selections. As motor control improves, TP is expected to increase and ER to decrease, indicating greater efficiency and coordination. This study aimed to compare TP and ER across three age groups to assess motor control evolution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Sixty participants were divided into three groups: children (5-6 years), adolescents (14-15 years), and adults (21-24 years). All participants performed a 2D reaching task on a tablet using their dominant hand, in accordance with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9241-411 standard. Each participant completed 23 trials under four IDs, varying target size and distance. TP and ER were calculated and the data were statistically analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and &lt;i&gt;post-hoc&lt;/i&gt; tests to identify differences between groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;TP and ER showed significant differences across age groups. Children (5-6 years) had the lowest TP (3.84 ± 0.95 bits/s) and the highest ER (17.07 ± 8.15%). Adolescents (14-15 years) demonstrated higher TP (5.88 ± 0.64 bits/s) and lower ER (5.06 ± 3.13%), while adults (21-24 years) exhibited the highest TP (6.46 ± 1.05 bits/s) and a slightly higher ER (6.81 ± 5.07%) than adolescents. A one-way ANOVA confirmed a significant effect of age on TP (F&lt;sub&gt;2,57&lt;/sub&gt; = 47.18, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001, &lt;math&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;η&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; = 0.623) and ER (F&lt;sub&gt;2,57&lt;/sub&gt; = 22.1, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001, &lt;math&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;η&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; = 0.437). &lt;i&gt;Post-hoc&lt;/i&gt; comparisons revealed that children had significantly lower TP and higher ER than both adolescents and adults (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). Additionally, adolescents showed significantly lower TP than adults (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). However, no significant differences in ER were found between adolescents and adults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The results indicate that TP and ER, derived from Fitts' law, effectively capture age-related differences in motor control across different developmental stages. These findings align with typical neuromotor development. Children show the lowest performance in both speed and accuracy, with adults outperforming both children and adolescents in processing speed, and adolescents demonstrating similar accuracy compared to adults. These metrics show potential for clinical and research applications, particularly in evaluating motor impairments or","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12085112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}