Parasites & Vectors最新文献

{"title":"Sublethal insecticide exposure of larvae affects the blood-feeding behaviour of adult mosquitoes.","authors":"Tiago G Zeferino, Gwendoline Acerbi, Jacob C Koella","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06815-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06815-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to their widespread use for controlling disease vectors and agricultural pests, insecticides have become ubiquitous in the environment, including in water bodies harbouring mosquito larvae. As a result, these larvae are continuously exposed to sublethal doses. Since this has long-lasting effects on the mosquitoes' physiology and life-history, we expected that it may also affect behaviours that underlie the mosquitoes' population dynamics and disease epidemiology, such as egg-laying preference, blood-feeding motivation and host-seeking behaviour.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using an insecticide-sensitive and a resistant strain of Anopheles gambiae, an important malaria vector, we evaluated the effects of sublethal exposure to permethrin throughout larval development on the resistance to the insecticide in adults, on host-seeking behaviour, on the motivation to blood-feed and on egg-laying behaviour.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exposure to sublethal doses of insecticide did not affect knock-down or mortality rates. However, it decreased the avoidance of permethrin-treated nets, and it increased the motivation of females to seek blood meals through permethrin-treated nets, regardless of their sensitivity to the insecticide. It also increased the blood-meal size in particular of the sensitive mosquitoes. Finally, exposed females were more likely than unexposed ones to lay their eggs into several sites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sublethal insecticide exposure during larval development changes several aspects of the behaviour of mosquitoes in ways that could enhance disease transmission and may thus have significant epidemiological implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12103745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroRNA-34-5p regulates the expression of ecdysteroid receptor (ECR) in the process of salivary gland degeneration of ticks.","authors":"Shanming Hu, Yanan Wang, Yongzhi Zhou, Jie Cao, Houshuang Zhang, Jinlin Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06842-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06842-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The salivary glands of female ticks rapidly degenerate after feeding via programmed cell death mediated by an ecdysteroid receptor (ECR). The degeneration includes both apoptosis and autophagy. The process of degeneration can also be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), but the underlying mechanism of miRNA involvement in salivary gland degeneration remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that microRNA34-5p (miR-34-5p) regulates the process of salivary gland degeneration in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides by modulating the target gene RhECR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dual luciferase reporter assays and phenotypic rescue experiments identified RhECR as a direct target of miR-34-5p. The overexpression and inhibition of miR-34-5p were quantified by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that miR-34-5p inhibited the expression of RhECR to retard apoptosis in salivary gland acini. The study identified the roles of miR-34-5p and RhECR and their interactions in tick salivary gland degeneration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings will aid in the application of ECR genes for tick control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12100847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing a predictive model for liver fluke infection on the basis of early changes in laboratory indicators: a retrospective study.","authors":"Yiting Wang, Tie Wang, Xin Wen, Chongchong Feng","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06833-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06833-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatic clonorchiasis is one of the most prevalent foodborne parasitic diseases in China and is often overlooked because the initial symptoms are not obvious. In this study, a multivariate model for the early prediction of disease onset using laboratory test data from liver-fluke-infected patients was developed and validated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Laboratory data from 147 liver-fluke-infected patients and 151 healthy control subjects were collected. Univariate logistic regression, Spearman correlation analysis, and collinearity diagnosis were used to screen for independent factors. A multivariate model was then constructed using the backward likelihood ratio method. For external validation, an independent patient cohort from another hospital was analyzed. The discriminative performance of the combined model was compared with that of previously identified biomarkers (eosinophil count and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 12-indicator prediction model for liver fluke infection was developed using traditional logistic regression (82.31% sensitivity and 88.08% specificity). The receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analyses revealed that the model exhibited excellent discriminative ability (area under the curve [AUC]: training = 0.928, validation = 0.808), goodness of fit, and clinical practicability. The combined model showed superior discrimination compared with individual biomarkers, including eosinophil count (AUC = 0.577) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (AUC = 0.620).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study developed an early risk prediction model for liver fluke infection using routine laboratory test data. Compared with previously reported biomarkers, the model demonstrated superior diagnostic performance and showed potential as a clinical tool for identifying early stage liver fluke infection in patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The \"Gredouno\" Cross Target: a new tool adapted to control Glossina palpalis gambiensis in the mangrove forests of Guinea.","authors":"Kagbadouno Moïse, Camara Abdoulaye Dansy, Bart Jean-Mathieu, Solano Philippe, Bucheton Bruno, Camara Mamadou, Grébaut Pascal","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06783-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06783-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the mangroves of Guinea, where the most active foci of human African trypanosomiasis in West Africa are located, vector control against tsetse flies using insecticide-impregnated Tiny Targets was first introduced in 2012. While annual deployments of Tiny Targets have resulted in an overall 90% reduction in tsetse fly densities in control areas, managing tsetse densities in specific biotopes such as mangrove channels, which are susceptible to significant climatic disturbances, presents greater challenges. Thus, a new three-dimensional model called the Cross Target was designed to address this situation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the first phase, we evaluated the attractiveness of the Cross Target along with three other devices (the Tiny Target, the biconical trap, and the pyramidal trap) in a Latin square design. In a second phase, we assessed the efficacy of the Tiny Target and the Cross Target to control tsetse densities in a pilot field study led in two adjacent mangrove channels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the Latin square study, the Cross Target was significantly more attractive than the other devices, with a catch index of 2.23 (P = 0.03), 1.63 (P = 0.004), and 2.39 (P = 0.003) as compared with the biconical trap, the Tiny Target, and the pyramidal trap, respectively. In the pilot experimental field evaluation the Cross Target also showed its superiority, with tsetse density reduction reaching 90% 15 months after the initial deployment, whereas densities remained high in the channel where Tiny Targets were deployed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study underscores the superiority of the new three-dimensional Cross Target in terms of attractiveness to tsetse flies and its resilience to climatic disturbances as compared with the conventional Tiny Target. The Cross Target presents a promising solution to enhance vector control effectiveness in challenging environments, such as mangroves or other hard-to-access areas, where target maintenance is particularly difficult.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"185"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact factors and genetic characteristics of head lice infestation in schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study from 2018 to 2023 in central China.","authors":"Yi-Tian Fu, Yuan-Ping Deng, Yue Xie, Hui-Mei Wang, Yan-Yan Peng, Guo-Hua Liu, Xiang Wu","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06825-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06825-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation is a worldwide public health concern, especially in school-aged children. However, its main impact factors and genetic characteristics remain poorly understood in China. Hence, the purpose of the study was to explore the precise association between multiple impact factors and head lice infestation, characterize the genetic variation of the head lice, and develop a sensitive and specific mitochondrial (mt) DNA duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for accurately distinguishing clades A and B.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hunan Province, central China from January 2018 to July 2023. A total of 9254 schoolchildren from 48 primary schools in each administrative region were examined for head lice. Impact factors for infestation were analyzed using the data collected by a questionnaire. The mt cytb gene sequences of head lice collected in the current study were used for sequence analysis, then were added to the global pool to conduct the phylogenetic analyses. Primers designed on the basis of this gene sequence were used in duplex PCR to diagnose head lice clades A and B by amplicon size.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Head lice infestation was found in 93.8% (45/48) of the primary schools included in the study. Overall, 6.8% (630/9254) of the examined schoolchildren harbored head lice, with 94.6% (596/630) being girls. A total of 2132 adult head lice were collected from 630 infested cases. The impact factors for head lice infestation included gender, school location, family situation, per capita income, study mode, and hair washing per week (p < 0.01). However, season and age were not considered as impact factors for head lice prevalence (p > 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis based on mt cytb gene sequences showed that head lice are classified into two clades (A and B), with clade B being more dominant in Hunan Province, central China. The newly developed duplex PCR was able to differentiate clades A from B in China with 100% sensitivity and specificity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings revealed that head lice infestation is mostly associated with poverty and poor hygiene in Hunan Province, central China. It is crucial to consider the simultaneous surveillance of head lice infestation in schoolchildren in regions with low level of socioeconomic status; however, datasets from other provinces are warranted to confirm the findings. It further showed that clades A and B are common in central China and that the latter has emerged and become the dominant one.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in human skin volatiles between populations with high and low attraction to mosquitoes.","authors":"Zhihua Fan, Teng Zhao, Zhenyu Gu, Heting Gao, Xinyu Zhou, Haotian Yu, Dan Xing, Hui Wang, Chunxiao Li","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06738-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06738-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The attractiveness of mosquitoes to humans varies among individuals, with human volatile organic compounds (VOCs) playing a pivotal role in the mosquitoes' host-seeking behavior. Differences between human volatiles detected by GC-MS can effectively modulate mosquito host selection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were enrolled and then assessed for mosquito attraction via an olfactometer. Their skin volatiles were collected with a stir bar as the sorptive extraction and were analyzed with high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-HRGC-MS). These data were then integrated with principal component analysis (PCA), volcano plot analysis, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to identify differential compounds between high and low mosquito attraction groups. Odorants with repellent properties were screened and evaluated using behavioral bioassays to assess their impact on the attractiveness of Aedes aegypti.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the 30 volunteers, 24 participants (12/12 with high/low attractiveness to mosquitoes) were enrolled. In the group with high mosquito attraction, human skin compounds such as N,N-dibutyl formamide (10.8%), decanoic acid (9.2%), and decanal (5.9%) were detected with high components. Conversely, in the low mosquito attraction group, relatively high levels of indole (0.9%), fury hydroxymethyl ketone (2.2%), and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone (0.8%) were observed. The results of two pathway analyses indicated that most of these compounds are associated with fatty acid metabolism, respectively. Three compounds-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone, furfuryl hydroxymethyl ketone, and 1,2-cyclopentanedione-were identified as prominent candidates, exhibiting significant repellent efficacy in behavioral bioassays.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, the impact of differences among VOCs emitted by human skin on the host-seeking behavior of Ae. aegypti was investigated, providing insights for the development of novel mosquito baits and repellents.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12093884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Among-population proteomic differences in Schistocephalus solidus based on excretory/secretory and total body protein predictions.","authors":"Anni Wang, Daniel I Bolnick","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06807-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06807-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Parasites secrete and excrete a variety of molecules that evolved to help establish and sustain infections within hosts. Parasite adaptation to their host may lead to between-population divergence in these excretory and secretory products (ESPs), but few studies have tested for intraspecific variation in helminth proteomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Schistocephalus solidus is a cestode that parasitizes the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. We used an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry protocol to characterize the ESPs and whole-body proteome of S. solidus. Specifically, we characterized the proteome of S. solidus at the plerocercoid stage from wild-caught stickleback from three lakes on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) and one lake in Alaska (USA). We tested for differences in proteome composition among the four populations and specifically between ESPs and body tissue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, we identified 1362 proteins in the total proteome of S. solidus, with 542 of the 1362 proteins detected exclusively in the ESPs. Of the ESP proteins, we found signaling peptides and transmembrane proteins that had not been previously detected or characterized in S. solidus. We also found that protein spectrum counts varied greatly among all lake populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These population-level differences were observed in both ESP and whole-body tissue types. Our study suggests that S. solidus can excrete and secrete a wide range of proteins which are distinct among populations. These differences might reflect plastic responses to host genotype differences, or evolved adaptations by Schistocephalus to different local host populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12090676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144111561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the speed of transmission of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto by infected ticks through an in vitro experimental model.","authors":"F Beugnet, M Madder, A Joubert, I Bouzaidi Cheikhi, M Chajia, J F Besselaar, D Y Tan","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06798-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06798-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) have significant clinical and public health implications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This experimental study used a validated continuous-flow in vitro feeding system (CFIFS) to investigate the speed of transmission (SOT) of three tick-borne pathogens (TBPs): Ehrlichia canis by laboratory-infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus (18.3% infection rate), Anaplasma phagocytophilum by laboratory-infected Ixodes ricinus (56%), and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) by laboratory-infected I. ricinus (76%). Three experiments were conducted, one per pathogen/tick model. A total of 58-60 ticks were used per feeding system. Four to six replicates were obtained per experiment. All ticks were laboratory-reared. The tick infections were performed by feeding the nymphal stages on infected hosts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All ticks began to attach and feed 3 h after being introduced to the feeding system. At the maximum attachment, 89.7% of R. sanguineus were attached at 57 h, with 4-30% attachment at 51 h for I. ricinus infected with A. phagocytophilum, and 6.3-47.9% at 48 h for I. ricinus infected with B. burgdorferi s.s. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were used to detect the presence of pathogens from blood samples collected every 3 h. Swab samples from the inner face of the feeding membrane were also collected and tested every 6 h during the B. burgdorferi s.s.</p><p><strong>Study: </strong>In this experimental in vitro design, after the first tick attachments were observed, E. canis exhibited SOT of 3-6 h, A. phagocytophilum of 12-15 h, and B. burgdorferi of 42-45 h in blood but only 3-6 h on inner membrane swabs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this in vitro study highlight the transmission time of some TBPs, confirming previous data obtained in vitro or in vivo, by using the same design for all tick/pathogen models. This is a way to estimate the possibility of using acaricidal drugs to block pathogen transmission based on the SOT and the speed of kill of these compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"182"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12093681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144111578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma calcium-dependent protein kinases 3 mediates M1 macrophage polarization by targeting host Arginase-1.","authors":"Ran An, Fang Liu, Niuniu Dai, Fangmin Li, Xingyun Liu, Haijian Cai, Lijian Chen, Jian Du","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06799-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06799-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, has developed sophisticated ways to manipulate host immunity, resulting in long-lasting infection and causing serious public health problems in humans and animals. T. gondii type II is the type most frequently associated with human diseases, but the mechanism remains unclear. Toxoplasma calcium-dependent protein kinase 3(CDPK3), a protein located on the T. gondii parasite periphery, is highly expressed in type II strains. Although TgCDPK3 regulates parasite egress from host cells, calcium-based infiltration, and development of tissue cysts, the host target proteins that it modulates are still unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Firstly, mass spectrometry was used to analyze proteins that selectively bind to TgCDPK3. Subsequently, GST (glutathione-s-transferase) pull-down, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assay were used to confirm the interaction and colocalization between TgCDPK3 and Arginase-1. Western blotting and Argininaseactivity assays were performed to detect the relative levels of endogenous Arginase-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a murine microglial cell line. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis were performed to confirm the association of interaction between TgCDPK3 and Arginase-1 within an M1/M2-polarized macrophage. Intracellular multiplication assays and plaque assays were performed to test whether the interaction between TgCDPK3 and Arginase-1 affected intercellular parasite growth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The interaction between TgCDPK3 and Arginase-1 is functionally correlated and leads to a reduction in Arginase-1 activity, ultimately, contributing to the M1-biased phenotype of the host macrophages, which is related to restraining the proliferation of parasites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data showed that CDPK3 mediates M1 macrophage polarization by targeting host Arginase-1, which is beneficial to understanding the mechanism for long term latency establishment of less virulent strains of Toxoplasma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12090600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144111583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human IgG responses to Anopheles gambiae immunogenic salivary proteins in urban and rural populations of Burkina Faso: biomarkers of exposure to malaria vector bites.","authors":"Michaël Kaboré, Yéri Esther Hien, Dado Jean Noël Koussé, Fatimata Thiombiano, Mireille Ouédraogo, Abdoul Rahamani Nikiema, Enock Ibrango, Nicolas Ouédraogo, Mariama K Cherif, Sylvain Ilboudo, Toussaint Rouamba, Guillaume Sylvestre Sanou","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06792-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06792-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria control would be greatly facilitated by the development of new tools for rapidly assessing malaria transmission intensity. In malaria-endemic areas such as Burkina Faso, human populations are frequently exposed to immunomodulatory salivary components injected during mosquito blood feeding. Numerous studies have examined parasite immunity; however, there are few data available on vector immunity as a means of assessing malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study aims to compare IgG-specific response to salivary gland extracts (SGE) of Anopheles gambiae (An. gambiae) in populations living in urban and rural areas in Burkina Faso.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in two sites, Ouagadougou city and Sapouy village, where blood samples (n = 676) from children (0-15 years) and adults were collected. After An. gambiae salivary protein isolation, the antibody (IgG) response to those SGE was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), representing a proxy of Anopheles exposure. The difference in antibody concentrations between groups was tested using parametric tests (Student's t-test and analysis of variance [ANOVA]) and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U (Wilcoxon rank-sum) test. All differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population consisted of 63.0% males and 37.0% females (average age = 31.2 ± 17.8 years). IgG antibodies against An. gambiae salivary protein were detected in all study participants. Urban participants demonstrated a greater mean IgG level to An. gambiae bites than rural (P < 0.0001). The mean IgG level was higher in secondary school children compared with primary school children (P < 0.0001). Organic cotton farmers held higher IgG to An. gambiae bites than conventional cotton farmers (P = 0.0027).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evaluation of IgG specific to mosquito salivary gland extracts as immunological biomarkers in populations in Burkina Faso allowed us to show that the human anti-SGE IgG level to An. gambiae bites is strongly influenced by the living environment and the use of insecticides in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"179"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12090678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}