Parasites & Vectors最新文献

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Toscana virus in blood donors in mainland Portugal.","authors":"Rafael Rocha, Elif Kurum, Nazli Ayhan, Rémi Charrel, Carla Maia","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06726-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06726-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Toscana virus (TOSV; Phlebovirus toscanaense), a phlebovirus transmitted by sand flies, is a growing public health concern in the Mediterranean region, with infections often being asymptomatic but potentially leading to neuroinvasive disease. Despite its presence in neighboring countries, data on TOSV seroprevalence in Portugal are limited. This study aimed to estimate the national seroprevalence of TOSV among blood donors in mainland Portugal and explore associations with sociodemographic factors and Leishmania infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted using serum samples from 3593 blood donors across mainland Portugal, collected between February and June 2022. Anti-TOSV antibodies were detected via microneutralization assay, and anti-Leishmania antibodies had previously been tested using ELISA. Sociodemographic data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Seroprevalence was estimated by region, and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with TOSV infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, the estimated national true seroprevalence of TOSV was 2.6% (95% CI 2.1-3.1%). Regional seroprevalence varied significantly, with the highest values (up to 14.8%) in Alto Alentejo, Baixo Alentejo, Douro, Alto Tâmega e Barroso and Oeste regions. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 50 years (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.04-2.77), residing in the Alentejo region (aOR 3.05, 95% CI 1.85-5.02) and positive/borderline Leishmania serology (aOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.29-4.15) were significantly associated with TOSV infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights new areas of TOSV circulation in Portugal, particularly in regions with higher Leishmania seroprevalence and visceral leishmaniasis incidence, suggesting co-circulation of these pathogens. Although a lower seroprevalence was obtained compared to neighboring countries, TOSV should still be considered in the differential diagnosis of viral meningitis and encephalitis in Portugal, especially in potentially high-risk regions. Further research is needed to better understand the ecological drivers of TOSV distribution in Portugal.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11874794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection with Babesia bovis alters metabolic rates of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks across life stages.","authors":"Kayla N Earls, Karen Poh, Massaro Ueti, Kennan Oyen","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06645-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06645-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolic responses to infection differ based on arthropod and pathogen. Increased metabolic rates can result in faster depletion of energetic resources, and decreases may allow for energy conservation. Babesia bovis is a protozoan pathogen transmitted by the cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. Adult female ticks acquire B. bovis by feeding on an infected animal. Babesia bovis undergoes development and invades the ovaries where it is transmitted transovarially to tick offspring. The effects of infection on R. microplus metabolic rate are not well studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested the hypothesis that R. microplus infected with B. bovis would have altered metabolic rates (volume of carbon dioxide [VCO₂]) across life stages using flow-through respirometry. Replete females from either an infected or naïve calf were measured across 3 days to determine differences in VCO₂. Hemolymph smears were used to categorize the number of B. bovis kinetes present in the hemolymph of replete females during egg oviposition. The VCO₂ for groups of their offspring were measured twice as eggs and once as larvae. The number of individuals and successfully hatched larvae in each group were enumerated at the end of the experiment to determine the average VCO₂ per individual.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Infected replete females have decreased VCO₂ while their offspring have increased VCO₂ at the egg and larval stages. Interestingly, replete females had a 25% reduction in body mass compared to uninfected female tick controls. Uninfected larvae were twice as likely to hatch than larvae from infected replete female ticks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>VCO₂ varied between control and infected ticks depending on life stage. Infected replete females had lower VCO₂ and body mass while their offspring had higher VCO₂ than their control counterparts. Higher larval VCO₂ may promote earlier questing and a shorter lifespan. Changes in metabolic and hatch rates have implications that may promote disease spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11872307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living in the city: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a novel threat to an urban population of Florida burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia floridana) in south Florida.","authors":"Håkon Jones, Nicole M Nemeth, Brittany Piersma, Rebecca Hardman, Lisa A Shender, Raoul K Boughton, Kayla B Garrett, Nikole Castleberry, P J Deitschel, Xuan Hui Teo, Rebecca Radisic, Martha Frances Dalton, Michael J Yabsley","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06700-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06700-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is a metastrongyloid parasite that uses rodents as definitive hosts, mollusks as intermediate hosts, and a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species as paratenic hosts. Although this parasite poses a significant public health concern in many regions of the world, it can also cause disease in numerous domestic and wildlife aberrant host species. When parasite larvae are ingested by one of these aberrant hosts, larval migration in the central nervous system causes extensive damage, resulting in spinal cord and/or brain damage and inflammation, leading to potentially fatal neurological disease. We describe A. cantonensis infection in a novel host, the Florida burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia floridana), on Marco Island, Collier County, Florida, USA. The Florida burrowing owl is a state-listed species that has experienced steep population declines across its range, primarily due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Many populations are now restricted to urban environments, which pose novel threats to the owls, such as exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and novel pathogens, increased risk of predation, vehicular strike, and increased disturbance at nest sites.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Through diagnostic evaluation of carcasses and select tissues submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study from 2019 to 2023, we diagnosed nine confirmed or suspected cases of angiostrongylosis on Marco Island.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing confirmed parasite identification. In addition, ancillary testing ruled out other potential causes of neurological disease, such as rodenticides, West Nile virus, and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study underscores the importance of surveillance and monitoring efforts for A. cantonensis, particularly in regions where novel hosts may serve as indicators of public health risk. In addition, as urbanization and habitat fragmentation continue encroaching upon wildlife habitats, understanding the dynamics of host-parasite interactions becomes crucial for mitigating the spread of zoonotic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"80"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11866900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry detection of Wolbachia in adult Dirofilaria immitis from dogs treated with doxycycline and ivermectin.","authors":"Yi Chu, Kaori Sakamoto, Christopher C Evans, Michael T Dzimianski, Crystal Fricks, Abdelmoneim Mansour, Utami DiCosty, Scott McCall, John W McCall, C Thomas Nelson, Andrew R Moorhead","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06720-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06720-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Wolbachia is present in all life stages of Dirofilaria immitis. Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) can be highly immunogenic and induce acute inflammatory reactions in the host upon worm death. To avoid the abrupt release of Wolbachia and its antigens from deceased parasites, the American Heartworm Society (AHS) has recommended using doxycycline (DOXY) and having a 1-month wait period between the DOXY treatment and the adulticidal process for Wolbachia elimination. Studies have shown that the 28 day, 10 mg/kg twice daily (BID) administration of DOXY can effectively clear Wolbachia in the bloodstream of the host. The 1-month wait period is hypothesized to allow for further reduction of Wolbachia. However, the levels of Wolbachia in adult parasites after the DOXY treatment remain unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-five purposely bred dogs were intravenously transplanted with 20 Dirofilaria immitis adults, consisting of 12 females and 8 males. The dogs were divided into nine groups of five dogs each. Two groups each received 5, 7.5, or 10 mg/kg DOXY BID orally for 28 days, and ivermectin (IVM) monthly (6 µg/kg.) Three groups remained untreated as controls. Study animals were necropsied on day 0, day 30, and day 60, following the start of treatment. Adult worms were collected at necropsy and preserved for analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry for WSP were performed on worms collected at each time point. The data were analyzed using a linear mixed model (LMM). Multiple comparisons were adjusted using Tukey's test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The qPCR results showed that all treatment doses significantly reduced Wolbachia levels compared with the control groups at 30 and 60 days. The intradose comparison indicated a significant decrease on day 60 compared with day 30. No significant differences were found between different doses on the two examination dates. Immunohistochemistry indicated the markedly reduced presence of Wolbachia in treatment groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>All DOXY dosages can be considered effective in reducing Wolbachia on both tested dates (30 and 60 days). On the basis of the further reduction of Wolbachia levels in adult D. immitis, the 1-month rest period in the AHS heartworm treatment guidelines is beneficial. Wolbachia can still be detected on day 60 in all dosage groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11866827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Draft genome of pin nematode Paratylenchus projectus recovered from rhizosphere of blueberry.","authors":"Liang-Qin Liu, Wei-Qi Fu, Yuan-Yuan Ma, Zhi-Yin Liu, Chun-Feng Ge, Yi-Ru Yang, Xue Qing, Qi-Long Zeng","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06680-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06680-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The pin nematode, belonging to the genus Paratylenchus, parasitizes higher plants, often causing reduced or inhibited root tip development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pin nematodes were isolated from the roots and rhizosphere of blueberry plants and subsequently identified as representatives of Paratylenchus projectus based on morphological characteristics and molecular barcoding. The P. projectus draft genome was sequenced using the Illumina platform.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S, 28S and ITS rRNA placed this species in highly supported clades alongside other P. projectus specimens. The draft genome of P. projectus was sequenced and assembled, representing the first genomic data for both the genus Paratylenchus and the family Tylenchulidae. The assembled genome, though fragmented, had a total length of 191.36 Mb and an estimated genome size of 64.9 Mb. Protein-coding genes were predicted using four different databases, with particular focus on carbohydrate-active enzymes from the GH5 and GH18 families. The recovered GH5 genes were distributed among three distinct clades: one forming a basal group relative to other nematodes, one as a sister clade to the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae and one nested within a fungal clade. The GH18 chitinase genes were grouped into two clades: one closely related to sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes of the genera Heterodera and Globodera and the other closely related to the fungivorous nematode Ditylenchus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The draft genome of Paratylenchus projectus was sequenced and assembled, representing the first genomic data for both the genus Paratylenchus and the family Tylenchulidae to our knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"77"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11863913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and natural infection of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in an endemic area of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in southeastern Bahia, Brazil.","authors":"Bruno Oliveira Cova, Livia Alves de Oliveira, Paulo Roberto Lima Machado, Edgar Marcelino de Carvalho, Adriano Figueiredo Monte-Alegre, Albert Schriefer","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06717-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06717-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Cacao Region spans several municipalities in the state of Bahia. It is one of the major foci of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in Brazil. We report the findings of a pilot cross-sectional study describing the phlebotomine fauna found around living sites of newly diagnosed ATL cases in that area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sand fly fauna was studied from May 2018 to June 2019 via an entomological survey, as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six hundred nineteen phlebotomine sand flies of 20 species were captured: 272 males (44%) and 347 females (56%). Nyssomyia whitmani was the most prevalent (62.2%), followed by Nyssomyia intermedia (9.2%), Evandromyia bahiensis (6.3%), endemic to Bahia, and Trichophoromyia viannamartinsi (4.5%). Ninety-four percent of the female sand flies collected were screened for infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 97 sand fly pools analyzed, seven were positive for L. (V.) braziliensis: three of Nyssomyia whitmani, two of Th. viannamartinsi and one each of Psychodopygus hirsutus hirsutus and Trichopygomyia longispina. The overall value of minimum infection rate (MIR) was 2.2%, and its stratification rates for the above species were 1.9, 10, 33 and 50%, respectively. All positive pools consisted of phlebotomine sand flies collected from the peridomiciles and extradomiciles of homes in the municipality of Taperoá in July 2018, resulting in an adjusted MIR of 7.8%, with 50% of the pools positive for L. (V.) braziliensis during that outbreak of ATL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that areas experiencing outbreaks of ATL in affected regions present high proportions of infected phlebotomine sand flies involving a variety of species, some not usually considered involved in the L. (V.) braziliensis transmission cycle, such as Th. viannamartinsi.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"79"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11866633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of ebony as a potential selectable marker for genetic sexing in Aedes aegypti.","authors":"Katerina Nikolouli, Austin Compton, Zhijian Jake Tu, Kostas Bourtzis","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06709-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06709-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aedes aegypti is expected to invade previously unoccupied areas, mainly due to the climate change, the increase in travel and trade activities and the continuous transformation of the rural environment into urban areas. The sterile insect technique (SIT), which relies on the mass production and release of sterile males, is an environmentally friendly approach that can be applied for population control of Ae. aegypti. SIT programs can be greatly benefited by a genetic sexing strain (GSS) and a reliable sex sorting system to minimize any accidental female release. Visually detectable or conditionally lethal selectable markers can be used for the development of new GSSs. In this study, we evaluated the suitability and competence of a mutant Ae. aegypti ebony strain for the development of a new GSS. The ebony gene is known to be involved in the pigmentation pathway of several dipteran insects, including Ae. aegypti.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An ebony gene knockout was developed though CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. G₀ individuals with the desired phenotype were crossed, and progeny were screened in every generation. PCR and sequencing were performed using gDNA from a pulled leg to determine the mutant genotype. Quality control tests, including pupae and adult recovery rates, male sex ratio and fecundity, were applied to the ebony mutant line to determine whether the mutation confers any fitness cost.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An Ae. aegypti ebony knockout mutant carrying a 5-bp deletion was obtained, which presented darker head and siphon phenotypes at the larval stage. However, genetic analysis revealed that this ebony mutation results in incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The establishment of a pure ebony mutant line was not possible because of the fitness costs conferred by the mutation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, the adequacy and suitability of the ebony gene as a selectable marker for the development of a GSS in Ae. aegypti were assessed. Despite its clear phenotype early in larval development, the homozygous mutant line presented phenotypic inconsistency and loss of fertility. These drawbacks clearly indicate that this particular mutation is not suitable for the development of a new GSS. Nonetheless, it cannot be excluded that a different mutation will lead to a different expression and penetrance profile and a viable homozygous mutant line.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"76"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11863432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143503138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High seroprevalence of selected vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands.","authors":"Maureen A Kelly, Kris Anderson, Meriam N Saleh, Rafael A N Ramos, Robert J Valeris-Chacin, Christine M Budke, Guilherme G Verocai","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06705-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06705-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are illnesses caused by pathogens transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods such as ticks and mosquitoes. Many CVBDs, including dirofilariosis, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis, are globally distributed and may cause a variety of clinical signs in dogs. Several CVBD agents are zoonotic, making epidemiological surveillance a joint veterinary and public health effort. In this study, we determined the seropositivity of four pathogens from dogs on Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands, a US Commonwealth located in the western Pacific Ocean.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood samples (n = 443) were collected from client-owned, owner surrendered, and shelter dogs that participated in an island-wide spay-and-neuter event in 2023. All samples were assessed using a commercial, point-of-care enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test (SNAP^® 4Dx^® Plus, IDEXX Laboratory, Westbrook, Maine, USA) to detect the Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Risk factors were assessed for each pathogen through a univariate analysis, followed by a multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 66.1% (n = 300/443) of the dogs tested positive for at least one pathogen, with the highest prevalence observed for Ehrlichia spp. (58.0%; n = 246/443), followed by Anaplasma spp. (43.1%; n = 184/443) and D. immitis (14.8%; n = 63/443). Among the dogs with a single pathogen detected (30.9%; n = 137/443), Ehrlichia spp. was most prevalent (64.9%; n = 89/137), followed by Anaplasma spp. (23.3%; n = 32/137) and D. immitis (11.6%; n = 16/137). For co-detection of two or more pathogens (36.7%; n = 163/443), Ehrlichia spp. + Anaplasma spp. presented the highest frequency (70.5%; n = 115/163), followed by Ehrlichia spp. + D. immitis (6.7%; n = 11/163), Anaplasma spp. + D. immitis (3.6%; n = 6/163), and Ehrlichia spp. + Anaplasma spp. + D. immitis (19.0%; n = 31/163). Age (P = < 0.001), residing district (P = 0.001), and ownership status (P = < 0.001) were significantly associated with D. immitis positive status in a univariable analysis. Age (P = < 0.001), residing district (P = 0.177), and ownership status (P = 0.014) were significant in a univariable analysis with Ehrlichia spp. as an outcome. Finally, Anaplasma spp. had a significant association with ownership status (P = < 0.001) as a risk factor in a univariable analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows high seropositivity for CVBPs in a dog population living in a poorly studied area. The results of this study suggest that strategies for the prevention and control of these CVBDs should be reinforced on the Island of Saipan.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11853585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquaporins modulate the cold response of Haemaphysalis longicornis via changes in gene and protein expression of fatty acids.","authors":"Han Wang, Ruwei Bai, Tingwei Pei, Jianglei Meng, Chuks F Nwanade, Yuchao Zhang, Xiujie Liang, Yunsheng Tang, Jingze Liu, Zhijun Yu","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06718-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06718-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As ectotherms that spend most of their life in the environment (off-host), ticks face challenges in maintaining water balance, and some species must cope with severe low winter temperatures. Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential membrane proteins that enhance cold tolerance in many animals by regulating homeostatic processes. However, the dynamic expressions and involvement of aquaporins in the cold stress of ticks remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, three AQP genes, HlAQP2, HlAQP3, and HlAQP5, belonging to the major intrinsic protein (MIP) superfamily, were characterized from the important vector tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Then, multiple bioinformatics analyses were performed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to detect different expressions of H. longicornis genes under different cold treatment conditions. RNA interference was used to explore the relationship between AQP and the cold response of H. longicornis. Additionally, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of AQPs on cold response in ticks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The amino acid sequence of AQPs shows high homology in Ixodida, with HlAQP2 and HlAQP5 proteins comprising two asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) motifs, whereas HlAQP3 protein was featured by glycerol facilitator GlpF channel. The spatiotemporal expression of AQPs in H. longicornis varied significantly after low temperature treatment, and different expression patterns were observed over prolonged exposure periods. RNAi knockdown of AQPs significantly increased tick mortality after treatment at a sublethal temperature of - 14 °C for 2 h. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes and proteins caused by the knockdown of AQPs are mainly enriched in the fatty acid metabolism pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The above results indicated that AQPs could regulate tick cold response by modulating water balance and fatty acid metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11849292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii ROP18 induces maternal-fetal dysfunction by downregulating CD73 expression on decidual macrophages.","authors":"Jingjing Guo, Xiaohui Wang, Lei Wei, Shuai Li, Junwei Wang, Yan Zhang, Ruohan Yang, Han Zhang, Aiqun Xu, Yuzhu Jiang, Xuemei Hu","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06713-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06713-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Decidual macrophages (dMφ) are pivotal in maintaining maternal-fetal immune tolerance during normal pregnancy by expressing a range of immune-suppressive molecules, including CD73. It has been demonstrated that Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection during pregnancy can impair dMφ function, potentially leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes, through downregulation of these inhibitory molecules. T. gondii rhoptry protein 18 (TgROP18), a key virulence factor of T. gondii, is associated with the incapacitation of the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to protect the parasite from elimination. However, the role of TgROP18 in modulating CD73 expression on dMφ and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Wild-type (WT) and CD73-deficient (CD73^-/-) pregnant mice were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of T. gondii RH or RH-Δrop18 on gestational day (Gd) 8, and subsequently euthanized on Gd 14. Pregnancy outcomes were then evaluated, and the expression levels of CD73, arginase 1 (Arg-1), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were quantified by flow cytometry. Mononuclear cells isolated from the human aborted decidual tissues were also infected with T. gondii RH or RH-Δrop18 for the analysis of CD73 expression with flow cytometry. Additionally, infected human dMφ were used to assess the expression levels of CD73, Arg-1, IL-10, and their associated signaling molecules by western blot analysis. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to validate the involved signaling pathways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with the T. gondii RH-infected group, milder adverse pregnancy outcomes and attenuated expression levels of CD73 on dMφ were observed in T. gondii RH-Δrop18-infected pregnant mice and human decidual tissues. Lysine-specific histone demethylase1 (LSD1) and snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAIL1) were found to be involved in the downregulation of CD73 expression on dMφ following T. gondii infection. Subsequently, reduced expression of CD73 contribute to the downregulation of Arg-1 and IL-10 expression through adenosine A2a receptor (A2AR) / protein kinase A (PKA) / phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB) / CCAAT enhancer binding protein B (C/EBPβ) pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TgROP18 can significantly reduce CD73 expression on dMφ through LSD1/SNAIL1 pathway, subsequently leading to the decreased expression levels of Arg-1 and IL-10 via adenosine/A2AR/PKA/p-CREB/C/EBPβ pathway, which ultimately contributes to maternal-fetal tolerance dysfunction of dMφ.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11853993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}