Parasites & Vectors最新文献

{"title":"High, but variable prevalence of Sarcocystis cruzi infections in farm-raised American bison (Bison bison) beef destined for human consumption.","authors":"Larissa S de Araujo, Aditya Gupta, Marianne Dias Papadopoulos, Doaa Naguib, Jacquin Battle, Oliver Kwok, Asis Khan, Benjamin Rosenthal, Jitender P Dubey","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06660-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-06660-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bison (Bison bison) and cattle (Bos taurus) are closely related (can interbreed) and they also share many parasites. Cattle are commonly infected with one or more of the eight named Sarcocystis species: Sarcocystis hirsuta, S. cruzi, S. hominis, S. bovifelis, S. heydorni, S. bovini, S. sigmoideus and S. rommeli. Among these, the full life-cycle is known only for S. cruzi. Sarcocystis cruzi (transmitted via canids) is recognized as the most pathogenic Sarcocystis species, causing abortion, low milk yield and poor body growth. It has been experimentally cross-transmitted from cattle to bison and vice versa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested 200 bison tongues from three commercial sources (farms) (Nebraska #141; South Dakota #36; New Jersey and Pennsylvania #23). Frozen tongues were purchased and examined for Sarcocystis infection using light microscopy, histology and quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rRNA) of S. cruzi. Lesions associated with degenerating sarcocysts were studied. The intensity of Sarcocystis infection in histological sections was quantitated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sarcocystis cruzi-like infections were detected in 129 of 141 (91.5%) tongues from Nebraska, 36 of 36 (100%) tongues from South Dakota and two of 23 (8.6%) tongues from New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Sarcocysts were detected in histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin in 167 of 200 samples. Light microscopy examination revealed that the sarcocysts had thin walls (< 1 µm thick) and appeared to be S. cruzi. However, in two samples, sarcocysts had thicker walls measuring up to 2.3 µm wide and 154 µm long and the sarcocyst wall was not striated; these two samples could not be characterized further. In three tongues, degenerating sarcocysts were recognized; two of these were associated with thick-walled sarcocysts. Molecularly, S. cruzi from bison was identical to that in cattle.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the present study of bison tongues, S. cruzi was the only species identified in bison using both molecular and morphological methods. An unidentified species of Sarcocystis found in two bison samples needs further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Midgut immune profiling and functional characterization of Aedes aegypti ABC transporter gene(s) using systemic and local bacterial challenges.","authors":"Vikas Kumar, Shilpi Garg, Diksha Sisodia, Lalita Gupta, Sanjeev Kumar, Vishal Saxena","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06658-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-06658-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The mosquito midgut is crucial for digestion and immune interactions. It produces several immune factors that protect the organ from invading pathogens and can limit their propagation. Studies on mosquito midgut transcriptome following pathogen exposure have revealed the presence of non-canonical immune genes, such as ABC transporters, whose function in insect immunity remains unexplored. Therefore, this study focuses on identifying and characterising the immune role of ABC transporters in the midgut of Aedes aegypti, a primary arboviral vector.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To identify the midgut-expressed ABC transporters, the mosquitoes were challenged with a mixture of gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus) bacteria, and the expression of all ABC transporters was analysed with PCR using gene-specific primers. Furthermore, the transcriptional alterations of midgut ABC transporters were explored at different time points upon a thoracic nano-injection (systemic challenge) or infectious blood meal (local challenge) of the bacterial mixture through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and one gene was selected for RNAi-mediated gene silencing and its role assessment in midgut immune responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of all 48 microbial-induced midgut-expressing Ae. aegypti ABC transporter genes upon systemic or local bacterial challenges was analyzed. Based on the transcriptomic data and potential immune expression similar to the well-known immune gene defensin, AaeABCG3 was selected for RNAi-mediated gene silencing and characterization. The AaeABCG3 gene silencing exhibited a significant reduction of midgut bacterial load through the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in sugar-fed and systemic bacterial-challenged mosquitoes. In contrast, midgut bacterial load was significantly regulated by induction of defensin A and cecropin G in the late hours of local bacterial challenges in AaeABCG3-silenced mosquitoes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The silencing of AaeABCG3 modulated the mosquito midgut immune response and disturbed the midgut microbiota homeostasis. The systemic immune responses of AaeABCG3-silenced mosquitoes were influenced by the JAK-STAT pathway with no induction of Toll and IMD immune pathways. Interestingly, Toll and IMD immune pathways actively participated in the late hours of local bacterial challenges, suggesting that the route of infection influences these immune responses; however, the molecular mechanism behind these phenomena still needs to be explored. Overall, this work provides significant insight into the importance of ABC transporters in mosquito immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploiting venom toxins in paratransgenesis to prevent mosquito-borne disease.","authors":"Stephanie French, Rachael Da Silva, Janet Storm, Christida E Wastika, India Cullen, Martijn Ten Have, Grant L Hughes, Cassandra M Modahl","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06663-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06663-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of numerous pathogens, including Plasmodium parasites, arboviruses and filarial worms. They pose a significant risk to public health with over 200 million cases of malaria per annum and approximately 4 billion people at risk of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Mosquito populations are geographically expanding into temperate regions and their distribution is predicted to continue increasing. Mosquito symbionts, including fungi, bacteria and viruses, have desirable traits for mosquito disease control including spreading horizontally and vertically through mosquito populations and potentially colonising multiple important vector species. Paratransgenesis, genetic modification of mosquito symbionts with effectors to target the pathogen rather than the vector, is a promising strategy to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. A variety of effectors can be expressed but venom toxins are excellent effector candidates because they are target specific, potent and stable. However, the only toxins to be explored in mosquito paratransgenesis to date are scorpine and mutated phospholipase A2. To enhance the scope, effectiveness and durability of paratransgenesis, an expanded arsenal of effectors is required. This review discusses other potential toxin effectors for future paratransgenesis studies based on prior in vitro and in vivo antiparasitic and antiviral studies and highlights the need for further research and investment in this area. In terms of mosquito-borne diseases, paratransgenesis strategies have been developed to target Plasmodium. We postulate the potential to apply this principle to target arboviruses using antiviral toxin effectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11776213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143067116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decision tree-based learning and laboratory data mining: an efficient approach to amebiasis testing.","authors":"Enas Al-Khlifeh, Ahmad S Tarawneh, Khalid Almohammadi, Malek Alrashidi, Ramadan Hassanat, Ahmad B Hassanat","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06618-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06618-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Amebiasis represents a significant global health concern. This is especially evident in developing countries, where infections are more common. The primary diagnostic method in laboratories involves the microscopy of stool samples. However, this approach can sometimes result in the misinterpretation of amebiasis as other gastroenteritis (GE) conditions. The goal of the work is to produce a machine learning (ML) model that uses laboratory findings and demographic information to automatically predict amebiasis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data extracted from Jordanian electronic medical records (EMR) between 2020 and 2022 comprised 763 amebic cases and 314 nonamebic cases. Patient demographics, clinical signs, microscopic diagnoses, and leukocyte counts were used to train eight decision tree algorithms and compare their accuracy of predictions. Feature ranking and correlation methods were implemented to enhance the accuracy of classifying amebiasis from other conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary dependent variables distinguishing amebiasis include the percentage of neutrophils, mucus presence, and the counts of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) in stool samples. Prediction accuracy and precision ranged from 92% to 94.6% when employing decision tree classifiers including decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), XGBoost, AdaBoost, and gradient boosting (GB). However, the optimized RF model demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 98% for detecting amebiasis from laboratory data, utilizing only 300 estimators with a max depth of 20. This study highlights that amebiasis is a significant health concern in Jordan, responsible for 17.22% of all gastroenteritis episodes in this study. Male sex and age were associated with higher incidence of amebiasis (P = 0.014), with over 25% of cases occurring in infants and toddlers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The application of ML to EMR can accurately predict amebiasis. This finding significantly contributes to the emerging use of ML as a decision support system in parasitic disease diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11780931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143067113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First clinical cases of leishmaniosis in meerkats (Suricata suricatta) housed in wildlife parks in Madrid, Spain.","authors":"Pablo Moraleda-Berral, Rosa Gálvez, Eva Martínez-Nevado, Lino Pérez de Quadros, Juncal García, Manuel de la Riva-Fraga, Juan Pedro Barrera, Efrén Estévez-Sánchez, Lourdes Cano, Rocío Checa, María Ángeles Jiménez-Martínez, Ana Montoya, Guadalupe Miró","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06647-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06647-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, cases of leishmaniosis have been described in animals housed in captivity in zoos in Spain [Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus), orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygameus), and European otter (Lutra lutra)]. Some of these zoological parks are in endemic areas for both human and animal leishmaniosis, thus it should be very important to include this zoonosis in the differential diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was carried out in two zoological parks in Madrid, Madrid Zoo and Faunia, and analyzed seven meerkats. Serological tests [rK-39 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)] and molecular tests [nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR] were performed to detect Leishmania DNA. Additionally, an entomological study was carried out in both zoological parks, with molecular tests performed on female Phlebotomus perniciosus sand flies to determine their blood meal source and detect Leishmania DNA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two meerkats were positive for L. infantum. A 9-year-old male from the Madrid Zoo died suddenly, showing pale mucous membranes and bilateral noninflammatory alopecia and hyperpigmentation in the lateral area of the eyes. Positive results were obtained in serology, nested PCR, and real-time PCR (blood, conjunctival and oral swabs, hair, spleen, lymph node, liver, kidney, and skin), as well as numerous amastigotes in the liver and kidney tissue samples. The other meerkat, a 12-year-old male from Faunia that is still alive, presented an alopecic lesion at the base of the tail. Positive results were obtained by nested and real-time PCR from different tissues such as blood, hair, oral, and conjunctival swabs. It was treated with oral allopurinol (25 mg/kg) and miltefosine (2 mg/kg), but the molecular diagnosis remained positive after 8 months, regarding it as a mild stage of the disease. The rest of the tested meerkats were negative. The presence of P. perniciosus phlebotomine sand flies was also detected in both zoos. Although no L. infantum DNA was detected in any of sand flies analyzed, it was determined that their food sources were rabbits and humans.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To our knowledge, this study describes, for the first time, the detection and infection by L. infantum in meerkats (Suricata suricatta).</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book review: \"Veterinary Parasitology, fifth edition\" by Domenico Otranto and Richard Wall.","authors":"Alicia Rojas","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06669-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06669-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First evidence of the effectiveness of a field application of RNAi technology in reducing infestation of the mite Varroa destructor in the western honey bee (Apis mellifera).","authors":"Francesca Bortolin, Emanuele Rigato, Sergio Perandin, Anna Granato, Laura Zulian, Caterina Millino, Beniamina Pacchioni, Franco Mutinelli, Giuseppe Fusco","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06673-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06673-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The mite Varroa destructor is the most serious pest of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) and a major factor in the global decline of colonies. Traditional control methods, such as chemical pesticides, although quick and temporarily effective, leave residues in hive products, harming bees and operators' health, while promoting pathogen resistance and spread. As a sustainable alternative, RNA interference (RNAi) technology has shown great potential for honey bee pest control in laboratory assays, but evidence of effectiveness in the field has been lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated the efficacy and feasibility of a RNAi treatment to improve bee health under natural beekeeping conditions by integrating a honey bee diet with a mixture of dsRNA targeting V. destructor acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and endochitinase genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In treated hives, we observed that the average infestation rate of phoretic Varroa mite was reduced by 33% and 42% relative to control bees fed with sucrose and GFP-dsRNA, respectively. The dsRNA treatment did not affect bee survival, and the beekeepers involved in the project found the method manageable in the apiary and non-intrusive to production activities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of RNAi technology in reducing Varroa mite infestations under natural rearing conditions. This study supports the potential of RNAi as a promising alternative to chemical pesticides, offering a targeted, efficient and sustainable solution for managing V. destructor in honey bee populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11771053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Molecular investigation and genetic diversity of Pediculus and Pthirus lice in France.","authors":"Nadia Amanzougaghene, Oleg Mediannikov, Tran Duc Anh Ly, Philippe Gautret, Bernard Davoust, Florence Fenollar, Arezki Izri","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06672-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-025-06672-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The developmental lipidome of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.","authors":"Tao Wang, Michael G Leeming, Nicholas A Williamson, Tiffany Bouchery, Rory Doolan, Graham Le Gros, Gavin E Reid, Nicola L Harris, Robin B Gasser","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06654-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06654-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-a nematode of rodents-is commonly used as a model to study the immunobiology of parasitic nematodes. It is a member of the Strongylida-a large order of socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes of animals. Lipids are known to play essential roles in nematode biology, influencing cellular membranes, energy storage and/or signalling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present investigation provides a comprehensive, untargeted lipidomic analysis of four developmental stages/sexes (i.e. egg, L3, adult female and adult male stages) of N. brasiliensis utilising liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 464 lipid species representing 18 lipid classes and revealed distinct stage-specific changes in lipid composition throughout nematode development. Triacylglycerols (TGs) dominated the lipid profile in the egg stage, suggesting a key role for them in energy storage at this early developmental stage. As N. brasiliensis develops, there was a conspicuous transition toward membrane-associated lipids, including glycerophospholipids (e.g. PE and PC) and ether-linked lipids, particularly in adult stages, indicating a shift toward host adaptation and membrane stabilisation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We provide a comprehensive insight into the lipid composition and abundance of key free-living and parasitic stages of N. brasiliensis. This study provides lipidomic resources to underpin the detailed exploration of lipid biology in this model parasitic nematode.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11762861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and drivers of malaria infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic community members in five regions with varying transmission intensity in mainland Tanzania.","authors":"Gervas A Chacha, Filbert Francis, Salehe S Mandai, Misago D Seth, Rashid A Madebe, Daniel P Challe, Daniel A Petro, Dativa Pereus, Ramadhani Moshi, Rule Budodo, Angelina J Kisambale, Ruth B Mbwambo, Catherine Bakari, Sijenunu Aaron, Daniel Mbwambo, Stella Kajange, Samuel Lazaro, Ntuli Kapologwe, Celine I Mandara, Deus S Ishengoma","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06639-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06639-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite implementation of effective interventions in the past two decades, malaria is still a major public health problem in Tanzania. This study assessed the prevalence and drivers of malaria infections among symptomatic and asymptomatic members of selected communities from five regions with varying endemicity in mainland Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional community survey was conducted in five districts, including one district/region in Kagera, Kigoma, Njombe, Ruvuma and Tanga from July to August 2023. Participants aged ≥ 6 months were recruited and tested using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, parasitological, type of house, and socio-economic status (SES) data were captured using structured questionnaires. Associations between parasite prevalence and potential drivers were determined by logistic regression, and the results were presented as crude (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 10,228 individuals tested, 3515 (34.4%) had positive results by RDTs. The prevalence of malaria varied from 21.6% in Tanga to 44.4% in Kagera, and from 14.4% to 68.5% among the different villages (P < 0.001). The odds of malaria infections were higher in males (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.19-1.48, P < 0.001), under-fives (aOR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.74-2.40, P < 0.001), schoolchildren [aged 5-9 years (aOR = 3.23, 95% CI 1.19-1.48, P < 0.001) and 10-14 years (aOR = 3.53, 95% CI 3.03-4.11, P < 0.001)], and non-bednet users (aOR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.29-1.72, P < 0.001). Individuals from households with low SES (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.69, P < 0.001), or living in houses with open windows (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.06-1.45, P < 0.001) and/or holes on the walls (aOR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.14-1.81, P < 0.001) also had higher odds.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Malaria prevalence varied widely across regions and villages, and the odds of infections were higher in males, schoolchildren, non-bednet users, and individuals with low SES or living in houses with open windows and/or holes on the walls. The identified vulnerable groups and hotspots should be targeted with specific interventions to reduce the disease burden and support the ongoing malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11760675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}