Insulin-like peptides activate egg formation in the Asian malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi.

IF 3.5 2区医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY

Parasites & Vectors Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI:10.1186/s13071-025-07036-y

Benjamin L Phipps, Mark R Brown, Michael R Strand

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: The mosquito family Culicidae diverged into the subfamilies Anophelinae and Culicinae approximately 179 million years ago. Most female mosquitoes are anautogenous and must blood-feed on a vertebrate to produce eggs. Regulation of egg-producing gonotrophic cycles is best understood in the culicine Aedes aegypti. Anopheline mosquitoes encode all of the hormones that regulate gonotrophic cycles in Ae. aegypti, but the processes regulating egg formation may not be fully similar. In this study, we conducted experiments that compared egg formation in Anopheles stephensi to prior findings reported for Ae. aegypti.

Methods: Assays for yolk deposition into oocytes, ovary ecdysteroidogenesis, vitellogenin expression, nutrient storage and oviposition were used to characterize gonotrophic cycles in An. stephensi females that were mated or unmated.

Results: Yolk deposition into oocytes depended on the release of hormones produced in the head. Two insulin-like peptides, An. stephensi insulin-like peptide hormone 3 (AsILP3) and AsILP4, stimulated the vitellogenic phase in An. stephensi, as measured by several different assays, whereas ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone (OEH) showed no stimulatory activity. Nutrient stores were lower in An. stephensi than Ae. aegypti, which was associated with females also being unresponsive to AsILP3 stimulation in the absence of a blood meal. Anopheles stephensi males transferred ecdysteroids (ECDs) to females, which was associated with mated females producing and laying more eggs than unmated females. However, mated and unmated females did not show differences in ECD production by the ovaries or vitellogenin expression at the messenger RNA level by the fat body. Most females that mated before consuming a first blood meal oviposited while most unmated females did not. Mating after consuming a first blood meal did not rescue oviposition. However, females that reabsorbed eggs and consumed a second blood meal did oviposit.

Conclusions: Regulation of gonotrophic cycles in An. stephensi shares some features with Ae. aegypti but also exhibits differences.

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胰岛素样肽激活亚洲疟蚊斯氏按蚊的卵形成。

背景：库蚊科大约在1.79亿年前分化为按蚊亚科和库蚊亚科。大多数雌蚊是非自体的，必须以脊椎动物为食才能产卵。对产蛋的淋养循环的调控在埃及伊蚊中得到了最好的理解。按蚊编码所有调节淋养循环的激素。埃及伊蚊，但调节卵子形成的过程可能并不完全相似。在这项研究中，我们进行了实验，比较了斯氏按蚊的卵子形成与先前报道的伊蚊的发现。蚊。方法：采用卵母细胞卵黄沉积、卵巢外甾体发生、卵黄原蛋白表达、营养物质储存和产卵等指标，对黄羊的淋养循环进行了表征。交配或未交配的雌性史蒂芬氏蝇。结果：卵黄在卵母细胞中的沉积依赖于头部产生的激素的释放。两种胰岛素样肽，An。胰岛素样肽激素3 （AsILP3）和AsILP4刺激了黄酮症患者的卵黄形成期。通过几种不同的测定方法测量，而卵巢异卵甾体激素（OEH）没有显示出刺激活性。安阳养分储量较低。斯氏杆菌比Ae。埃及伊蚊，这与雌性在没有血餐的情况下对AsILP3刺激没有反应有关。雄性斯氏按蚊将体外甾体激素（ECDs）转移给雌性，这与交配雌蚊比未交配雌蚊产卵和产卵更多有关。然而，交配和未交配的雌性在卵巢产生ECD或脂肪体信使RNA水平上的卵黄蛋白原表达方面没有差异。大多数在吃第一顿血之前交配的雌性产卵，而大多数未交配的雌性则没有。在第一次吸血后交配并不能挽救产卵。然而，重新吸收卵子并食用第二顿血的雌性确实排卵了。结论：黄芪对淋养循环的调控作用。棘球绦虫与棘球绦虫有一些共同的特征。埃及伊蚊也表现出差异。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Parasites & Vectors 医学-寄生虫学

CiteScore

6.30

自引率

9.40%

发文量

433

审稿时长

1.4 months

期刊介绍： Parasites & Vectors is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal dealing with the biology of parasites, parasitic diseases, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Manuscripts published in this journal will be available to all worldwide, with no barriers to access, immediately following acceptance. However, authors retain the copyright of their material and may use it, or distribute it, as they wish. Manuscripts on all aspects of the basic and applied biology of parasites, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens will be considered. In addition to the traditional and well-established areas of science in these fields, we also aim to provide a vehicle for publication of the rapidly developing resources and technology in parasite, intermediate host and vector genomics and their impacts on biological research. We are able to publish large datasets and extensive results, frequently associated with genomic and post-genomic technologies, which are not readily accommodated in traditional journals. Manuscripts addressing broader issues, for example economics, social sciences and global climate change in relation to parasites, vectors and disease control, are also welcomed.