Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Current Trends in Approaches to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquatic Veterinary Medicine.","authors":"Dongqing Zhao, Konrad Wojnarowski, Paulina Cholewińska, Dušan Palić","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070681","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growth of aquaculture production in recent years has revealed multiple challenges, including the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquatic animal production, which is currently attracting significant attention from multiple one-health stakeholders. While antibiotics have played a major role in the treatment of bacterial infections for almost a century, a major consequence of their use is the increase in AMR, including the emergence of AMR in aquaculture. The AMR phenomenon creates a situation where antibiotic use in one system (e.g., aquaculture) may impact another system (e.g., terrestrial-human). Non-prudent use of antibiotics in aquaculture and animal farming increases the risk of AMR emergence, since bacteria harboring antibiotic resistance genes can cross between compartments such as wastewater or other effluents to aquatic environments, including intensive aquaculture. Transferable antimicrobial resistance gene (AMG) elements (plasmids, transposons, integrons, etc.) have already been detected in varying degrees from pathogenic bacteria that are often causing infections in farmed fish (Aeromonas, Vibrio, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Edwardsiella, etc.). This review of current veterinary approaches for the prevention and control of AMR emergence in aquaculture focuses on the feasibility of alternatives to antimicrobials and supplemental treatment applications during on-farm bacterial disease control and prevention. The use of vaccines, bacteriophages, biosurfactants, probiotics, bacteriocins, and antimicrobial peptides is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12301012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial Genomes of the Blood Flukes <i>Cardicola forsteri</i> and <i>Cardicola orientalis</i> (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae).","authors":"Jemma Hudson, Sunita B Sumanam, Bronwyn E Campbell, Lachlan Coff, Barbara F Nowak, Paul A Ramsland, Neil D Young, Nathan J Bott","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070680","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parasitic diseases can be a significant constraint on aquaculture industries, which continue to develop in response to the rise in global demand for sustainable protein sources. Blood flukes, <i>Cardicola forsteri</i> and <i>Cardicola orientalis</i>, are economically significant parasites of Southern bluefin tuna (Australia), Pacific bluefin tuna (Japan), and Atlantic bluefin tuna (Mediterranean) as they are responsible for blood vessel obstruction in the gills leading to branchitis and mortalities when untreated. Here, we have defined the mitochondrial genomes for these species-the first for any aporocotylids. Oxford nanopore long-read sequencing was used to sequence <i>C. orientalis</i> from a single individual. The mitochondrial genome of <i>C. forsteri</i> was assembled and curated from available sequence data. Both <i>Cardicola</i> spp. mitogenomes contained 12 protein coding, 2 ribosomal and 22 tRNA genes, with the gene order matching that of Asian schistosomes. A control region was identified for each species which contained long and short repeats; the region for <i>C. forsteri</i> was longest, and the overall pattern differed between the two species. A surprisingly high nucleotide diversity was observed between the two species, generating interest into the mitochondrial genes of related species. This paper provides a useful resource for future genetics-based research of aporocotylids and other flatworm parasites of socioeconomic significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Dientamoeba fragilis</i> in Ulcerative Colitis: Analysis of Clinical Findings and Biochemical Parameters.","authors":"Ismail Taskiran, Erdogan Malatyali, Ibrahim Yildiz, Levent Durmus Guler, Evren Tileklioglu, Hatice Ertabaklar, Sema Ertug","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070674","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although <i>Dientamoeba fragilis</i> is a common protozoan in humans, its pathogenicity and clinical significance in human diseases remain poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the frequency of <i>D. fragilis</i> in adult ulcerative colitis patients and to assess its relationship with clinical findings, disease characteristics, and biochemical parameters. Patient data were analysed in a prospective, single-centre, cross-sectional design. Faecal samples were consecutively collected from June to December 2024 and screened for <i>D. fragilis</i> positivity using polymerase chain reaction. Of the 110 patients, 33 (30%) were in the active stage of the disease, while 77 (70%) were in remission. The overall frequency of <i>D. fragilis</i> was 10.9% (<i>n</i> = 12), with all isolates classified as genotype 1 according to SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Other protozoa identified were <i>Blastocystis</i> sp. (<i>n</i> = 5, 4.5%), <i>Entamoeba coli</i> (<i>n</i> = 1, 0.9%), and <i>Iodamoeba bütschlii</i> (<i>n</i> = 1, 0.9%). Two patients were co-infected with <i>D. fragilis</i> and <i>Blastocystis</i>. No significant associations were found between <i>D. fragilis</i> positivity and the disease stage, gastrointestinal symptoms, treatment response, or biochemical findings. In conclusion, despite the relatively small sample size, these findings highlight a limited clinical role of <i>D. fragilis</i> in adult ulcerative colitis patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12299927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SNX11 Deletion Inhibits Dabie bandavirus Infection by Interfering with the Assembly of V-ATPase.","authors":"Tiezhu Liu, Xueqi Wang, Yang Fang, Ping Zhang, Qiang Sun, Jiandong Li, Shiwen Wang","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070677","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SNX11, a sorting nexin protein localized on the endosomal membrane, is an important protein closely related to protein sorting and endosomal trafficking. Previously, through a genome-wide CRISPR screening, we identified SNX11 as a critical protein for the entry of Dabie bandavirus. SNX11 deletion significantly inhibits the replication of Dabie bandavirus. We further discovered that the loss of SNX11 alters endosomal pH, potentially affecting the release process of Dabie bandavirus from endosomes to the cytoplasm. However, the mechanism by which SNX11 modulates endosomal pH and whether SNX11 deletion similarly inhibits other viruses remain to be elucidated. This study reveals that SNX11 can interact with the V1 subunit of the endosomal proton pump V-ATPase, affecting the expression level of this subunit on the endosomal membrane and thereby disrupting the assembly of V-ATPase. Additionally, we found that SNX11 deletion significantly inhibits the replication of dengue virus, hantavirus, and influenza virus. These findings suggest that SNX11 may be a key protein in the process of viral infection and could serve as a broad-spectrum antiviral target.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thirteen-Year Sequelae of Marburg Virus Disease Survival: Persistent Cardiometabolic, Immunometabolic, and Haematological Alterations in the Absence of Psychological Morbidity.","authors":"Jennifer Serwanga, Raymond Ernest Kaweesa, Joseph Katende Ssebwana, Goeffrey Odoch, Raymond Reuel Wayesu, Anne Daphine Ntabadde, Deborah Mukisa, Peter Ejou, FiloStudy Team, Julius Julian Lutwama, Pontiano Kaleebu","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070678","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070678","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a highly lethal filoviral infection, yet its long-term health consequences remain poorly understood. We present one of the most temporally distant evaluations of MVD survivors, conducted 13 years post-outbreak in Uganda, offering novel insights into chronic physiological, biochemical, haematological, and psychosocial outcomes. <b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional, community-based study compared ten MVD survivors with nineteen age- and sex-matched unexposed controls. Clinical evaluations included vital signs, anthropometry, mental health screening, and symptom reporting. Laboratory analyses covered electrolytes, inflammatory markers, renal and liver function tests, haematology, and urinalysis. Standardised psychological assessments measured anxiety, depression, perceived stigma, and social support. <b>Findings</b>: Survivors exhibited an elevated body mass index (BMI), higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lower respiratory rates compared to controls, indicating ongoing cardiometabolic and autonomic changes. These trends may reflect persistent cardiometabolic stress and potential alterations in autonomic regulation, warranting further investigation. Biochemically, survivors exhibited disruptions in serum chloride, bilirubin, and total protein levels, suggesting subclinical hepatic and renal stress. Haematological analysis revealed persistent reticulocytosis despite normal haemoglobin levels, indicating long-term erythropoietic modulation. Despite these physiological changes, survivors reported minimal psychological morbidity, sharply contrasting with the post-recovery profiles of other viral haemorrhagic fevers. Stigma was prevalent during the outbreak; however, strong family support alleviated long-term psychosocial distress. <b>Interpretation</b>: Thirteen years post-infection, MVD survivors demonstrate multisystem physiological perturbations without marked psychological sequelae. These findings challenge assumptions of universal post-viral trauma and highlight the necessity for tailored survivor care models. Future longitudinal studies should investigate the mechanistic pathways underlying cardiometabolic and haematological reprogramming to inform intervention strategies in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Parasitemia Trends Predict Risk and Timing of Experimental Cerebral Malaria in Mice Infected by <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> ANKA.","authors":"Peyton J Murin, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Leonardo José Moura Carvalho, Yuri Chaves Martins","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070676","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Experimental models using <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> ANKA (PbA)-infected mice have been essential for uncovering cerebral malaria (CM) pathogenesis. However, variability in experimental CM (ECM) incidence, onset, and mortality introduce challenges when analyses rely solely on infection day, which may reflect different disease stages among animals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We applied machine learning to predict ECM risk and onset in a cohort of 153 C57BL/6, 164 CBA, and 53 Swiss Webster mice. First, we fitted a logistic regression model to estimate the risk of ECM at any day using parasitemia data from day 1 to day 4. Next, we developed and trained a Random Forest Regressor model to predict the exact day of symptom onset.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 64.5% of the cohort developed ECM, with onset ranging between 5 and 11 days. Early increases in parasitemia were strong predictors for the development of ECM, with an increase in parasitemia equal to or greater than 0.05 between day 1 and day 3 predicting the development of ECM with 97% sensitivity. The Random Forest model predicted the day of ECM onset with high precision (mean absolute error: 0.43, R²: 0.64).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Parasitemia dynamics can effectively identify mice at high risk of ECM, enabling more accurate modeling of early pathological processes and improving the consistency of experimental analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Survey of PCV2 and PCV3 in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars Across Portugal: Prevalence, Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity.","authors":"Bernardo Almeida, Margarida D Duarte, Ana Duarte, Teresa Fagulha, Fernanda Ramos, Tiago Luís, Inês Caetano, Sílvia C Barros, Fábio Abade Dos Santos, Ana Margarida Henriques","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070675","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine circoviruses are significant pathogens that affect swine populations worldwide, with implications for animal health and productivity. While PCV2 is well-documented, particularly due to widespread vaccination programs, PCV3 is less understood, and its epidemiological impact is still under investigation. This study screened for PCV2 and PCV3 in pigs and wild boars across Portugal to assess their prevalence. Also, nucleotide sequence determination was performed to evaluate the genetic diversity of these viruses. Stool samples from 160 pigs belonging to different groups (quarantine, nursery, fattening and adult pigs), as well as organ samples from 120 hunted wild boars, were analyzed. Samples were collected from twelve of the eighteen mainland Portuguese districts with positive cases being detected in nine of them. Pigs had a lower prevalence of PCV2 (1.9%) than PCV3 (11.2%), but the opposite was true in wild boars (76.7% for PCV2 and 55.0% for PCV3). The lower PCV2 prevalence in pigs can be attributed to the PCV2 vaccination program implemented. Additionally, these viruses were significantly more prevalent in wild boars (90.8% were infected with at least one of the viruses) than in domestic pigs (only 12.5%). This significant difference highlights the impact of the controlled environment in pig farms on disease prevention in contrast to the higher exposure risks faced by wild boars in their natural habitat. Compared to a previous study from 2023, we observed a slight decrease in the percentage of positive cases for both PCV2 and PCV3. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained by Sanger sequencing allowed us to conclude that the samples from domestic pigs belong to the PCV2a and PCV3c clades, in contrast to the PCV2-positive cases detected in domestic pigs in 2023 that were classified in the PCV2d genotype. Conversely, samples from wild boars belong to the PCV2d and PCV3a clades. These results reveal genotype differences between wild and domestic pigs and shifts from 2023 to 2024. Our findings provide some information about the circulation of these viruses and emphasize the importance of vaccination and continued monitoring for a deeper understanding of their epidemiology to mitigate potential risks to swine health and production.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of <i>Leishmania infantum</i> Infection and Feeding Preferences of <i>Lutzomyia longipalpis</i> During Deltamethrin (4%) Dog Collar Intervention.","authors":"Gabriel F F Rodrigues, Keuryn A M Luz-Requena, Bruno S Mathias, Tania M T Suto, Rosemari Suto, Luciana T R Rocha, Osias Rangel, Katia D S Bresciani, Susy M P Sampaio, Lilian A C Rodas, Karin Kirchgatter","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070671","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoa of the genus <i>Leishmania</i>, transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Understanding the feeding behavior and infection rates of these vectors is crucial for disease surveillance and control. We aimed to investigate the natural infection rate of <i>Leishmania</i> spp. in phlebotomines and analyze their blood-feeding patterns in one of the priority areas of the state of São Paulo for the implementation of insecticide-impregnated dog collars. Sand flies were collected from urban and peri-urban areas between 2022 and 2024 using CDC light traps, manual aspiration, and Shannon traps. PCR was used to detect <i>Leishmania</i> DNA (SSU rDNA gene), and blood meal sources (COI gene). A total of 414 sand flies were collected, with 222 engorged females analyzed for blood meals and 192 specimens tested for <i>Leishmania</i> spp. infection. The predominant blood source was humans (67%), followed by chickens (64.1%), and dogs (18.9%), considering that 45.1% of the samples presented mixed blood meals. <i>Leishmania infantum</i> was found in 1% of the samples. These findings highlight the feeding plasticity of sand flies and their potential role in disease transmission, reinforcing the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance and vector control strategies, particularly the implementation of insecticide-impregnated dog collars.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12299960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Undetectable = Untransmittable: A Cross-Population Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Awareness and Acceptance.","authors":"Nikolaos Georgiadis, Andreas Katsimpris, Perry N Halkitis, Evridiki Kaba, Georgina Tzanakaki, Tonia Vassilakou, Apostolos Beloukas, Theodoros N Sergentanis","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070673","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) message is a cornerstone of HIV-related public health communication, yet global levels of awareness and acceptance remain unclear across key populations. This study aimed to assess the global prevalence of awareness and acceptance of the U=U message among men who have sex with men (MSM), people living with HIV (PLWH), healthcare professionals, and the general population. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using data from PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar without language restrictions through 31 October 2023. Eligible studies included prospective cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, and cross-sectional studies reporting numerical data on U=U awareness and acceptance. From 1171 screened records, 43 studies were included. Data were analyzed using a random effects model. The findings showed that U=U awareness was high among PLWH, moderate among MSM and healthcare professionals, and low in the general population. Complete acceptance of U=U was low in MSM and the general population, and moderate in PLWH and healthcare professionals. Any acceptance was moderate among MSM and the general population, and high among PLWH and healthcare professionals. These results highlight the need for targeted education strategies to enhance understanding and reduce HIV-related stigma, particularly in populations with lower awareness and acceptance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Antiviral Activity of Termin-8 and Finio Against a Surrogate ASFV-like Algal Virus.","authors":"Amanda Palowski, Francisco Domingues, Othmar Lopez, Nicole Holcombe, Gerald Shurson, Declan C Schroeder","doi":"10.3390/pathogens14070672","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pathogens14070672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the time-course of incubation for the potential preventative mitigation of megaviruses using Termin-8 (a formaldehyde-based product) and Finio (non-formaldehyde solution) from Anitox. Emiliania huxleyi virus (EhV), an algal surrogate for African swine fever virus (ASFV), was treated with the recommended concentrations of Termin-8 (0.1% to 0.3%) and Finio (0.05% to 0.2%), and both viability qPCR (V-qPCR) and standard PCR (S-qPCR) were used to quantify EhV concentrations at 1 h, 5 h, 24 h and day 7 post-inoculation. Overall, Finio, and to a lesser extent Termin-8, at their highest treatment concentrations, showed the greatest log reduction of 4.5 and 2 log₁₀ units, respectively, at 1 h post-inoculation. Although Termin-8 efficacy did not improve with time, due to its fixing of viral particles and rendering them non-infectious, treatment with Finio showed 100% viable viral inactivation (>5 log₁₀ reduction units) at the lowest concentration after 7 days of exposure. Our results demonstrate that both Termin-8 and Finio can be used as effective chemical mitigants against megaviruses such as EhV and ASFV and can be used as effective preventive or mitigation strategies to prevent the transmission of ASFV by reducing particle viability in contaminated feed, although additional research is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19758,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}