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Perspectives on Psychological Science最新文献

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"When" Versus "Whether" Gender/Sex Differences: Insights From Psychological Research on Negotiation, Risk-Taking, and Leadership. 性别/性别差异的 "何时 "与 "是否"：谈判、冒险和领导力心理学研究的启示》。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/17456916241231584
Hannah R Bowles, Jens Mazei, Heidi H Liu
{"title":"\"When\" Versus \"Whether\" Gender/Sex Differences: Insights From Psychological Research on Negotiation, Risk-Taking, and Leadership.","authors":"Hannah R Bowles, Jens Mazei, Heidi H Liu","doi":"10.1177/17456916241231584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916241231584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a conceptual framework of situational moderators of gender/sex effects in negotiation, risk-taking, and leadership-three masculine-stereotypic domains associated with gender/sex gaps in pay and authority. We propose that greater situational ambiguity and higher relevance and salience of gender/sex increase the likelihood of gender/sex-linked behaviors in these domains. We argue that greater ambiguity increases the extent to which actors and audiences must search inwardly (e.g., mental schema, past experience) or outwardly (e.g., social norms) for cues on how to behave or evaluate a situation and thereby widens the door for gender/sex-linked influences. Correspondingly, we propose that gender/sex effects on behavior and evaluations in these domains will be more likely when gender/sex is more relevant and salient to the setting or task. We propose further that these two situational moderators may work jointly or interactively to influence the likelihood of gender/sex effects in negotiation, risk-taking, and leadership. We conclude by discussing applications of our conceptual framework to psychological science and its translation to practice, including directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"17456916241231584"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140158718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Communities of Knowledge in Trouble. 陷入困境的知识社群。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231187997
Nathaniel Rabb, Mugur Geana, Steven Sloman
{"title":"Communities of Knowledge in Trouble.","authors":"Nathaniel Rabb, Mugur Geana, Steven Sloman","doi":"10.1177/17456916231187997","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231187997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The community-of-knowledge framework explains the extraordinary success of the human species, despite individual members' demonstrably shallow understanding of many topics, by appealing to outsourcing. People follow the cues of members of their community because understanding of phenomena is generally distributed across the group. Typically, communities do possess the relevant knowledge, but it is possible in principle for communities to send cues despite lacking knowledge-a weakness in the system's design. COVID-19 in the United States offered a natural experiment in collective-knowledge development because a novel phenomenon arrived at a moment of intense division in political partisanship. We review evidence from the pandemic showing that the thought leaders of the two partisan groups sent radically different messages about COVID, which were, in turn, reinforced by close community members (family, friends, etc.). We show that although actual understanding of the individual plays a role in a key COVID-mitigation behavior (vaccination), it plays a smaller role than perceived understanding of thought leaders and beliefs about COVID-related behaviors of close community members. We discuss implications for theory and practice when all communities are in the same epistemic circumstance-relying on the testimony of others.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"432-443"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9965241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Crowds Can Effectively Identify Misinformation at Scale. 群众能有效识别大规模的错误信息。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-18 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231190388
Cameron Martel, Jennifer Allen, Gordon Pennycook, David G Rand
{"title":"Crowds Can Effectively Identify Misinformation at Scale.","authors":"Cameron Martel, Jennifer Allen, Gordon Pennycook, David G Rand","doi":"10.1177/17456916231190388","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231190388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Identifying successful approaches for reducing the belief and spread of online misinformation is of great importance. Social media companies currently rely largely on professional fact-checking as their primary mechanism for identifying falsehoods. However, professional fact-checking has notable limitations regarding coverage and speed. In this article, we summarize research suggesting that the \"wisdom of crowds\" can be harnessed successfully to help identify misinformation at scale. Despite potential concerns about the abilities of laypeople to assess information quality, recent evidence demonstrates that aggregating judgments of groups of laypeople, or crowds, can effectively identify low-quality news sources and inaccurate news posts: Crowd ratings are strongly correlated with fact-checker ratings across a variety of studies using different designs, stimulus sets, and subject pools. We connect these experimental findings with recent attempts to deploy crowdsourced fact-checking in the field, and we close with recommendations and future directions for translating crowdsourced ratings into effective interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"477-488"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10078151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Psychology of Collectives. 集体心理学。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231201139
David Garcia, Mirta Galesic, Henrik Olsson
{"title":"The Psychology of Collectives.","authors":"David Garcia, Mirta Galesic, Henrik Olsson","doi":"10.1177/17456916231201139","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231201139","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"316-319"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50158498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Network Approach to Investigate the Dynamics of Individual and Collective Beliefs: Advances and Applications of the BENDING Model. 研究个人和集体信念动态的网络方法：BENDING 模型的进展与应用》。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231185776
Madalina Vlasceanu, Ari M Dyckovsky, Alin Coman
{"title":"A Network Approach to Investigate the Dynamics of Individual and Collective Beliefs: Advances and Applications of the BENDING Model.","authors":"Madalina Vlasceanu, Ari M Dyckovsky, Alin Coman","doi":"10.1177/17456916231185776","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231185776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Changing entrenched beliefs to alter people's behavior and increase societal welfare has been at the forefront of behavioral-science research, but with limited success. Here, we propose a new framework of characterizing beliefs as a multidimensional system of interdependent mental representations across three cognitive structures (e.g., beliefs, evidence, and perceived norms) that are dynamically influenced by complex informational landscapes: the BENDING (Beliefs, Evidence, Norms, Dynamic Information Networked Graphs) model. This account of individual and collective beliefs helps explain beliefs' resilience to interventions and suggests that a promising avenue for increasing the effectiveness of misinformation-reduction efforts might involve graph-based representations of communities' belief systems. This framework also opens new avenues for future research with meaningful implications for some of the most critical challenges facing modern society, from the climate crisis to pandemic preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"444-453"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9856982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding Collective Intelligence: Investigating the Role of Collective Memory, Attention, and Reasoning Processes. 理解集体智慧：研究集体记忆、注意力和推理过程的作用。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231191534
Anita Williams Woolley, Pranav Gupta
{"title":"Understanding Collective Intelligence: Investigating the Role of Collective Memory, Attention, and Reasoning Processes.","authors":"Anita Williams Woolley, Pranav Gupta","doi":"10.1177/17456916231191534","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231191534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As society has come to rely on groups and technology to address many of its most challenging problems, there is a growing need to understand how technology-enabled, distributed, and dynamic collectives can be designed to solve a wide range of problems over time in the face of complex and changing environmental conditions-an ability we define as \"collective intelligence.\" We describe recent research on the Transaction Systems Model of Collective Intelligence (TSM-CI) that integrates literature from diverse areas of psychology to conceptualize the underpinnings of collective intelligence. The TSM-CI articulates the development and mutual adaptation of transactive memory, transactive attention, and transactive reasoning systems that together support the emergence and maintenance of collective intelligence. We also review related research on computational indicators of transactive-system functioning based on collaborative process behaviors that enable agent-based teammates to diagnose and potentially intervene to address developing issues. We conclude by discussing future directions in developing the TSM-CI to support research on developing collective human-machine intelligence and to identify ways to design technology to enhance it.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"344-354"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10114220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Emerging Science of Interacting Minds. 互动思维的新兴科学
IF 10.5 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231200177
Thalia Wheatley, Mark A Thornton, Arjen Stolk, Luke J Chang
{"title":"The Emerging Science of Interacting Minds.","authors":"Thalia Wheatley, Mark A Thornton, Arjen Stolk, Luke J Chang","doi":"10.1177/17456916231200177","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231200177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For over a century, psychology has focused on uncovering mental processes of a single individual. However, humans rarely navigate the world in isolation. The most important determinants of successful development, mental health, and our individual traits and preferences arise from interacting with other individuals. Social interaction underpins who we are, how we think, and how we behave. Here we discuss the key methodological challenges that have limited progress in establishing a robust science of how minds interact and the new tools that are beginning to overcome these challenges. A deep understanding of the human mind requires studying the context within which it originates and exists: social interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"355-373"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10932833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Polarization and the Psychology of Collectives. 两极分化与集体心理学。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231186614
Simon A Levin, Elke U Weber
{"title":"Polarization and the Psychology of Collectives.","authors":"Simon A Levin, Elke U Weber","doi":"10.1177/17456916231186614","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231186614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Achieving global sustainability in the face of climate change, pandemics, and other global systemic threats will require collective intelligence and collective action beyond what we are currently experiencing. Increasing polarization within nations and populist trends that undercut international cooperation make the problem even harder. Allegiance within groups is often strengthened because of conflict among groups, leading to a form of polarization termed \"affective.\" Hope for addressing these global problems will require recognition of the commonality in threats facing all groups collective intelligence that integrates relevant inputs from all sources but fights misinformation and coordinated, cooperative collective action. Elinor Ostrom's notion of polycentric governance, involving centers of decision-making from the local to the global in a complex interacting framework, may provide a possible pathway to achieve these goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"335-343"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9960703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Toward Understanding of the Social Hysteresis: Insights From Agent-Based Modeling. 对社会滞后的理解：基于Agent的建模。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231195361
Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron, Arkadiusz Jȩdrzejewski, Barbara Kamińska
{"title":"Toward Understanding of the Social Hysteresis: Insights From Agent-Based Modeling.","authors":"Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron, Arkadiusz Jȩdrzejewski, Barbara Kamińska","doi":"10.1177/17456916231195361","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231195361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hysteresis has been used to understand various social phenomena, such as political polarization, the persistence of the vaccination-compliance problem, or the delayed response of employees in a firm to wage incentives. The aim of this article is to show the insights that can be gained from using agent-based models (ABMs) to study hysteresis. To build up an intuition about hysteresis, we start with an illustrative example from physics that demonstrates how hysteresis manifests as collective memory. Next, we present examples of hysteresis in psychology and social systems. We then present two simple ABMs of binary decisions-the Ising model and the <i>q</i>-voter model-to explain how hysteresis can be observed in ABMs. Specifically, we show that hysteresis can result from the influence of various external factors present in social systems, such as organizational polices, governmental laws, or mass media campaigns, as well as internal noise associated with random changes in agent decisions. Finally, we clarify the relationship between several closely related concepts such as order-disorder transitions or bifurcation, and we conclude the article with a discussion of the advantages of ABMs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"511-521"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41122630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Individuals, Collectives, and Individuals in Collectives: The Ineliminable Role of Dependence. 个人、集体和集体中的个人:依赖的不可消除作用。
IF 12.6 1区 心理学
Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231198479
Ulrike Hahn
{"title":"Individuals, Collectives, and Individuals in Collectives: The Ineliminable Role of Dependence.","authors":"Ulrike Hahn","doi":"10.1177/17456916231198479","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231198479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our beliefs are inextricably shaped through communication with others. Furthermore, even conversation we conduct in pairs may itself be taking place across a wider, connected social network. Our communications, and with that our thoughts, are consequently typically those of individuals in collectives. This has fundamental consequences with respect to how our beliefs are shaped. This article examines the role of dependence on our beliefs and seeks to demonstrate its importance with respect to key phenomena involving collectives that have been taken to indicate irrationality. It is argued that (with the benefit of hindsight) these phenomena no longer seem surprising when one considers the multiple dependencies that govern information acquisition and the evaluation of cognitive agents in their normal (i.e., social) context.</p>","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"418-431"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138445670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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