Perspectives on Psychological Science最新文献_第9页

Group Formation and the Evolution of Human Social Organization. 群体形成与人类社会组织的进化。

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231179156

Carsten K W De Dreu, Jörg Gross, Angelo Romano

{"title":"Group Formation and the Evolution of Human Social Organization.","authors":"Carsten K W De Dreu, Jörg Gross, Angelo Romano","doi":"10.1177/17456916231179156","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231179156","url":null,"abstract":"Humans operate in groups that are oftentimes nested in multilayered collectives such as work units within departments and companies, neighborhoods within cities, and regions within nation states. With psychological science mostly focusing on proximate reasons for individuals to join existing groups and how existing groups function, we still poorly understand why groups form ex nihilo, how groups evolve into complex multilayered social structures, and what explains fission-fusion dynamics. Here we address group formation and the evolution of social organization at both the proximate and ultimate level of analysis. Building on models of fitness interdependence and cooperation, we propose that socioecologies can create positive interdependencies among strangers and pave the way for the formation of stable coalitions and groups through reciprocity and reputation-based partner selection. Such groups are marked by in-group bounded, parochial cooperation together with an array of social institutions for managing the commons, allowing groups to scale in size and complexity while avoiding the breakdown of cooperation. Our analysis reveals how distinct group cultures can endogenously emerge from reciprocal cooperation, shows that social identification and group commitment are likely consequences rather than causes of group cooperation, and explains when intergroup relations gravitate toward peaceful coexistence, integration, or conflict.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"320-334"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10913362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9833859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maintaining Transient Diversity Is a General Principle for Improving Collective Problem Solving. 保持暂时的多样性是改善集体解决问题的一般原则。

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231180100

Paul E Smaldino, Cody Moser, Alejandro Pérez Velilla, Mikkel Werling

{"title":"Maintaining Transient Diversity Is a General Principle for Improving Collective Problem Solving.","authors":"Paul E Smaldino, Cody Moser, Alejandro Pérez Velilla, Mikkel Werling","doi":"10.1177/17456916231180100","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231180100","url":null,"abstract":"Humans regularly solve complex problems in cooperative teams. A wide range of mechanisms have been identified that improve the quality of solutions achieved by those teams on reaching consensus. We argue that many of these mechanisms work via increasing the transient diversity of solutions while the group attempts to reach a consensus. These mechanisms can operate at the level of individual psychology (e.g., behavioral inertia), interpersonal communication (e.g., transmission noise), or group structure (e.g., sparse social networks). Transient diversity can be increased by widening the search space of possible solutions or by slowing the diffusion of information and delaying consensus. All of these mechanisms increase the quality of the solution at the cost of increased time to reach it. We review specific mechanisms that facilitate transient diversity and synthesize evidence from both empirical studies and diverse formal models-including multiarmed bandits, NK landscapes, cumulative-innovation models, and evolutionary-transmission models. Apparent exceptions to this principle occur primarily when problems are sufficiently simple that they can be solved by mere trial and error or when the incentives of team members are insufficiently aligned. This work has implications for our understanding of collective intelligence, problem solving, innovation, and cumulative cultural evolution.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"454-464"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10913329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9692921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Struggling With Change: The Fragile Resilience of Collectives. 与变革作斗争：集体脆弱的韧性。

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231192052

Frank Schweitzer, Christian Zingg, Giona Casiraghi

引用次数: 0

Motivated Cognition in Cooperation. 合作中的动机认知。

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231193990

Susann Fiedler, Hooman Habibnia, Alina Fahrenwaldt, Rima-Maria Rahal

{"title":"Motivated Cognition in Cooperation.","authors":"Susann Fiedler, Hooman Habibnia, Alina Fahrenwaldt, Rima-Maria Rahal","doi":"10.1177/17456916231193990","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231193990","url":null,"abstract":"Successful cooperation is tightly linked to individuals' beliefs about their interaction partners, the decision setting, and existing norms, perceptions, and values. This article reviews and integrates findings from judgment and decision-making, social and cognitive psychology, political science, and economics, developing a systematic overview of the mechanisms underlying motivated cognition in cooperation. We elaborate on how theories and concepts related to motivated cognition developed in various disciplines define the concept and describe its functionality. We explain why beliefs play such an essential role in cooperation, how they can be distorted, and how this fosters or harms cooperation. We also highlight how individual differences and situational factors change the propensity to engage in motivated cognition. In the form of a construct map, we provide a visualization of the theoretical and empirical knowledge structure regarding the role of motivated cognition, including its many interdependencies, feedback loops, and moderating influences. We conclude with a brief suggestion for a future research agenda based on this compiled evidence.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"385-403"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10913374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54230418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Cognitive Computational Approach to Social and Collective Decision-Making. 社会和集体决策的认知计算方法。

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231186964

Alan N Tump, Dominik Deffner, Timothy J Pleskac, Pawel Romanczuk, Ralf H J M Kurvers

引用次数: 0

What Makes Groups Emotional? 是什么让小组充满情感？

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231179154

Amit Goldenberg

引用次数: 0

Human Crowds as Social Networks: Collective Dynamics of Consensus and Polarization. 作为社会网络的人群：共识与两极分化的集体动力》（Collective Dynamics of Consensus and Polarization）。

IF 10.5 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231186406

William H Warren, J Benjamin Falandays, Kei Yoshida, Trenton D Wirth, Brian A Free

{"title":"Human Crowds as Social Networks: Collective Dynamics of Consensus and Polarization.","authors":"William H Warren, J Benjamin Falandays, Kei Yoshida, Trenton D Wirth, Brian A Free","doi":"10.1177/17456916231186406","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231186406","url":null,"abstract":"A ubiquitous type of collective behavior and decision-making is the coordinated motion of bird flocks, fish schools, and human crowds. Collective decisions to move in the same direction, turn right or left, or split into subgroups arise in a self-organized fashion from local interactions between individuals without central plans or designated leaders. Strikingly similar phenomena of consensus (collective motion), clustering (subgroup formation), and bipolarization (splitting into extreme groups) are also observed in opinion formation. As we developed models of crowd dynamics and analyzed crowd networks, we found ourselves going down the same path as models of opinion dynamics in social networks. In this article, we draw out the parallels between human crowds and social networks. We show that models of crowd dynamics and opinion dynamics have a similar mathematical form and generate analogous phenomena in multiagent simulations. We suggest that they can be unified by a common collective dynamics, which may be extended to other psychological collectives. Models of collective dynamics thus offer a means to account for collective behavior and collective decisions without appealing to a priori mental structures.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"522-537"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10830891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10286906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Crowds to Address Global Problems. 众人解决全球问题的优势和劣势。

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231179152

Stephen B Broomell, Clintin P Davis-Stober

引用次数: 0

The Spread of Beliefs in Partially Modularized Communities. 信仰在部分模块化社区中的传播。

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231198238

Robert L Goldstone, Marina Dubova, Rachith Aiyappa, Andy Edinger

{"title":"The Spread of Beliefs in Partially Modularized Communities.","authors":"Robert L Goldstone, Marina Dubova, Rachith Aiyappa, Andy Edinger","doi":"10.1177/17456916231198238","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231198238","url":null,"abstract":"Many life-influencing social networks are characterized by considerable informational isolation. People within a community are far more likely to share beliefs than people who are part of different communities. The spread of useful information across communities is impeded by echo chambers (far greater connectivity within than between communities) and filter bubbles (more influence of beliefs by connected neighbors within than between communities). We apply the tools of network analysis to organize our understanding of the spread of beliefs across modularized communities and to predict the effect of individual and group parameters on the dynamics and distribution of beliefs. In our Spread of Beliefs in Modularized Communities (SBMC) framework, a stochastic block model generates social networks with variable degrees of modularity, beliefs have different observable utilities, individuals change their beliefs on the basis of summed or average evidence (or intermediate decision rules), and parameterized stochasticity introduces randomness into decisions. SBMC simulations show surprising patterns; for example, increasing out-group connectivity does not always improve group performance, adding randomness to decisions can promote performance, and decision rules that sum rather than average evidence can improve group performance, as measured by the average utility of beliefs that the agents adopt. Overall, the results suggest that intermediate degrees of belief exploration are beneficial for the spread of useful beliefs in a community, and so parameters that pull in opposite directions on an explore-exploit continuum are usefully paired.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"404-417"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New Forms of Collaboration Between the Social and Natural Sciences Could Become Necessary for Understanding Rapid Collective Transitions in Social Systems. 社会科学与自然科学之间新形式的合作对于理解社会系统中快速的集体转变是必不可少的。

IF 12.6 1区心理学

Perspectives on Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231201135

Stefan Thurner

{"title":"New Forms of Collaboration Between the Social and Natural Sciences Could Become Necessary for Understanding Rapid Collective Transitions in Social Systems.","authors":"Stefan Thurner","doi":"10.1177/17456916231201135","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17456916231201135","url":null,"abstract":"Human societies are complex systems and as such have tipping points. They can rapidly transit from one mode of operation to another and thereby change the way they function as a whole. Such transitions appear as financial or economic crises, rapid swings in collective opinion, political regime shifts, or revolutions. In physics collective transitions are known as phase transitions; for example, water exists in states of liquid, ice, and vapor. A few variables determine which state is realized: temperature, pressure, and volume. For social systems it is less clear what determines collective social states. A better understanding of social tipping points would allow us to tackle some of the big challenges more systematically, such as polarization, loss of social cohesion, fragmentation, or the green transition. The physics concept of universality might be key to understanding some tipping points in human societies and why agent-based models (ABMs) might make sense for identifying the transition points. If universality exists in social systems there is hope that relatively simple ABMs will be sufficient for understanding collective social systems in transition; if it does not exist, highly detailed computational models will be unavoidable. Both are possible. Both need new forms of collaboration between the social and natural sciences, and new types of data will be essential.","PeriodicalId":19757,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"503-510"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0