One Health最新文献

{"title":"Determinants of antimicrobial resistance practices in Ethiopia: A One Health mixed-methods study.","authors":"Geteneh Moges Assefa, Abenezer Wgebriel, Michael Tarekegn, Getachew Gebreselassie, Salsawit Shifarraw, Alemtsehay Solomon, Mesfin Mihret, Ataklti Hadush Girmay, Gebrie Alebachew Belete, Wendmnew Abrie, Fredrick Majiwa, Kasahun Negash","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing One Health challenge in low- and middle-income countries, where inappropriate antimicrobial use across human and animal sectors remains common. In Ethiopia, national AMR strategies and One Health frameworks exist, but evidence remains limited on how knowledge, attitudes, and practices shape antimicrobial-use behaviors across community and animal health settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a convergent parallel mixed-methods study from June to November 2024 in Addis Ababa, Oromia, and Afar, Ethiopia. Quantitative data were collected using structured knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys among household respondents <i>(n = 750)</i> and animal health professionals <i>(n = 251)</i>. Knowledge was defined as factual understanding of antimicrobials and AMR; attitude as beliefs, perceived risk, and stewardship orientation; and practice as self-reported antimicrobial-use and stewardship-related behaviors. Composite KAP scores were standardized from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating better outcomes. Fractional logit regression was used to assess factors associated with AMR-related practice scores. Qualitative data were collected through 24 focus group discussions, 58 key informant interviews, and 34 in-depth interviews, and analyzed thematically to contextualize quantitative findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Households had moderate knowledge <i>(mean = 0.62)</i> and positive attitudes <i>(mean = 0.75)</i> but suboptimal practices <i>(mean = 0.58)</i>. Animal health professionals had higher knowledge <i>(mean = 0.88)</i> and attitudes <i>(mean = 0.79)</i>, but lower practice scores <i>(mean = 0.49)</i>. Attitude was the most consistent factor associated with better AMR-related practices among both households <i>(aOR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.36)</i> and animal health professionals <i>(aOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.28-1.75)</i>. Knowledge was significantly associated with practice only among animal health professionals. Larger household size was negatively associated with household practice, while professional affiliation was associated with animal health professional practice. Qualitative findings showed that financial constraints, non-prescription antimicrobial access, limited diagnostic capacity, weak enforcement, and client pressure constrained the translation of knowledge and positive attitudes into appropriate practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AMR-related practices in Ethiopia are shaped by attitudes, professional and household contexts, and structural constraints, rather than knowledge alone. Interventions should move beyond information provision to address risk perception, social norms, affordability, diagnostic access, regulatory enforcement, and stewardship support. Strengthened One Health coordination across human and animal sectors is essential to translate Ethiopia's AMR policies into effective practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"101461"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13241877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High hepatitis E virus prevalence in pig slurry samples from the north-western region of Germany","authors":"Florian Hinte ,&nbsp;Marc Lütgehetmann ,&nbsp;Toni Luise Meister ,&nbsp;Katja Giersch ,&nbsp;Maura Dandri ,&nbsp;Julian Schulze zur Wiesch ,&nbsp;Sven Pischke","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pork is recognized as the primary source of transmission for Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 (gt3/4) in industrialized countries. In Germany, approximately 10 % of retail pork samples test positive for HEV. However, the potential role of pig manure as a reservoir contributing to the environmental and zoonotic transmission of HEV genotype 3 remains insufficiently characterized.</div><div>To assess HEV contamination in manure, 61 pig slurry samples were collected from various collection points in northwestern Germany and analyzed for HEV and hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA using quantitative PCR. In line with the “One Health” concept, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment, this study aimed to evaluate pig manure as a potential source of HEV contamination of agricultural land and food plants, thus posing a risk to both omnivorous and vegetarian populations.</div><div>HEV RNA was detected in 67 % (41/61) of the samples, with viral loads ranging from 5.2 × 10² to 1.8 × 10⁵ copies/mL (median 6.8 × 10³ copies/mL), whereas HAV RNA was not detected in any sample. Genotyping via nested PCR identified HEV genotype 3c, a subtype frequently detected in human infections in Germany. To further characterize the viral particles, four samples with the highest viral loads were subjected to linear density gradient ultracentrifugation. Two distinct fractions were identified, corresponding to enveloped particles (suggesting urinary origin) and non-enveloped particles (suggesting fecal origin).</div><div>In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the frequent presence of both enveloped and non-enveloped HEV particles in pig slurry in Germany. These findings highlight manure as a potential environmental reservoir for HEV and underscore the need for further studies to determine HEV infectivity in slurry and to assess its epidemiological significance within the One Health framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data-driven approach for mitigation of fecal pathogen infections from unsafe WASH practices","authors":"Achara Taweesan ,&nbsp;Thammarat Koottatep ,&nbsp;Thongchai Kanabkaew ,&nbsp;Rathanit Sukthanapirat ,&nbsp;Chongrak Polprasert","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fecal pathogen infections remain a major public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries, where unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene persist. Northeastern Thailand continues to experience a high burden of helminth infections linked to deficient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions. Evidence-based identification of combined WASH thresholds is needed to support effective interventions and progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 6.</div><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 520 households across 18 communities in Tongkhop city, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Primary data from household surveys, key-informant interviews, and field observations were integrated with disease-surveillance records. A multilevel generalized linear model was applied to assess associations between WASH indicators and infection prevalence. Model-predicted outcomes were further analyzed using response surface methodology to quantify nonlinear interactions and identify optimal WASH thresholds.</div><div>Infection prevalence exceeded 40 cases per 1000 population in communities relying on untreated water, infrequent fecal-sludge emptying, and low hygiene compliance. Substantial risk reductions were observed when household water treatment exceeded 40 %, fecal-sludge emptying frequency reached 35–40 %, and handwashing compliance before meals surpassed 80 %, while raw-fish consumption remained below 50 %. The response-surface analysis revealed clear nonlinear synergies among WASH components, indicating that coordinated improvements were more effective than isolated interventions.</div><div>This study demonstrates that integrating multilevel modeling with response surface analysis enables quantitative identification of critical WASH thresholds for reducing fecal-pathogen infections. The findings highlight the importance of coordinated improvements in water safety, sanitation management, and hygiene behaviors to mitigate environmental transmission pathways. These results provide actionable, data-driven guidance for public health planning and support the environmental dimension of the One Health framework in advancing SDG 6.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101317"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in fruit bats at high-risk human-wildlife interfaces in Bangladesh","authors":"Md Helal Uddin ,&nbsp;Shariful Islam ,&nbsp;Pronesh Dutta ,&nbsp;Monjurul Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Kaisar Rahman ,&nbsp;Muhammad Sazzad Hossain ,&nbsp;Md Shahjalal Sagor ,&nbsp;Md. Aftabuddin Rumi ,&nbsp;Meerjady Sabrina Flora ,&nbsp;Jade K. Forwood ,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdus Samad ,&nbsp;Jonathan H. Epstein ,&nbsp;Sharmin Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Ariful Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are frequently detected in wildlife and are often considered an indicator of anthropogenic pathogen exposure to wildlife. However, the role of bats in AMR dissemination remains poorly understood. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with AMR patterns in <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp. and <em>Escherichia coli</em> isolated from frugivorous bats in Bangladesh. We collected 369 noninvasive fecal samples from <em>Pteropus medius</em> and <em>Rousettus leschenaultii</em> individual bats. Bacterial isolation was performed using selective media, biochemical tests and performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for confirmation of <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp. and <em>E. coli</em>. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for antimicrobials was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The prevalence of <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp. was 29.8 % and 28.5 % respectively. Overall, 28.2 % of <em>E. coli</em> and 26.3 % of <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp. exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial. Logistic regression analysis revealed that resistant <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp. colonisation was significantly higher in rural areas (OR = 2.6) and in <em>R. leschenaulti</em><em>i</em> species (OR = 2.6), while resistant <em>E. coli</em> was higher in urban areas (OR = 2.0) and in <em>P. medius</em> bat (OR = 1.7). <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp. showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (56 %), followed by clindamycin (23 %). On the other hand, <em>E. coli</em> showed the highest resistance against cefepime (16 %) followed by ampicillin (13 %). While the source of AMR bacteria in bats remains unclear, bat drinking habits on the contaminated water bodies with people and domestic animals might be source of resistant bacteria to bats. Future One Health research is recommended to understand the ecology of AMR and role of bats in the transmission of resistant bacteria across ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection of zoonotic RNA viruses in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from small-scale family farming in the region of Cusco, Peru","authors":"Abel E. Quispe ,&nbsp;Renzo Vera ,&nbsp;Josimar Quiñones ,&nbsp;José Angulo-Tisoc ,&nbsp;César Lázaro ,&nbsp;Alberto Manchego ,&nbsp;Milagros Lostaunau ,&nbsp;Edgar Valdez ,&nbsp;Miguel Rojas ,&nbsp;Dennis A. Navarro-Mamani","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging zoonotic diseases are frequently associated with close human-animal interactions in small-scale farming systems. Guinea pigs (<em>Cavia porcellus</em>) are widely raised for food in the Andean region, often under poor sanitary conditions; however, little is known about their role as reservoirs of enteric viruses with zoonotic potential. This study aimed to detect zoonotic RNA viruses in intestinal samples from guinea pigs raised on small-scale family farms in the Cusco region of Peru. A total of 34 intestinal tissue samples from adult guinea pigs showing gastrointestinal lesions were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR for the molecular detection of Coronavirus (CoV), Rotavirus A (RVA), <em>Mammalian orthoreovirus</em> (MRV), and Kobuvirus (KoV). Positive amplicons were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically to confirm the PCR assays. Overall, 91.18% (31/34) of samples tested positive for at least one virus. RVA was the most frequently detected (58.82%), followed by CoV (29.41%), MRV (23.53%), and KoV (23.53%). Single-virus infections accounted for 20 cases and co-infections were identified in 11 cases. RVA was the most frequently detected, both in single (<em>n</em> = 9) and co-infections (<em>n</em> = 11). KoV detection was predominantly associated with co-infections rather than single infections. These findings provide the first molecular evidence of multiple zoonotic RNA viruses in guinea pigs from small-scale farming in Peru, highlighting their potential role as reservoirs in zoonotic transmission cycles. Enhanced surveillance and improved farm-level biosecurity are essential to mitigate risks of viral emergence in these traditional farming systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101335"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From governance scores to governance impact: Closing the know–do gap in AMR policy evaluation","authors":"Xiao-Xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yong-Zhang Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiao-Nong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the 2026 revision of the Global Action Plan (GAP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) approaches, attention is shifting from policy adoption to the more complex challenge of evaluating implementation. Although most countries now have national action plans, reductions in resistance remain limited, exposing a persistent know–do gap between formal commitments and real-world impact. This commentary argues that prevailing governance assessments prioritise institutional presence over functional performance, overlook political economy constraints, and insufficiently integrate environmental and agricultural domains central to One Health. We highlight how surveillance asymmetries and static scoring distort comparisons and misdirect investment. We propose an impact-oriented evaluation agenda that incorporates temporal dynamics, incentive structures, equity considerations, and causal inference approaches to distinguish genuine progress from reporting artefacts. Closing the know–do gap is essential if AMR governance is to move beyond preparedness and deliver measurable, sustained change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shared occurrence of Malassezia spp. in dogs and their owners","authors":"Mara Miglianti ,&nbsp;Marcos Antonio Bezerra-Santos ,&nbsp;Antonio Rizzo ,&nbsp;Nicola Pugliese ,&nbsp;Roberta Iatta ,&nbsp;Rossella Samarelli ,&nbsp;Vanessa Rosemary Duke Barrs ,&nbsp;Domenico Otranto","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Malassezia</em> spp. are commensal yeasts inhabiting the skin of humans and animals; however, some species may cause dermatological disorders or bloodstream infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The fastidious culture requirements of lipid-dependent species hamper understanding of the zoonotic role of this genus. This study investigated the occurrence, fungal load, and epidemiological links of <em>Malassezia</em> spp. between 73 dogs and their owners, comparing sampling methods (i.e., sterile dry swabs vs sterile gauzes) and culture media (i.e., Dixon's agar vs FastFung agar). Samples were collected from dogs and owner in sites exposed to contact (i.e., ears, muzzle, and perianal area in dogs; palms and interdigital spaces in humans). Yeasts were identified using morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques, and quantified as colony forming units (CFUs). Overall, <em>Malassezia</em> spp. were detected in 68.5% of dogs (<em>n</em> = 50/73) and 21.9% of owners (<em>n</em> = 16/73). Among dog isolates, 49 were identified as <em>Malassezia pachydermatis</em> and one as <em>Malassezia sympodialis</em>; all human isolates were <em>M. pachydermatis</em>. Fungal loads were higher in muzzle than auricular samples (<em>p</em> = 0.017) and on FastFung agar compared with Dixon's agar (<em>p</em> = 0.011), with no significant difference between sampling methods (<em>p</em> = 0.341). Dog and owner fungal loads showed a moderate correlation (ρ = 0.480, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and dog positivity increased the odds of owner colonization (<em>p</em> = 0.044). Phylogenetic analysis of the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS-1) region showed that isolates from dogs and their owners clustered within <em>M. pachydermatis</em> reference sequences, with several dog–owner pairs consistently grouping in the same subclades. The findings underscore the importance of optimized diagnostic protocols for <em>Malassezia</em> spp. infection and suggest the muzzle as a high-risk area for potential zoonotic transmission, with implications for veterinary and public health concern.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101351"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated region-specific modeling of H5 avian influenza in Asia using ENSO-based forecasts","authors":"Yinghui Su ,&nbsp;Ruoxuan Wu ,&nbsp;Pengfei Liu ,&nbsp;Zhichao Li ,&nbsp;Juan Pu ,&nbsp;Lu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), particularly of the H5 subtype, remains a persistent threat to poultry, wildlife, and public health across Asia. This study quantifies the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), using the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) as the primary predictor, on the climate-driven dynamics of H5 HPAI through region- and host-stratified generalized additive models (GAMs). Seven region–host strata across Asia were modeled separately, revealing pronounced heterogeneity in event frequency. A clear negative correlation with MEI was identified in domestic poultry across East and South Asia, where higher MEI values, corresponding to El Niño conditions, were linked to reduced event frequencies. In contrast, wild bird populations in East and South Asia displayed irregular, multimodal response patterns to MEI, suggesting phase-specific sensitivities to climate variability. A recurrent neural network (RNN) was further employed to forecast MEI trends, which were then incorporated into the GAMs to predict event dynamics. The forecasts highlighted continued epidemic pressure in East Asia's wild birds, in contrast to stable or declining trends elsewhere. Given the zoonotic potential of H5 viruses, these climate-informed risk forecasts could help inform timely interventions to prevent animal-to-human transmission and support integrated One Health preparedness frameworks. This integrative statistical–deep learning framework offers valuable support for short-term early warning and regionally targeted prevention strategies for H5 HPAI preparedness across Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101322"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of vaccination and behavioural change on Mpox transmission in high-risk groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo using an age-structured mathematical model","authors":"Andrew Omame ,&nbsp;Nicola Luigi Bragazzi ,&nbsp;Ali Asgary ,&nbsp;Chigozie Louisa J. Ugwu ,&nbsp;Jude Dzevela Kong ,&nbsp;Jianhong Wu ,&nbsp;Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease that has gained global attention due to its recurrent outbreaks in endemic regions of Africa and beyond. The recent clade I outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been characterized by extensive transmission among children – particularly those under 15 years of age – and adults with elevated occupational risks, such as healthcare workers, sex workers, and hunters. Motivated by emerging evidence that vaccination alone may not explain the observed decline in mpox transmission across the DRC, and recognizing that behavioural modification is more feasible among adults, this study investigates the synergistic impact of vaccination and behaviour-driven contact reduction among high-risk adults within an age- and risk-structured modelling framework. The model stratifies the population into adults (high- and low-risk groups) and children. It incorporates vaccination for both adults and children, as well as behavioural adaptations (in the form of contact reduction) among high-risk adults. The model is calibrated to weekly reported mpox cases in the DRC from January 2024 to April 2025, from which key parameters are estimated. Scenario analyses reveal that among the adult population, behavioural change has a greater impact than vaccination in reducing mpox transmission. The model indicated that vaccination targeting children yielded the most significant effects, in comparison to either contact-reduction measures or immunization of adults. Moreover, our results indicate that initiating a 50% reduction in contact rates among high-risk adults approximately 20 weeks earlier yields an additional 20% decrease in the cumulative number of mpox cases, compared with implementing the same reduction concurrently with the vaccination intervention in the DRC. Given the current low vaccination coverage and supply constraints, our findings provide evidence-based guidance for optimizing vaccine allocation and prioritizing behavioural interventions among high-risk groups to prevent sustained transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101324"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-model large-scale AI framework for avian influenza surveillance and preparedness: Harnessing large language models to enhance risk communication, real-time decision support, and public health response strategies","authors":"Jude D. Kong ,&nbsp;Murray Gillies ,&nbsp;Emma Gardner ,&nbsp;Nicola Luigi Bragazzi","doi":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Avian influenza remains a persistent threat to global health security, with serious consequences for food systems, trade, and pandemic preparedness. To address gaps in public health communication and stakeholder-specific decision-making, this study evaluated the capacity of large language models (LLMs) to provide accurate, context-sensitive, and ethically sound guidance in the context of avian influenza. Employing a multi-model, stakeholder-stratified evaluation framework, we tested four advanced generative AI models, namely, ChatGPT-4o (OpenAI), Grok (xAI), Gemini 1.5 Pro (Google), and DeepSeek R1 (DeepSeek), across two complementary tasks: (i) structured querying of 34 domain-specific items covering virological, epidemiological, veterinary, and global public health domains; and (ii) response generation to 16 synthetic vignettes simulating outbreak scenarios involving diverse societal roles. Results showed that Gemini 1.5 Pro demonstrated the highest factual accuracy (91.2% fully correct responses), followed by Grok (85.3%), ChatGPT-4o (82.4%), and DeepSeek R1 (82.4%). Vignette analysis further revealed model-specific communicative strengths and ethical orientations, ranging from procedural pragmatism to stakeholder-mapping and human-centered design. While Gemini excelled in blending empathetic and pedagogical reasoning, Grok offered implementation-oriented guidance, ChatGPT-4o emphasized legal-normative clarity, and DeepSeek R1 favored structural and institutional analysis. Collectively, our findings highlight the promise and limitations of current LLMs as tools for biosurveillance, risk communication, and cross-sectoral pandemic preparedness. They also emphasize the necessity of rigorous, role-aware benchmarking to ensure equitable and contextually appropriate integration of generative AI in public health infrastructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19577,"journal":{"name":"One Health","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101357"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}