Open Veterinary Journal最新文献

{"title":"Detection of biofilm genes in MDR <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolated from human and cattle urinary tract infections in Babylon Governorate, Iraq.","authors":"Sumod Abdul Kadhem Salman, Balsam Miri Mizher Al Muhana","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.27","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) is a major pathogenic bacterium in veterinary medicine and human health. It is one of the most important bacterial agents causing urinary tract infection (UTI). The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> is a great problem today. The aim of the study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic aspects of biofilm formation in multiple drug-resistant (MDR) <i>S. aureus</i> isolated from UTI infection in human and cattle in Babylon, Iraq.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A total of 168 and 172 urine samples were collected from UTI infection in humans and cattle, respectively, during the period from November 2023 to February 2024. Morphological and biochemical identification was used to diagnose <i>S. aureus</i>. Additional confirmation was performed by the automated Vitek 2 compact system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 168 human isolates, 24 (14.2%) and 172 cattle isolates, 16 (9.3%) isolates were diagnosed as <i>S. aureus</i>. Genotypically identification of the isolates was performed using the 16s RNA gene. Twenty-two (91.6%) from 24 human source <i>S. aureus</i> isolates and 8 (50%) from 16 animal source <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were found to be MDR according to the Vitek 2 compact system. Results revealed that 19 (86.3%) and 7(87.5%) MDR isolates were phenotypically positive for biofilm production in concern to human and animal source isolates, respectively. Genotypically, three polysaccharide intracellular adhesion genes and one MSCRAMMs (<i>fib</i>) were screened in MDR bacteria using specific primers. The prevalence rate of genes was <i>ica</i>A (100%), <i>ica</i>B (100%), and <i>ica</i>C (100%) in all 30 MDR isolates. <i>fib</i> gene were present in 63.6% of human isolates and 75% of cattle source isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study has shown that the biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> that causes UTI were resistant to multiple antibiotic agents. These findings underscore the necessity of development effective treatment approaches to control UTI infections in humans and animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2551-2561"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective role of alcoholic extract of <i>Juglans regia</i> pulp in reducing the adverse effects of citalopram in the liver of male rats.","authors":"Mutashar Jaddoa Jiheel, Ahmed Dhahir Latif, Alwan Al Qushawi, Hasanain A J Gharban","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.38","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.38","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Citalopram is a class of antidepressant drugs that works by increasing the amount of serotonin to maintain mental balance. However, the risk of liver damage associated with citalopram use remains an area of ongoing research, with several potential mechanisms implicated in its pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This experimental study aims to evaluation of physiological and histological renal damages due to low and high citalopram doses and the ameliorative role of walnuts-pulp extract in reducing hepatotoxic damage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To assess the side effects of citalopram and evaluate the ameliorative effect of <i>Juglans regia</i> pulp extract on liver functions, 32 mature male rats were divided into four equal groups: the first group was kept as the control group, drench 0.5 ml tab water; the second group was ingested 0.6 mg/kg of citalopram and 10 mg/kg of <i>J. regia</i> pulp extract; the third group was ingested 0.6 mg/kg of citalopram and 20 mg/kg of <i>J. regia</i> pulp extract; and the fourth group was ingested 0.6 mg/kg of citalopram only (all groups drenched daily for 60 days).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant elevation in alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase was observed in all animals treated with citalopram with or without <i>J. regia</i> pulp extract, but ALT in animals treated with citalopram with 20 mg/kg J. regia extract showed a significant reduction compared with others. The serum bilirubin levels revealed no significant differences between the groups of treated animals. Pathohistological sections showed normal histological structures for hepatic tissue and sinusoids without any significant occupied lesions in control and animals treated with J. regia pulp extract at both doses with citalopram. In tissue sections of rats drenched citalopram, there were fatty degeneration, with fibrous network formation, structureless, homogenous, and pinkish material, hepatic vein congestion and narrowing in the hepatic artery and arteriole diameter, fat droplet accumulation in the hepatocytes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatments with citalopram caused liver dysfunction and damage in liver tissue, whereas <i>J. regia</i> pulp extracts have a protective role against liver tissue at high or low doses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2693-2702"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactor identification and evaluation of <i>Brucella abortus</i> vaccination results for cattle in Malaka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.","authors":"Januaria Maria Seran, Tri Untari, Asmarani Kusumawati, Ridha Avicena Ila Salsabila","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.60","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.60","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>One disease that interferes with reproductive performance is brucellosis, which causes significant economic losses.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to identify the reactor and evaluate the results of a <i>Brucella abortus</i> vaccination in the Malaka Regency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This research method involves the first stage, which involves sampling serum from 100 cattle. Serum specimens are derived from blood taken from the jugular or coccygeal vein using a Vacutainer tube filled with silicone and left at room temperature until the blood is separated into serum and clot. Then, for serological tests in the form of the Rose Bengal test (RBT), if the RBT test is positive, followed by the complement fixation test (CFT) test, and the CFT test is also positive, the patient is designated as a brucellosis reactor. At the same time, if the CFT is positive in vaccinated cattle, the vaccination is considered successful, and if it is negative, it is necessary to reevaluate the immunization.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The results of 100 samples showed that the RBT and CFT tests yielded two distinct outcomes: a positive RBT and a negative CFT test, indicating that no <i>B. abortus</i> reactors were detected<i>.</i></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cattle in Malacca Regency were not found to be positive for the <i>B. abortus</i> reactor. Vaccination results against <i>Brucella</i> are not optimal, as indicated by the absence of an antibody response, as determined by RBT and CFT tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2903-2908"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blackleg: A deadly disease with a hidden cause.","authors":"Wiwiek Tyasningsih, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, John Yew Huat Tang, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Saifur Rehman, Ilma Fauziah Ma'ruf, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Budiastuti Budiastuti, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Ima Fauziah, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Bima Putra Pratama, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Syahputra Wibowo","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.7","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blackleg is an infectious disease that mainly affects cattle and rarely affects other ruminants. It is characterized by hemorrhagic blackleg myositis. <i>Clostridium chauvoei</i> is a highly pathogenic anaerobic, endospore-forming Gram- positive bacteria that causes blackleg disease. Blackleg disease was first reported in 1870, but the causative bacterium <i>C. chauvoei</i> was not described until 1887. Clostridium chauvoei is found in grassland, fresh water, silage, soil, and the excrement of healthy animals. Cattle intestines and pasture soil have both been found to contain <i>C. chauvoei</i> spores, suggesting that the infection is contracted by ingesting the spores. Significant lesions are less common in the heart and more common in the skeletal muscle. Anaerobic culture, polymerase chain reaction, immunodetection using fluorescent antibody tests, and immunohistochemistry are methods for identifying bacteria. The production of gas in animal tissues, known as emphysematous swelling, is a hallmark of blackleg illness. Swelling usually affects big muscles including the neck, shoulders, thighs, and hips. Most incidences of blackleg illness in cattle occur during the warmer months of the year, and the disease typically manifests seasonally. Penicillin treatment and surgical removal of the lesions, including fasciotomy, are recommended for infected animals that are not in danger of death. Vaccination is a crucial part of the health management of many livestock production enterprises and can prevent blackleg illness. Blackleg disease can be controlled by destroying the carcass and burning the top layer of soil to eradicate any remaining spores.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2343-2354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the M1/M2 ratio due to andrographolide therapy for deep endometriosis: An experimental study using a BALB/C endometriosis model.","authors":"Indra Adi Susianto, Neni Susilaningsih, Syarief Taufik Hidayat, Banundari Rachmawati","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.57","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.57","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Andrographolide is a compound that serves as an anti-inflammatory agent. M2 macrophages promote the disease, while M1 macrophages inhibit endometriosis progression.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Andrographolide can modify the M1/M2 ratio, aligning with the pattern observed with standard treatment for deep endometriosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This experimental study used a post-test-only research design with a control group of 42 female Balb/C divided into 6 groups. Mice in group N (normal), normal control (KN) endometriosis (END) without therapy, while the positive control (KP) group received endometriosis + dienogest, group (P1) END and 0.05 mg/kg BW andrographolide (AND), group (P2) END + 0.1 mg/kg BW AND, group (P3) (END + 0.2 mg/kg BW AND. CD86 (M1) macrophages, while CD163 (M2) macrophages examine the number of M1 and M2 cells via flow cytometry in a specific color.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant difference in M1, which was higher than M2 in the AND group, compared with KP. The number of M2 macrophages in the P2 group was significantly lower than that in the KN group. Similarly, the number of M2 macrophages in the P3 group was significantly lower than that in the KN group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>M1 was superior to M2 in the andrographolide group and exhibited a similar trend in the visanne group. This study serves as a preliminary investigation using experimental animals and can be further developed as a foundation for research on andrographolide as an alternative therapy for endometriosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2882-2888"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the earliest age for neutering and spaying specific companion dogs.","authors":"Krishna Prasad Acharya, Sarita Phuyal, Lynette Arnason Hart, Benjamin L Hart","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.2","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2284-2285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Luteal insufficiency in canines: Assessment of progesterone dynamics and efficacy of combined hormonal treatment.","authors":"Mykola Zhelavskyi, Mykola Maryniuk, Maryna Drobot, Vitalii Kostenko, Nataliia Boiko, Tetiana Paliukh","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.36","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.36","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Progesterone, primarily produced by the corpus luteum, is essential for maintaining pregnancy in dogs by promoting endometrial receptivity and supporting fetal development. Hypoluteoidism, defined as inadequate progesterone production, significantly increases the risk of pregnancy loss and reproductive failure. This study evaluated the role of progesterone in canine pregnancy, the risks associated with hormonal deficiency, and the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim: &lt;/strong&gt;This study emphasized the role of progesterone supplementation combined with magnesium and tocopherol in supporting pregnancy maintenance and restoring hormonal homeostasis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Progesterone levels were monitored across the estrous cycle in French Bulldog bitches (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 20). The control group was divided into two subsets. In the first stage of the study, control group C1 (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 10) consisted of dogs in the anestrus phase. In the second stage, control group C2 (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 10) included dogs on days 18-22 of pregnancy. Animals in both control groups (C1 and C2) did not receive any pharmacological treatment throughout the experiment. The experimental group (dogs with luteal insufficiency, days 18-22 of pregnancy; &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 10) exhibited significantly lower serum progesterone levels (9.90 ± 0.19 nmol/l) compared with the control group (55.60 ± 2.23 nmol/l, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). Serum progesterone levels were measured using the Immulite® system (Siemens Health Care Diagnostics GmbH, Eschborn, Germany). The experimental group received treatment with exogenous progesterone [medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), Perlutex® 5 mg, Dechra, UK], administered orally at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day. The treatment was combined with tocopherol acetate (2.0 ml, 500 IU) for 21 days and MagiCalm® (1 tablet per 10-25 kg/day for 10-12 days). Blood sampling for hematological and hormonal analysis was conducted as follows: for the control group on gestational days 18-22. In the experimental group (luteal insufficiency), samples were collected on the day treatment was initiated (day 0; gestational days 18-22, prior to treatment initiation), and subsequently on treatment days 5 (23-27 days-20.03 ± 0.75 nmol/l; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), 10 (33-37 days-37.76 ± 0.40 nmol/l; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), 20 (43-47 days-43.25 ± 0.57 nmol/l; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and 30 (53-57 days-33.37 ± 0.87; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;During the anestrus phase (control group C1), the progesterone concentration was minimal (1.53 ± 0.07 nmol/l). Progesterone levels showed significant variation across different phases of the estrous cycle, measuring 4.56 ± 0.20 nmol/l (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) in proestrus, 19.54 ± 0.17 nmol/l in estrus (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and peaking at 37.61 ± 1.96 nmol/l &lt;i&gt;(p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) in metestrus. On gestational days 18-22, healthy bitches in control group C2 exhibited a plasma progesterone concentration of 55.60 ± 2","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2671-2681"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451126/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular diagnosis of hemoplasma infection in cats and sheep with hematological studies.","authors":"Sahar E Ouda, Randa A Hassan, Eissa S Ismaeel, Rania Abo Sakaya, Emad Beshir Ata, Doaa Sedky, Mai M Kandil, Laila M El Shabiny","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.51","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.51","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diagnosis of hemoplasma infections is currently based on microscopical examination of blood smears, together with the results of specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>In the present study, molecular detection using 16S rRNA was used as a diagnostic approach for detection and genetic characterization of the hemoplasma in cats and sheep. However, hematological studies were applied to sheep showing emaciation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, blood smears examination, hemogram, blood cells count, and molecular detection using 16S rRNA were used as a diagnostic approach for the detection and genetic characterization of the hemoplasma in cats and sheep.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that hemoplasma incidence in cats in the examined samples was 8%, and <i>Candidatus</i> M. haemominutum was detected at 202 bp band size by 16SrRNA and <i>Candidatus</i> M. haemovis in sheep. The infection rate in the examined sheep was 4% (2/50) by nested PCR giving specific bands at 1,060 and 506 bp. Giemsa-stained blood smear from an affected sheep with hemoplasma showed a small oval to ring-shaped organism noticed on the surface of erythrocytes. The organisms have other variable shape (cocci, small rods are arranged in short chains) with the presence of free organisms in the background of blood smear. Haemovis are epicellular parasites which attached in the indentation and invagination of the erythrocyte surface causing the direct injury of red blood cells. Poikilocytosis was very obvious. Abnormal features of red corpuscles were noticed as pointy or thorn-like projections. Destruction of erythrocytes causes anemia; these features led to a significant decrease in total erythrocyte count, and polychromasia was noticed. Moreover; neutrophils with foamy and opaque cytoplasm were observed. The leucogram showed leucopenia due to lymphocytopenia while, neutrophils rose, monocytes, and eosinophils showed an elevation level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first microscopical and molecular identification of haemovis in sheep in Giza, Egypt. Further investigation is recommended for epidemiology and control measures of haemotropic mycoplasma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2823-2830"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decade of research on ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia (2015-2025): A review.","authors":"Mutasem Abuzahra, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Muchammad Yunus","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted between vertebrate animals and people, significantly impact global public health. Wild rats are reservoirs for numerous zoonotic illnesses, such as leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, and helminth infections. This study analyzed the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites and endoparasites in wild rats in Indonesia over a decade (2015-2025). We conducted a comprehensive search using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct, which yielded 62 publications, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria. Significant variations in ectoparasite and endoparasite loads were observed in wild rats across regions, seasons, and host species, reflecting infestation across a wide range of habitats, including urban, semi-urban, island, and rice field environments. Although molecular techniques are increasingly being applied in parasitology, only six studies used them for parasite identification in wild rats. This review highlights research gaps related to small sample sizes, limited data on blood parasites, and insufficient molecular characterization. Findings suggest that environmental changes-such as urbanization, deforestation, agricultural expansion, and seasonal shifts-may influence parasite distribution patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2329-2342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of the <i>mgt</i>C gene in multidrug-resistant <i>Salmonella</i> sp. based on isolation of chicken eggshell swabs from traditional Surabaya markets.","authors":"Leonardo Reza Srimaryanto, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, Azhari Athaillah Sulaiman, Budiastuti Budiastuti, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Pitaloka Kurniasari, Agus Widodo, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu, Daniah Ashri Afnani, Saifur Rehman","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.35","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i6.35","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The virulence of <i>Salmonella</i> sp. is increased by the presence of the <i>mgt</i>C gene, which allows the bacteria to survive in environments with low magnesium levels, such as inside macrophages. <i>Salmonella</i> sp. found on eggshells when they show resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics can be classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to identify the presence of <i>Salmonella</i> sp. MDR and <i>the mgtC</i> gene in chicken eggshell swabs from traditional markets in Surabaya.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Swab samples were collected from 160 eggs (80 from layer chickens and 80 from free-range chickens) at 10 traditional markets in Surabaya, Indonesia. Isolation and identification were performed using culture media, including Salmonella Shigella Agar, Gram staining, Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Sulfide Indole Motility, Simmons Citrate Agar, Methyl Red and Voges Proskauer, and Urea Agar. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar. Molecular detection of the <i>mgt</i>C gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that 16.87% (27/160) of the samples were detected positive for <i>Salmonella</i> sp. All <i>Salmonella</i> sp. isolates (27) were resistant to Erythromycin (100%). Resistance was also found to Ampicillin (77.77%, 21/27), Tetracycline (29.62%, 8/27), and Ciprofloxacin (18.51%, 5/27). No resistance to chloramphenicol was observed. In addition, eight of the 27 isolates (29.62%) were classified as <i>Salmonella</i> sp. MDR. The <i>Salmonella</i> sp. MDR isolates also carried the <i>mgt</i>C gene at 87.5% (7/8).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings demonstrate the potential global public health threat posed by MDR <i>Salmonella</i> sp. with the <i>mgt</i>C gene, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and controlling antibiotic resistance in humans and animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 6","pages":"2661-2670"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12451150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}