Open Veterinary JournalPub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-31DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.16
Nor El Houda Belalmi, Nassim Sid, Tahar Sedrati, Soraya Ouhida, Omar Bennoune, Özlem Özmen
{"title":"Multisystemic aspergillosis with unusual vertebral osteomyelitis in a turkey flock in Bordj Bou Arreridj Province, Algeria.","authors":"Nor El Houda Belalmi, Nassim Sid, Tahar Sedrati, Soraya Ouhida, Omar Bennoune, Özlem Özmen","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.16","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Avian aspergillosis is primarily a respiratory disease that can spread to other organs, resulting in systemic aspergillosis.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This report describes the clinical and pathological features of multisystemic aspergillosis caused by <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> in a meat turkey flock, including an unusual case of vertebral <i>Aspergillus</i> osteomyelitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five affected turkeys were necropsied from a flock size of 1,000 birds. Gross lesions were recorded, and samples from affected organs were sampled for histopathological examination. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Microscopic examination of morphological features was performed to identify the causative agent isolated from fungal cultures on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The affected turkeys exhibited symptoms such as respiratory distress, open-beak breathing, prostration, cyanosis, lethargy, anorexia, and weight loss. Postmortem examinations revealed whitish-yellow caseous nodules in multiple organs, including the lungs, air sacs, thoracic vertebrae, heart, liver, pancreas, spleen, peritoneum, small intestine, proventriculus, gizzard, and kidneys. Histopathological analysis showed granulomas with a necrotic core surrounded by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and large multinucleated foreign-body giant cells. PAS staining revealed abundant fungal hyphae within the necrotic center. Fungal culture on SDA and subsequent morphological identification confirmed the presence of <i>A. fumigatus</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of thoracic vertebral aspergillosis in turkeys. Future studies are needed to assess the prevalence of this mycosis in Algerian turkey flocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"2009-2015"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open Veterinary JournalPub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-31DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.39
Rania Salah, Gehad El-Sayed, El-Said El-Sherbini, Mohamed El-Adl
{"title":"Ameliorative effect of citicoline on cyclophosphamide-induced lung injury.","authors":"Rania Salah, Gehad El-Sayed, El-Said El-Sherbini, Mohamed El-Adl","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.39","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.39","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cyclophosphamide (CP) is known to cause pulmonary injury through free radical production and proinflammatory cytokines activation. Lung damage is associated with significant mortality, primarily due to the development of severe inflammation and pulmonary edema. On the other hand, citicoline, a key intermediate in the phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis pathway, has neurovascular protective and reparative properties. Numerous studies have highlighted the potential antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of this agent in the context of various pathological conditions.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Our study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of citicoline against oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage caused by CP in an experimental model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rats were given 200 mg/kg of CP as a single dose, either alone or in combination with citicoline (500 or 250 mg/kg), administered orally once daily for 14 days, beginning 7 days prior to CP administration. On the final day of the experiment, all animals were euthanized, and lung tissues were collected for further analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CP administration led to a significant elevation in the lung-to-body weight ratio, inflammatory cell infiltration, and elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, nuclear factor kappa B, Interleukin-1β, NOD-like receptor protein 3, and caspase-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, CP treatment increased the concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitrate/nitrite and reduced glutathione levels in the lungs. Additionally, mRNA of Interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were significantly elevated. These biochemical alterations were corroborated by histopathological findings, which revealed significant lung tissue damage. However, treatment with citicoline significantly reduced the pulmonary pathological changes induced by CP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings imply that citicoline's antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties provide protection against CP-induced lung damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"2218-2229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biochemical markers of cell death: Forensic implications for differentiating primary and secondary hypothermia.","authors":"Emina Dervišević, Aida Bešić, Hajrudin Spahović, Ekrema Mujarić, Nedim Šuta, Muamer Dervišević, Edina Lazović, Aida Selmanagić","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.33","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.33","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary hypothermia occurs when the body is exposed to extremely low temperatures in an environment with no underlying health conditions. Secondary hypothermia, on the other hand, results from disruptions in thermoregulation due to diseases, trauma, surgery, drugs, alcohol, or infections. Postmortem biochemistry has become a crucial factor in forensic examinations, offering valuable apprehension into tissue of and organ dysfunction associated with the process of dying.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This research aims to explore various biochemical markers and their significance in distinguishing primary from secondary hypothermia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study involved 21 Wistar rats, which were separated into three experimental groups: CG (<i>n</i> = 7), which were exposed only to hypothermic conditions; AHG (<i>n</i> = 7); and BHG (<i>n</i> = 7). We tested these parameters in each rat: glucose, urea, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, sodium to potassium ratio, chloride, and calculated osmolality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Distinct biochemical differences were noted between primary and secondary hypothermia. Glucose and creatinine levels exhibited significant variations (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Urea concentrations also manifested notable differences between the groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Phosphorus levels demonstrated significant differences (<i>p</i> = 0.004), with post hoc analyses revealing significant contrasts between the AHG and BHG (<i>p</i> = 0.014) and between the BHG and CG (<i>p</i> = 0.014). Potassium levels and the sodium-to-potassium ratio differed significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Osmolality also varied significantly across experimental groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with post hoc tests confirming significant differences between the AHG and CG (<i>p</i> = 0.013) and between the BHG and CG (<i>p</i> = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The calculated osmolality exhibited significant variation among the different groups, indicating a notable impact of the substances on the biochemical profile related to hypothermia. This study focused on the effectiveness of biochemical markers in distinguishing primary hypothermia from secondary hypothermia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"2149-2159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open Veterinary JournalPub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-31DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.9
Mohamed Tharwat, Abdulrahman A Alkheraif, Haytham Ali
{"title":"Clinical cases of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in sheep: Retrospective clinical, sonographic, and pathological investigations.","authors":"Mohamed Tharwat, Abdulrahman A Alkheraif, Haytham Ali","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.9","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by <i>Mycoplasma capricolum</i> subsp. <i>capripneumoniae</i>. It affects goats, sheep, and wild ruminants.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study investigated the clinical, sonographic, and pathological findings in sheep with serologically confirmed CCPP, highlighting the potential of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-four sheep were serologically confirmed to have CCPP by latex agglutination test (LAT) and underwent clinical examination and sonographic imaging of the lungs, pleura, urinary and digestive systems, peritoneum, and liver. Pleural effusion was aspirated under ultrasound guidance to alleviate dyspnea. Necropsy and histopathological examination were performed to correlate imaging findings with pathological changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical signs included weight loss, fever, tachycardia, polypnea, dyspnea, cough, nasal discharge, and bluish mucous membranes. Pulmonary ultrasound showing consolidated lung parenchyma with a hepatic-like texture. Pleural effusion, the most prominent sonographic finding, exhibited echogenicity ranging from anechoic to hyperechoic, with fibrin networks and precipitates of varying severity. Dyspnea significantly improved after pleural effusion aspiration. Necropsy revealed typical CCPP lesions, including unilateral sero-fibrinous pleuropneumonia with lung consolidation and pleural effusion varying from straw-colored to bloody or turbid. Histopathology revealed bronchiolar and alveolar obliteration by fibrin and inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils and macrophages.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ultrasound effectively identified sero-fibrinous pleuropneumonia in CCPP-infected sheep, which was in agreement with postmortem findings. This technique aids in the early detection and isolation of infected animals and is a valuable tool until culture or molecular testing provides definitive results.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"1947-1957"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open Veterinary JournalPub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-31DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.31
Marwa H A Elshwihdi, Abdulwahab M Kammon, Abdulatif A Asheg
{"title":"Molecular characterization of fowl and pigeon pox viruses: A recent outbreak in Libya.","authors":"Marwa H A Elshwihdi, Abdulwahab M Kammon, Abdulatif A Asheg","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.31","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.31","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Poxvirus infections in poultry, particularly fowl poxviruses (FPV), pose significant challenges to the global poultry industry. A notable outbreak of cutaneous fowl (FP) and pigeon pox in Libya has primarily affected backyard chickens, pigeons, and some commercial layers, marking the region's first official record of these viruses.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize FP and pigeon pox viruses (PPVs) associated with the outbreak.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Histopathological examinations were conducted alongside clinical observations of lesions in affected chickens and pigeons. Virus isolation was performed using embryonated chicken eggs, and molecular diagnosis was achieved via polymerase chain reaction targeting the P4b core protein gene. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Characteristic lesions, such as wart-like growths and scabs, were observed in backyard chickens and pigeons. Histopathological analyses confirmed the presence of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Molecular analysis revealed high genetic similarity among the four FPV isolates, which were 100% identical to selected isolates from Iraq, Iran, and Brazil. The PPV isolates also showed significant genetic homogeneity, with 100% identity to strains from Egypt and India and high similarities to other isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings underscore the need for further investigation into the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of fowlpox and PPVs. Future research should focus on the genetic diversity of PPVs and their implications for pathogenicity and host specificity. Ongoing global surveillance and genetic analysis of avian viruses are crucial for understanding their impact on poultry populations and developing effective disease management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"2127-2137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open Veterinary JournalPub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-31DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.19
Nikom Srikacha, Pornchai Pornpanom
{"title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of microfilariae in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Northeastern Thailand.","authors":"Nikom Srikacha, Pornchai Pornpanom","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.19","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by filarial nematodes. The life cycle involves vertebrates host and hematophagous arthropods. Filarial nematodes are viviparous, and their larvae (microfilaria) are produced into the blood circulation. Microfilariae are widely studied in humans and small animals, but are rarely found in domestic chickens.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aimed to study the prevalence, morphology, and molecular characteristics of microfilariae in village chickens raised in Thailand.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixty thin blood smears were prepared for parasite detection and morphotype observation. A total of 60 genomic DNA were used for nested-PCR amplification of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (<i>COX1</i>) gene. The amplicons were then sequenced and used for Bayesian phylogenetic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of microfilariae in domestic chickens raised in Northeastern Thailand was 36.66%. Three morphotypes of microfilariae were identified. Eleven out of 22 samples exhibited a single morphotype infection. Of these, only two samples were identified as single-strain infections. One sequence isolated from unsheathed microfilaria was phylogenetically grouped with other <i>Eufilaria</i> spp., with 9.95%-10.57 % genetic divergence. Thus, this unsheathed microfilaria was identified as <i>Eufilaria</i> sp. (GenBank accession no: PQ564658).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of microfilariae in Thai chickens was high. This report highlighted that the sequence of the <i>COX1</i> gene and morphological characteristics confirmed <i>Eufilaria</i> infection. This study sheds light on the identification and diagnosis of microfilaria and filarial nematode infection in chickens. However, the sensitivity of the available nested-PCR was limited. Further design of primers using our reported sequences may resolve this problem. Thus, the data from this study can be considered as baseline information for further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"2030-2038"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open Veterinary JournalPub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-31DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.29
Musdalifa Mansur, Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Rahmat Rahmat, Muhammad Fajar Amrullah, Andi Muhammad Alfian, Ahmad Alfaruqi Syahrandi Adam, Aeni Nurlatifah
{"title":"Reproductive disorders in Simmental cattle: Enhancing fertility through a hormonal protocol.","authors":"Musdalifa Mansur, Athhar Manabi Diansyah, Rahmat Rahmat, Muhammad Fajar Amrullah, Andi Muhammad Alfian, Ahmad Alfaruqi Syahrandi Adam, Aeni Nurlatifah","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.29","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reproductive disorders, including abortion, endometritis, and silent estrus, present significant challenges to fertility and productivity in semi-intensive farming systems. These conditions disrupt physiological and hormonal functions, leading to impaired reproductive outcomes.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hormonal protocols in addressing these disorders by assessing reproductive tract size, cervical mucus characteristics, and fertility outcomes in cattle with varying reproductive health statuses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Healthy cattle exhibited optimal reproductive performance and were characterized by high-quality cervical mucus, normal uterine horn dimensions, and superior fertility outcomes. This finding highlights the importance of balanced endocrine function in supporting optimal reproductive efficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In contrast, cattle with abortion disorders and endometritis experienced disrupted uterine health, enlarged uterine horns, and diminished cervical mucus quality, resulting in significantly reduced fertility. Silent estrus showed intermediate results, reflecting suboptimal estrus expression and hormonal imbalances that affected reproductive efficiency despite hormonal interventions. Strong positive correlations were observed between cervical mucus characteristics, such as viscosity, acidity, and ferning patterns, and fertility outcomes, indicating their critical role in facilitating sperm survival, motility, and fertilization. Conversely, uterine horn dimensions exhibited a negative correlation with fertility, reflecting the impact of chronic inflammation and structural abnormalities on reproductive success.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although hormonal protocols were effective in synchronizing estrus and inducing ovulation, their efficacy varied depending on the severity of reproductive disorders and environmental management practices. These findings demonstrate that hormonal protocols can partially mitigate the physiological disruptions caused by reproductive disorders; however, integrated reproductive management strategies are essential. Combining hormonal interventions with targeted nutritional support, improved environmental management, and enhanced estrus detection practices is critical for optimizing reproductive performance. This study provides a framework for addressing reproductive challenges in Simmental cattle, supporting sustainable livestock production in semi-intensive systems in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"2112-2121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open Veterinary JournalPub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-31DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.4
Majid Shafi, Shabia Shabir, Sami Jan, Zahoor Ahmad Wani, Mudasir Ali Rather, Yasir Afzal Beigh, Shayaib Ahmad Kamil, Masood Saleem Mir, Andleeb Rafiq, Showkat Ahmad Shah
{"title":"The role of artificial intelligence in detecting avian influenza virus outbreaks: A review.","authors":"Majid Shafi, Shabia Shabir, Sami Jan, Zahoor Ahmad Wani, Mudasir Ali Rather, Yasir Afzal Beigh, Shayaib Ahmad Kamil, Masood Saleem Mir, Andleeb Rafiq, Showkat Ahmad Shah","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.4","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian influenza remains a significant threat to the global poultry industry and public health, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnostic methods. Traditional diagnostic techniques, such as serological assays and polymerase chain reaction-based methods, have proven effective, but they often lack the speed and predictive capability required for early intervention. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized avian influenza detection by using machine learning models for early disease prediction and AI-driven imaging for accurate diagnosis. Additionally, AI-enhanced molecular diagnostic techniques and biosensors significantly increase the sensitivity and specificity of detecting poultry diseases. The combination of big data analytics and AI enables real-time monitoring, which improves forecasting of outbreaks and response strategies. By integrating data from various sources, such as genetic, environmental, and epidemiological information, AI enhances the early detection and risk assessment of diseases. Additionally, AI models are becoming essential for predicting how diseases might spread from animals to humans, which helps prevent infections. However, challenges such as data biases, ethical concerns, and the need for standardized protocols must be addressed to ensure responsible AI deployment. As technology progresses, AI is poised to revolutionize the management of avian influenza, providing a proactive and data-informed method for controlling diseases, ultimately protecting the health status.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"1880-1894"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open Veterinary JournalPub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-31DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.6
Mohammed Ali Al-Hammadi
{"title":"Current trends and challenges in the management of foot and mouth disease in Saudi Arabia: A review.","authors":"Mohammed Ali Al-Hammadi","doi":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.6","DOIUrl":"10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review explores the etiology, transmission, molecular epidemiology, economic impact, diagnostics, control measures, inactivated vaccine challenges, global epidemiological trends, and recommendations for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), with a focus on Saudi Arabia. The O/ME -SA topotype is the predominant strain in the region, with high genetic similarity (88%-98%) to strains in neighboring countries, highlighting significant cross-border transmission. Despite FMD being an endemic disease, comprehensive molecular epidemiological studies in Saudi Arabia remain limited. FMD caused by the foot and mouth disease virus poses substantial economic burdens and affects various livestock species. Its persistence in Saudi Arabia is due to inadequate vaccination coverage, weak surveillance systems, and logistical challenges. Insufficient outbreak response, vaccine hesitancy, and gaps in public awareness further contribute to disease spread. Transmission occurs through direct animal contact and indirect routes, with the virus surviving in the contaminated environment for up to 14 days, indicating indirect transmission, representing 70% of cases and a key factor in sustaining outbreaks. Diagnosis primarily relies on sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), with RT-PCR offering higher sensitivity and specificity. Integrating these with advanced techniques like reverse-transcription LAMP, could enhance the rapid detection and response. Control measures include vaccination, surveillance, and movement restrictions, with efforts to improve vaccine thermostability and efficacy. Strengthening disease data collection is essential for monitoring trends and improving vaccine selection. The key recommendations for Saudi Arabia include enhancing vaccine development, improving surveillance systems, conducting vaccine matching studies, and adopting a One Health approach. Collaboration with international organizations, public education, and research into new strategies and technologies is crucial for effective FMD control and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":19531,"journal":{"name":"Open Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 5","pages":"1907-1933"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}