Blackleg: A deadly disease with a hidden cause.

Abstract

Blackleg is an infectious disease that mainly affects cattle and rarely affects other ruminants. It is characterized by hemorrhagic blackleg myositis. Clostridium chauvoei is a highly pathogenic anaerobic, endospore-forming Gram- positive bacteria that causes blackleg disease. Blackleg disease was first reported in 1870, but the causative bacterium C. chauvoei was not described until 1887. Clostridium chauvoei is found in grassland, fresh water, silage, soil, and the excrement of healthy animals. Cattle intestines and pasture soil have both been found to contain C. chauvoei spores, suggesting that the infection is contracted by ingesting the spores. Significant lesions are less common in the heart and more common in the skeletal muscle. Anaerobic culture, polymerase chain reaction, immunodetection using fluorescent antibody tests, and immunohistochemistry are methods for identifying bacteria. The production of gas in animal tissues, known as emphysematous swelling, is a hallmark of blackleg illness. Swelling usually affects big muscles including the neck, shoulders, thighs, and hips. Most incidences of blackleg illness in cattle occur during the warmer months of the year, and the disease typically manifests seasonally. Penicillin treatment and surgical removal of the lesions, including fasciotomy, are recommended for infected animals that are not in danger of death. Vaccination is a crucial part of the health management of many livestock production enterprises and can prevent blackleg illness. Blackleg disease can be controlled by destroying the carcass and burning the top layer of soil to eradicate any remaining spores.