Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics最新文献

{"title":"The potential for using entrustable professional activities in assessing optometric clinical competence.","authors":"Will Holmes, Catherine Porter, Mirjam M A van Tilborg","doi":"10.1111/opo.13343","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Qualifications required to practise optometry seek to provide assurance that those completing them have the necessary competencies to be safe and effective clinicians. Often, this assurance is gained via high stakes assessments such as objective structured clinical examinations. This paper introduces entrustable professional activities (EPAs) as a potential alternative approach to assessing optometric clinical competence. Entrustable professional activities are defined in the context of optometric practice and the potential advantages and challenges of using them are outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1138-1141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141186619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"You've got to hide your myopia away: John Lennon's contact lenses.","authors":"Roslyn A Vincent, Stephen J Vincent","doi":"10.1111/opo.13351","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>John Lennon has an enduring, instantly recognisable, iconic, spectacle look. However, prior to 1966, he was rarely seen wearing glasses in public. From ages 7 to 26, he effectively hid his myopia away, including a period of unsuccessful contact lens wear during Beatlemania. This narrative review examines John's experience with contact lenses from 1963 to 1966 when he wore corneal rigid lenses made from polymethylmethacrylate, which regularly fell out. This frequent lens ejection was most likely due to the interaction between his upper eyelid and a spherical back surface rigid lens fitted to his right eye, which had a moderate degree of with-the-rule corneal astigmatism. John's recollection that his contact lenses stayed in place while 'stoned' supports this hypothesis, as a cannabis-induced upper eyelid ptosis would reduce the likelihood of lens ejection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1053-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141731381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Link between parental myopia and early-onset high myopia: Insights from a clinical retrospective analysis.","authors":"Sruthi Chamarty, Sreena Kamalon, Naveen Madishetti, Pavan K Verkicharla","doi":"10.1111/opo.13341","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Genetic aetiology is suspected in the development of early-onset high myopia (spherical equivalent refractive error [SER] ≤-6.00 D at ≤6 years of age), considering that the role of environmental factors in inducing high myopia is improbable at an early age. Therefore, we aimed to understand if early-onset high myopia is associated with parental myopia in a clinical setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted in which information about demographics, age of apparent onset of myopia, refractive error, axial length, number of myopic parents, time spent outdoors and time spent on near-work was obtained from electronic medical records (EMR). It included 195 myopic individuals categorised into (1) Early-onset high myopes (EOHM): SER ≤ -6.00 D with age of presentation ≤6 years, (2) Early-onset low myopes (EOLM): SER > -6.00 D with age of apparent onset ≤6 years, (3) Late-onset high myopes (LOHM): SER ≤ -6.00 D with age of presentation and age of apparent onset >6 years and (4) Late-onset low myopes (LOLM): SER > -6.00 D with age of apparent onset >6 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 63% of individuals were found to have parental myopia. The proportion of individuals with EOHM, EOLM, LOHM and LOLM with parental myopia was 57%, 74%, 53% and 64%, respectively. After adjustment for age, gender and environmental factors, the odds of development of EOHM (Odds ratio: 0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.25-2.48), EOLM (1.54, 0.65-3.67) or LOHM (0.70, 0.30-1.65) were similar in the presence of myopic parents, when compared with LOLM. The SER and axial length did not differ based on the number of myopic parents in any of these categories.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This retrospective analysis reveals that the presence of parental myopia, which was self-reported, did not induce additional risk for early-onset high myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1270-1278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141157732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vergence and accommodation deficits in paediatric and adolescent patients during sub-acute and chronic phases of concussion recovery.","authors":"Sophia Marusic, Neerali Vyas, Ryan N Chinn, Michael J O'Brien, Tawna L Roberts, Aparna Raghuram","doi":"10.1111/opo.13346","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Visual function deficits have been reported in adolescents following concussion. We compared vergence and accommodation deficits in paediatric and adolescent patients at a tertiary medical centre in the sub-acute (15 days to 12 weeks) and chronic (12 weeks to 1 year) phases of concussion recovery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included patients aged 7 to <18 years seen between 2014 and 2021, who had a binocular vision (BV) examination conducted within 15 days and 1 year of their concussion injury. Included patients had to have 0.10 logMAR monocular best-corrected vision or better in both eyes and be wearing a habitual refractive correction. BV examinations at near included measurements of near point of convergence, convergence and divergence amplitudes, vergence facility, monocular accommodative amplitude and monocular accommodative facility. Vergence and accommodation deficits were diagnosed using established clinical criteria. Group differences were assessed using nonparametric statistics and ANCOVA modelling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 259 patients were included with 111 in the sub-acute phase and 148 in the chronic phase of concussion recovery. There was no significant difference in the rates of vergence deficits between the two phases of concussion recovery (sub-acute = 48.6%; chronic = 49.3%). There was also no significant difference in the rates of accommodation deficits between the two phases of concussion recovery (sub-acute = 82.0%; chronic = 77.0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients in both the sub-acute and chronic phases of concussion recovery exhibited a high frequency of vergence and accommodation deficits, with no significant differences between groups. Results indicate that patients exhibiting vision deficits in the sub-acute phase may not resolve without intervention, though a prospective, longitudinal study is required to test the hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1091-1099"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing the therapeutic effect of hyperopic correction on esotropia in patients with partially accommodative esotropia.","authors":"Xinnan Li, Ying Kang, Linxing Chen, Hui Yang, Tao Shen","doi":"10.1111/opo.13352","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To collate data on partially accommodative esotropia (PAET) to better understand this condition's aetiology and to evaluate and predict the therapeutic effect of a hyperopic correction on PAET.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-nine consecutive patients diagnosed with PAET with a spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error >+2.50 D were included in this retrospective review. Clinical characteristics, including gender, age, SE, angle of esodeviation, accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, near-distance disparity (NDD) and anatomical features of the rectus muscles were compared among different PAET subgroups. Multiple linear regression was used to identify independent factors that influenced the therapeutic effect of a hyperopic correction on esotropia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were observed for the angle of esodeviation as a function of age in individuals with PAET. The incidence of SE in PAET participants >9 years old was significantly greater than in those <5 and 6-8 years of age. The therapeutic effect of hyperopic correction on esotropia was positively associated with SE both at distance and near. In addition, the limbus insertion distance (LID) of the lateral rectus (LR) muscle was positively associated with NDD at distance, but negatively associated at near.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A greater incidence of hyperopia was observed in older (>9 years old) PAET patients. A hyperopic correction had a greater effect on esotropia in individuals with a higher SE, larger LID of the LR muscle and a smaller NDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1100-1106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141469721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking physiology and demographics, non-ocular pathology and pharmaceutical drug use to standard OCT measures of the inner retina: The PPP project.","authors":"Matt Trinh, Kelly O, Melanie La, Angelica Ly","doi":"10.1111/opo.13362","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the associations between physiology and demographics, non-ocular pathology and pharmaceutical drug use against peri-papillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (pRNFL T) and other optical coherence tomography (OCT) inner retinal measures in normal, healthy eyes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective, cross-sectional study of 705 consecutive participants with bilateral normal, healthy optic nerves and maculae. PRNFL Ts, vertical cup/disc ratio (CDR), cup volume and macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) Ts were extracted from Cirrus OCT scans, then regressed against predictor variables of participants' physiology and demographics (eye laterality, refraction, intraocular pressure [IOP], age, sex, race/ethnicity, etc.) and non-ocular pathology and pharmaceutical drug use according to the World Health Organisation classifications. Associations were assessed for statistical significance (p < 0.05) and clinical significance (|β| > 95% limits of agreement for repeated measures).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A multitude of non-ocular pathology and pharmaceutical drug use were statistically and clinically significantly associated with deviations in standard OCT inner retinal measures, exceeding the magnitude of other factors such as age, IOP and race/ethnicity. Thinner inner retina and larger optic nerve cup measures were linked to use of systemic corticosteroids, sex hormones/modulators, presence of vasomotor/allergic rhinitis and other diseases and drugs (up to -29.3 [-49.88, -8.72] μm pRNFL T, 0.31 [0.07, 0.54] vertical CDR, 0.29 [0.03, 0.54] mm³ cup volume and -10.18 [-16.62, -3.74] μm macular GCL-IPL T; all p < 0.05). Thicker inner retina and smaller optic nerve cup measures were diffusely associated with use of antineoplastic agents, presence of liver or urinary diseases and other diseases and drugs (up to 67.12 [64.92, 69.31] μm pRNFL T, -0.31 [-0.53, -0.09] vertical CDR, -0.06 [-0.11, 0] mm³ cup volume and 28.84 [14.51, 43.17] μm macular GCL-IPL T; all p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There are a multitude of systemic diseases and drugs associated with altered OCT inner retinal measures, with magnitudes far exceeding those of other factors such as age, IOP and race/ethnicity. These systemic factors should at least be considered during OCT assessments to ensure precise interpretation of normal versus pathological inner retinal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1128-1137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of current guidelines for prescribing spectacles to children using a modified Delphi approach and the AGREE II tool.","authors":"Salma Wilson, Catherine Suttle, Rakhee Shah, Miriam Conway, Irene Ctori","doi":"10.1111/opo.13358","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to identify clinical guidelines that provide recommendations on prescribing refractive error correction in children, evaluate the overall quality of these guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation II (AGREE II) tool and subsequently gain consensus on the prescribing recommendations from high-quality guidelines using the modified Delphi technique.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search for prescribing guidelines was conducted using databases and professional websites. The quality appraisal of eligible guidelines was undertaken by scoring the six AGREE II domains. Subsequently, the modified Delphi technique was used by 10 experts (sub-specialist optometrists, ophthalmologists and orthoptists) to gain consensus on the prescribing recommendation statements extracted from guidelines that had been identified as high quality. Three rounds were conducted in which agreement of these statements were scored using a 9-point Likert scale with a free-text option for any additional comments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five eligible guidelines were identified. The AGREE II tool demonstrated that the guidelines varied substantially in quality, with only one guideline identified as being of high quality. A total of 168 prescribing statements were reviewed in the Delphi procedure. Of these, 95 statements reached expert consensus as being appropriate prescribing recommendations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is significant scope for improving current guidelines for prescribing refractive error correction in children. We used the modified Delphi technique to find points of agreement on prescribing recommendations to support professionals prescribing refractive error correction in children. We recommend that further work is needed to address gaps in the guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1162-1187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141856140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refractive power profiles of commercially available soft multifocal contact lenses for myopia control.","authors":"Rebecca M Dang, Klaus Ehrmann, Isabelle Jalbert, Alex Hui, Pauline Kang","doi":"10.1111/opo.13345","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Lens power profiles can provide valuable insights on the imposed optical defocus and visual experience of contact lens wearers, especially in the context of myopia control. This study measured the refractive power profiles of multifocal soft contact lenses (MFCLs) currently used or that have the potential for use in myopia control using high spatial resolution aberrometry. The instrument's repeatability for determining MFCLs power profiles was also assessed.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The power profiles of 10 MFCLs of various designs (centre-distance, centre-near and extended depth of focus) were measured using the Lambda-X NIMO^EVO, a phase shifting Schlieren-based device. Power profiles were graphically expressed as measured power at each chord position and the maximum add power was calculated. The repeatability of the NIMO^EVO was expressed as the within-subject standard deviation at each chord position for a subset of five MFCLs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The measured distance powers differed from nominal powers for more than half of the MFCLs with a definable distance zone. There were variations in the chord position of the distance and near correction zones, rate of power transitions and calculated maximum add between the MFCLs which did not depend on lens design. For half of the MFCLs, the power profile shape was inconsistent between different nominal back vertex powers of the same design. The repeatability of the NIMO^EVO was dependent on the lens design, with designs featuring faster rates of power change exhibiting worse repeatability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significant differences in MFCL power profiles were found which were not adequately represented in labelling. This is likely due to the small number of parameters used to define lens power characteristics. Eye health care practitioners should be aware of potential differences in power profiles between different MFCLs, which will impact the retinal defocus introduced during lens wear and the wearer's visual experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1202-1214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the SpotChecks contrast sensitivity test in healthy adults.","authors":"Lien T Vu, Kelly M Tran, Yabo Niu, Han Cheng","doi":"10.1111/opo.13349","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>SpotChecks is a new contrast sensitivity (CS) test designed for self-monitoring of vision. This study assessed the test-retest repeatability of take-home SpotChecks, in-office SpotChecks and near Pelli-Robson charts in healthy adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One eye of 61 healthy adults with near visual acuity (VA) of 6/9 or better (age range 22-84, mean 49 [18] years) was tested during two office visits (mean 10 [8] days apart). Each visit included high-contrast VA, then 12 randomly ordered CS tests (6 different SpotChecks and 6 different Pelli-Robson) under the same lighting (luminance 110 cd/m²), all at near in the same eye with habitual correction. The same eye was self-tested with take-home SpotChecks once a day on 6 days between the office visits. SpotChecks was scored by the logCS at the highest line with ≥2 errors. Pelli-Robson was scored by [0.05 × number of letters read correctly - 0.15]. Repeatability of logCS was defined as 1.96 <math> <semantics> <mrow><msqrt><mn>2</mn></msqrt> </mrow> </semantics> </math> S_w, S_w representing within-subject standard deviation. Comparison for repeatability was performed with Bootstrap hypothesis test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SpotChecks and Pelli-Robson showed similar intra-session or inter-visit repeatability (p = 0.14-0.81). Inter-day repeatability for take-home SpotChecks was 0.18 logCS, the same as that from the first measurements of two office visits with SpotChecks or Pelli-Robson. Inter-visit repeatability improved to 0.15 by using the average of two repeated measurements for SpotChecks (p = 0.02) or three repeated measurements for Pelli-Robson (p = 0.04). Age showed a small effect on logCS (-0.015/decade, p = 0.02) for both SpotChecks and Pelli-Robson. Mean logCS was 0.05 lower in those ≥50 years (SpotChecks 1.84 [0.10] and Pelli-Robson 1.77 [0.10]) compared with those <50 years of age (SpotChecks 1.89 [0.07] and Pelli-Robson 1.83 [0.07]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SpotChecks showed good repeatability with take-home and in-office testing in healthy adults, making it a promising tool for monitoring disease progression at home.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1072-1083"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141731379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing clinical measures of near point of convergence and accommodation from the lateral canthus and browline in a paediatric and adolescent population.","authors":"Sophia Marusic, Neerali Vyas, Carissa H Wu, Aparna Raghuram","doi":"10.1111/opo.13344","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Clinicians measure the near point of convergence (NPC) and the amplitude of accommodation (AA) from the spectacle plane, the bridge of the nose or the lateral canthus when assessing visual function. These values are compared to standard clinical criteria to diagnose vergence and accommodation deficits, despite varying reference points. This prospective study explored measuring relative to the spectacle plane and from the lateral canthus for NPC and monocular AA, and the resulting clinical implications of diagnosing visual deficits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were seen by a single clinician for an eye examination. NPC was measured from the forehead and the lateral canthus of the right eye. Monocular AA was measured from the brow and the lateral canthus. Differences between measurements were analysed using non-parametric statistical tests including Wilcoxon Signed Rank, as well as linear regression and a linear mixed effects model to adjust for inter-eye correlation and repeated measures. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences in rates of abnormal findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data were collected from 70 participants (53% female, median age 13 [11-15] years). On average, measuring NPC from the lateral canthus yielded a value 1.8 cm higher than measuring from the forehead. Measuring AA from the lateral canthus resulted in an average difference of 1.5 cm compared to measuring from the brow. A total of 39% and 76% of subjects failed NPC compared to clinical norms when measured from the forehead or the lateral canthus, respectively, while 7% and 40% failed AA when measured from the brow or the lateral canthus, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With the variable anatomy of the eye, it is imperative to account for the measurement point when assessing visual function. Measuring from the lateral canthus greatly increased the failure rates for NPC and AA compared with measuring from the forehead and brow, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1084-1090"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}