Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics最新文献

{"title":"Extracting full information from OCT scans-signs of early age-related macular degeneration within inner retinal layers by local neighbourhood statistics. Part I: Methodology.","authors":"Marcus Wagner, Julia Sommerer, Franziska G Rauscher","doi":"10.1111/opo.13392","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Associations between the occurrence of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and alterations in retinal layer thicknesses have been reported based on classical processing of optical coherence tomography (OCT) data by noise removal and subsequent image segmentation. However, speckle noise within OCT data itself bears a substantial part of the total information. For this reason, an omics-type approach was designed for full exploitation of OCT data, which was able to identify signs of early AMD throughout the retina as a whole.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nested case-control study was designed with 200 early AMD cases and 200 healthy controls. For every participant, within a randomly selected OCT scan and a randomly selected column therein, manual grading was performed for 26 retinal feature positions. At each position, a total of 3792 descriptors were computed, based on nonlinear transformations of OCT data, first-order neighbourhood statistics and Haralick features. Equivalence and differences between cases and controls were tested for every descriptor at each graded position. Results of multiple testing were expressed in terms of false and true discovery rates controlled by the Benjamini-Yekutieli procedure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In terms of the amount and disparity of true discoveries, overall non-equivalence of early AMD and healthy groups was found. Strong difference signals were observed at the internal limiting membrane and two central retinal positions, particularly for descriptors emphasising speckle noise.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Between retinae of healthy controls and early AMD patients, significant differences were observed at the level of local neighbourhood statistics within the OCT data. Thus, independent evidence was obtained for AMD affecting not only the outer retinal layers but also the retina as a whole, even in the early stages of the disease. Within OCT data, both cartoons and speckle bear essential parts of total information. A constructive, completely documented, traceable and repeatable approach was pursued without invoking artificial intelligence methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"231-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial length association with corneoscleral sagittal height and scleral asymmetry.","authors":"Elena Martínez-Plaza, Alberto López-de la Rosa, Ainhoa Molina-Martín, Laurent Bataille, David P Piñero","doi":"10.1111/opo.13402","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine how corneoscleral geometry changes with axial length and to assess the usefulness of including the sagittal configuration of the anterior segment when predicting the axial length.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational study was performed including 96 healthy subjects (96 eyes). Axial length was calculated from optical biometry (IOL Master 500). Corneal curvature and scleral sagittal height parameters at 13, 14 and 15 mm were obtained automatically using corneoscleral topography (eye surface profiler; ESP). In addition, corneal and scleral sagittal heights at numerous locations (21 radii: 0-10 mm from the corneal apex at 12 angles: 0-330°) were calculated using the raw height data extracted from the ESP. The relationships between axial length and the study parameters were analysed using Pearson correlation analysis. The equations for the prediction of axial length were obtained by fitting multiple linear regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The temporal-nasal scleral asymmetry at 13-, 14- and 15-mm chord lengths was significantly correlated with axial length (r² ≤ 0.26; p < 0.001). Significant inverse correlations were found between the temporal scleral sagittal height and axial length (r² ≤ 0.28; p ≤ 0.02). The nasal scleral sagittal height was not associated with axial length. Three significant multiple linear regression models were fitted based on spherical equivalent, corneal radius and scleral asymmetry at 13 (r² = 0.79; p < 0.001), 14 (r² = 0.80; p < 0.001) and 15 (r² = 0.80; p < 0.001) mm chord lengths.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Larger ocular globes show reduced temporal-nasal scleral asymmetry, mainly due to the lower sagittal height of the temporal sclera. Thus, the geometry of the temporal scleral may be a factor of interest during myopia progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"152-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629836/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional/ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children.","authors":"Thomas Naduvilath, Xiangui He, Kathryn Saunders, Pelsin Demir, Rebecca Leighton, Sara McCullough, Huy Tran, Thao Ha, Antonio Filipe Macedo, Xu Xun, Padmaja Sankaridurg, Nina Tahhan","doi":"10.1111/opo.13401","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine the regional and ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of 15 longitudinal clinical and population-based studies was conducted in the UK, Sweden, Australia (classified as European), China, and Vietnam (classified as East Asian) between 2005 and 2021. A total of 14,593 data points from 6208 participants aged 6-16 years with spherical equivalent from +6 to -6 D were analysed. Progression was annualised from longitudinal axial length and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) refraction. Generalised estimating equation models including main effects and interactions were used for model building. Age and region-specific estimates for myopes and non-myopes and confidence intervals are reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Factors affecting axial elongation and SE progression in children included being myopic, followed by age, region/ethnicity and sex. The magnitude of regional/ethnic differences was dependent on myopia and age. Axial elongation and SE progression were lower in European compared with East Asian children, but differences were reduced with increasing age and differences in axial elongation were larger in myopes than non-myopes. Age-specific regional/ethnic differences indicated that axial elongation for a 6-year-old East Asian myopic child was greater than a European child by 0.15 mm/year (0.58 vs. 0.43 mm/year) and by 0.09 mm/year (0.35 vs. 0.26 mm/year) for a 10-year-old myope. SE progression was lower in a 6-year-old European myope by 0.48 D/year and at 10 years of age by 0.34 D/year compared with an East Asian myope.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are regional/ethnic differences in age-specific refractive and axial growth patterns in both myopic and non-myopic eyes, with more marked differences in younger East Asian children who demonstrated a higher axial growth and greater negative SE shift than their non-Asian peers. Regional/ethnic differences in progression reflect environmental and ethnic variations. Age and region/ethnicity-specific estimates could contribute as a reference for future comparisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"135-151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency-of-seeing curves (psychometric functions) for perimetric stimuli in age-related macular degeneration.","authors":"Jonathan Denniss, Helen C Baggaley, Andrew T Astle","doi":"10.1111/opo.13396","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13396","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Frequency-of-seeing (FoS) curves (psychometric functions) for perimetric stimuli have been widely used in computer simulations of new visual field test procedures. FoS curves for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are not available in the literature and are needed for the development of improved microperimetry test procedures, which are of particular interest for use as clinical trial endpoints.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were refitted from a previous study to generate FoS curves for 20 participants with AMD, each tested at nine locations within the central 10°. Stimulus parameters, background luminance and dB scale were matched to the MAIA-2 microperimeter, and stimuli were presented in a method of constant stimuli to build up FoS curves over multiple runs. FoS curves were fitted with a modified cumulative Gaussian function. The relationship between sensitivity and slope of fitted FoS curves was modelled by robust linear regression, producing models both with and without an eccentricity parameter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FoS curves were satisfactorily fitted to data from 174 visual field locations in 20 participants (age 65-83 years, 11 female). Each curve was made up of a median of 243 (range 177-297) stimulus presentations over a median of 12 (range 9-32) levels. Median sensitivity was 25.5 dB (range 3.8-31.4 dB). The median slope (SD of fitted function) was 1.6 dB (range 0.5-8.5 dB). As in previous studies of other conditions, the slope of fitted FoS curves increased as sensitivity decreased (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FoS are provided for participants with AMD, as well as models of the relationship between sensitivity and slope. These fitted models and data may be useful for computer simulation studies of microperimetry procedures. Full details of the fitted curves are provided as supporting information.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"301-307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viewing distance, font size and symptoms of eyestrain in non-presbyopic and presbyopic smartphone users.","authors":"Shivani Naipal, Nqobile Khumalo, Muhammad Rahmtoola, Sinoxolo Chagi, Luyanda Didi, Sandile Mthethwa, Simmy Ndhlovu, Bhavna Persadh, Nishanee Rampersad","doi":"10.1111/opo.13410","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Smartphones are the most frequently used digital devices globally with ~6.80 billion users. Despite the ubiquitous use of smartphones, limited information is known on the preferred viewing distance and font size of smartphone users. This study investigated viewing distance, font size and symptoms of eyestrain in non-presbyopic and presbyopic smartphone users.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this quantitative research study, viewing distance and font size were measured in a group of non-presbyopes (n = 107) and presbyopes (n = 53), whilst participants viewed a text message and a web page on their own smartphone. Subjects also responded to a verbal questionnaire related to the characteristics of their smartphone and the computer vision syndrome questionnaire to assess symptoms of eyestrain. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the total sample, the mean viewing distance for a text message was 37.13 ± 8.82 cm (median 36.00 cm), and for a web page was 36.11 ± 7.98 cm (median 36.00 cm). Presbyopes had longer median viewing distances compared with non-presbyopes for a text message (41 cm vs. 34 cm, p < 0.001) and web page (40 cm vs. 34 cm, p < 0.001). The font size for non-presbyopes were <1.0 M whilst for presbyopes were >1.2 M. More than twice the percentage of non-presbyopes were classified with digital eyestrain (DES) compared with presbyopes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Non-presbyopes used shorter viewing distances, smaller font sizes and were more predisposed to DES than presbyopes. The viewing distances adopted by presbyopes were similar to the conventional near-working distance of 40 cm. Eye care practitioners should consider viewing distances when assessing near-visual functions and prescribing a near refractive correction, particularly in non-presbyopes. There should be greater awareness of the importance of adopting appropriate viewing distances when using smartphones.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"269-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracting full information from OCT scans-signs of early age-related macular degeneration within inner retinal layers by local neighbourhood statistics. Part II: Results.","authors":"Marcus Wagner, Julia Sommerer, Franziska G Rauscher","doi":"10.1111/opo.13393","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Associations between the occurrence of early age related macular degeneration (AMD) and alterations in retinal layer thicknesses have been reported, based on classical processing of optical coherence tomography (OCT) data by noise removal and subsequent image segmentation. However, speckle noise within OCT data itself bears a substantial part of the total information. For this reason, we designed an omics-type approach for full exploitation of OCT data, which was able to identify signs of early AMD throughout the retina as a whole.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nested case-control study was designed with 200 early AMD cases and 200 healthy controls. For each participant, within a randomly selected OCT scan and a randomly selected column therein, manual grading was performed for 26 retinal feature positions. At every position, a total of 3792 descriptors were computed, based on nonlinear transformations of OCT data, first-order neighbourhood statistics and Haralick features. Equivalence and differences between cases and controls were tested for each descriptor at every graded position. Results of multiple testing were expressed in terms of false and true discovery rates controlled by the Benjamini-Yekutieli procedure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In terms of the amount and disparity of true discoveries, overall non-equivalence was found for early AMD and healthy groups. Strong difference signals were observed at the internal limiting membrane and two central retinal positions, particularly for descriptors emphasising speckle noise.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Between the retinae of healthy controls and early AMD patients, significant differences were observed at the level of local neighbourhood statistics within OCT data. Thus, independent evidence was obtained for AMD affecting not only the outer retinal layers but the retina as a whole, even in the early stages of the disease. Within OCT data, both cartoon and speckle bear essential parts of the total information. We pursued a constructive, completely documented, traceable and repeatable approach without invoking artificial intelligence methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"247-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between ON-OFF function and OCT structural and angiographic parameters in early diabetic retinal disease.","authors":"Vanessa T S Tang, Robert C A Symons, Spiros Fourlanos, Daryl Guest, Allison M McKendrick","doi":"10.1111/opo.13394","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study measured associations between ON and OFF functional indicators and structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) markers in diabetic retinal disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-four participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (mean age = 34.1 years; range 18-60) and 48 age-matched controls (mean age = 35.4 years, range 18-59) underwent visual psychophysical testing, OCT and OCTA retinal imaging. Psychophysical tasks measuring (A) contrast increment and decrement sensitivity and (B) response times to increment and decrement targets were assessed as surrogate measures of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cell function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The group with diabetes had worse foveal contrast increment and decrement thresholds (p = 0.04) and were slower to search for increment and decrement targets relative to controls (p = 0.009). Individuals with diabetes had a less circular foveal avascular zone (FAZ) (p < 0.001) but did not differ from controls in foveal vessel density and FAZ area. Functional and structural outcome measures related to the peripheral retina were also comparable between those with and without diabetes. Functional responses to increments and decrements were not significantly correlated with FAZ circularity or vessel density in individuals with diabetes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Diabetic retinal disease results in impaired performance on measures of inferred ON and OFF pathway function in addition to vascular deficits measurable with OCTA. Future longitudinal studies may determine the temporal relationship between these deficits, and whether they predict future diabetic retinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"77-88"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142471600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of proxymetacaine on the dynamics of cyclopentolate in White 6- to 7-year-olds.","authors":"Megan Doyle, Veronica O'Dwyer, Síofra Harrington","doi":"10.1111/opo.13421","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study compared the efficacy of cyclopentolate hydrochloride at 10-, 20- and 30-min post-instillation in White 6- to 7-year-olds, with and without prior instillation of proxymetacaine hydrochloride. The primary aim was to determine if accurate autorefraction values can be obtained sooner than the current standard of 30-min post-cycloplegia. The secondary aim was to investigate whether proxymetacaine hydrochloride enhances the efficiency of cyclopentolate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were 112 White 6- to 7-year-olds from the Child Eye Health Study. The right eye received 0.5% proxymetacaine hydrochloride and 1.0% cyclopentolate hydrochloride, and the left eye received only 1.0% cyclopentolate hydrochloride. Non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refractive error (at 0, 10, 20 and 30 min) was measured using a binocular, open-field autorefractometer. Data were analysed through paired t-tests, concordance analysis, linear regression, equivalence testing and Bland-Altman analysis, using the 95% limits of agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (SD) in the right eye at 0-, 10-, 20- and 30-min post-instillation was 0.62 (1.45) D, 1.52 (1.80) D, 1.64 (1.81) D and 1.72 (1.80) D, respectively. Mean left eye SER (SD) were 0.68 (1.24) D, 1.42 (1.66) D, 1.56 (1.66) D and 1.68 (1.72) D, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed a high level of agreement, and equivalence testing confirmed that there was no clinically significant difference in SER at 20 and 30 min in both eyes (within ±0.50 D), with mean differences of 0.08 (0.23) D in the right eye and 0.13 (0.30) D in the left eye (p = 0.21). However, SER at 10 and 30 min were equivalent in the right eye only.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Accurate autorefraction values can be obtained 20-min post-instillation of 1.0% cyclopentolate in white children aged 6-7 years, potentially reducing clinical testing times. Proxymetacaine pre-instillation allows for reliable measurements as early as 10-min post-instillation of cyclopentolate. Further research is needed to validate these findings in non-White populations and to determine the safe discharge time post-proxymetacaine instillation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"4-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142624614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in choroidal thickness and blood flow in response to form deprivation-induced myopia and repeated low-level red-light therapy in Guinea pigs.","authors":"Aiqun Xiang, Hong He, Anzhen Li, Xuyun Meng, Yanting Luo, Yuhan Luo, Xingxing Wang, Junming Yang, Xiaolian Chen, Xingwu Zhong","doi":"10.1111/opo.13404","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate ocular refractive development, choroidal thickness (ChT) and changes in choroidal blood flow in form-deprived myopia (FDM) Guinea pigs treated with repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-eight 3-week-old male tricolour Guinea pigs were randomised into three groups: normal controls (NC, n = 10), form-deprived (FD, n = 10) and red light treated with form-deprivation (RLFD, n = 8). Interocular refraction and axial length (AL) changes were monitored. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) measured choroidal thickness, vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and blood flow signal intensity (flux) in the choriocapillaris and medium-large vessel layers. The experimental intervention lasted 3 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At week 3, the FD group had higher myopia and longer axial length than the NC group (all p < 0.001). The RLFD group had higher hyperopia and shorter axial length than the FD group (all p < 0.001). At week 1, the NC group had a thicker choroidal thickness than the FD group (p < 0.05). At weeks 2 and 3, the RLFD group had a thicker choroidal thickness than the FD group (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, the NC group had higher vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and flux in the choriocapillaris layer than the FD group at the three follow-up time points (all p < 0.05). At week 3, the vessel skeleton density and flux were higher in the RLFD group than in the FD group (all p < 0.05). Correlation analysis results showed that weekly changes in refraction and choroidal thickness were negatively correlated with changes in axial length (all p < 0.05). Choroidal thickness changes were positively correlated with alterations in the vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and flux in the choriocapillaris layer, as well as vessel skeleton density and flux changes in the medium-large vessel layers (all p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy retards FDM progression in Guinea pigs, potentially through increased choroidal blood flow in the choriocapillaris layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"111-119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142375779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subjective quasi-vector-based refraction with a conventional phoropter.","authors":"Jose Ricardo Albero Moreno, Cesar Albarrán Diego, Vicente Micó","doi":"10.1111/opo.13400","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To introduce a novel methodology for subjective refraction based on power vectors with a conventional phoropter.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A conventional phoropter was used to measure power vector components of refraction (M, J₀ and J₄₅) directly by using the sphere power (for M measurement) and the cylinder power combined with the Jackson cross-cylinders (for J₀ and J₄₅ measurements). Conventional subjective refraction was also performed, and this result was mathematically transformed into power vector notation for comparison purposes. Visual acuities with the conventional prescription and the quasi-vector-based prescription were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Refractive error from 40 healthy participants was measured by conventional and quasi-vector-based subjective refraction. No differences were found between methods for any of the power vector components of refraction (p > 0.21 in all cases). The visual acuity achieved with the prescriptions yielded similar values (p = 0.85).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Subjective refraction can be measured directly in power vector notation using a conventional phoropter without any additional adaptation and computation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"200-209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11629858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}