Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics最新文献

{"title":"Editor's reply.","authors":"Mark Rosenfield","doi":"10.1111/opo.13519","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13519","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye strain and near work: Both an ancient problem and a modern concern.","authors":"Mark Rosenfield, Pete Kollbaum, Olga Prenat","doi":"10.1111/opo.13520","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13520","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1037-1039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144032542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness and axial length changes with orthokeratology in bilateral anisomyopia.","authors":"Jianglan Wang, Stephen J Vincent, Longqian Liu, Siyu Bian, Pauline Cho","doi":"10.1111/opo.13503","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the change in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) in bilateral anisomyopic children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho-k) over 2 years and the association with axial elongation (AE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SFChT, axial length and refractive data from 26 bilateral anisomyopic subjects (aged 7-12 years) who participated in a 2-year prospective orthokeratology study were analysed using generalised estimating equations and linear mixed models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SFChT in the more myopic eyes (MME) (at least 1.50 D more myopia than the fellow eye) became thicker (mean ± standard deviation change, 25 ± 20 μm) after 6 months of ortho-k lens wear (p < 0.001) and remained stable thereafter (p ≥ 0.13), but no such change was observed in the less myopic eyes (LME) (p ≥ 0.07). Combining data from both eyes, the baseline SFChT and SFChT change after 2 years of ortho-k treatment were associated with 2-year AE [generalised estimating equation (accounting for the inclusion of both eyes): β = 0.002, p = 0.03 and β = -0.005, p < 0.001, respectively].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After 2 years of ortho-k treatment, the increase in the SFChT occurred exclusively in the MME. Considering both eyes, greater SFChT thickening was associated with less eye growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1049-1055"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms and its association with screen time in young adults aged 21-30 years.","authors":"Chang-Kang Luo, Qing-Qing Tan, Yin Tea, Yi Pang","doi":"10.1111/opo.13505","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the correlation between dry eye disease (DED) symptoms and academic performance in young adults aged 21-30 years, as well as to determine the relationship between screen time and DED symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 454 young adults, between 21 and 30 years of age, were initially enrolled in the study. Data collected included age, sex, grade point average (GPA), hours of contact lens wear, degree of compliance with the 20-20-20 rule, response to the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, as well as screen time for studying and engaging in social media activities. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between DED symptoms and academic performance, screen time and contact lens usage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 445 participants were included in the analysis, with 99.3% (n = 442) exhibiting DED symptoms (OSDI ≥13). The mean (standard deviation) OSDI score was 76.91 (17.89). Additionally, only 17.0% of participants adhered to the recommended 20-20-20 rule during screen usage. Mean daily screen time was 9.84 (3.73) h, with 2.97 (2.34) h for social media and 6.93 (3.48) h for study. OSDI scores were significantly correlated with study screen time (r_s = 0.12, p = 0.01) and social media usage (r_s = 0.13, p = 0.01), but not with GPA (r_s = -0.07, p = 0.16) or contact lens daily wearing time (r_s = 0.05, p = 0.43).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of DED symptoms was found to be high amongst young adults. This study revealed a significant association between the duration of screen time and DED symptoms in this population. Prolonged screen exposure, both for academic purposes and social media engagement, was linked with more severe manifestations of DED. Notably, no significant correlation was observed between academic performance and DED symptoms in young adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1195-1200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hard braking events in bioptic drivers with central vision impairment.","authors":"Rebecca A Deffler, Elise Frazee, San-San L Cooley, Bradley E Dougherty","doi":"10.1111/opo.13496","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Some individuals with central vision impairment can obtain or maintain driving privileges using bioptic telescopes. Previous work has often demonstrated an increased collision risk for bioptic drivers, but some on-road studies find similar safety to that of normally sighted drivers. The purpose of this study was to compare exposure-controlled hard braking and speeding events measured with naturalistic recording in visually impaired bioptic drivers and normally sighted control drivers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Visual acuity was measured for each eye individually and through the bioptic when indicated. Contrast sensitivity was measured binocularly with the Mars chart. Binocular integrated visual fields were constructed from monocular 24-2C SITA Faster plots. A commercially available GPS recorder was installed into drivers' personal vehicles for at least 6 weeks. Total mileage, instances of hard braking, travel over 65 miles per hour (mph) and posted speed limit violations were counted. Exposure-controlled rates were calculated for each of these safety events. Driver characteristics and hard braking events were compared using median tests, and Spearman correlation was used to assess the relationships among vision measurements and driving safety events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty licensed bioptic drivers and 20 control drivers were enrolled. Bioptic drivers were significantly more likely to perform hard braking manoeuvres than controls. Among bioptic drivers, hard braking frequency was not predicted by visual acuity, contrast sensitivity or binocular integrated visual field deviation. Bioptic drivers with poorer contrast sensitivity were more likely to travel above 65 mph. Speeding events were not related to hard braking.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Bioptic drivers demonstrated nearly three times as many hard braking events per 1000 miles driven, but vision measurements did not predict hard braking. Bioptic drivers with poorer contrast sensitivity were more likely to drive faster than 65 mph. Further work exploring relationships among vision and driving safety in bioptic drivers is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1186-1194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual environmental risk factors in outdoor activities and near work and potential mechanisms.","authors":"Dan-Lin Li, Carla Lanca, Seang-Mei Saw, Andrzej Grzybowski, Chen-Wei Pan","doi":"10.1111/opo.13522","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13522","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Myopia is highly prevalent among children and adolescents and results from abnormal refractive development. Less outdoor time as well as more near work have been recognised as major risk factors for myopia. This study analysed the major environmental factors related to myopia, such as outdoor activities and near work, and reviewed the potential mechanisms of myopia development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Ovid databases within the last two decades up to November 2024. This review followed the recommendations of the PRISMA Statement and only full-text review articles in English were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Summarising the findings from 13 review articles, the environmental risk factors for myopia included lighting features such as low illumination and monochromatic light as well as aspects of the visual scene, for example, the presence of low spatial frequencies and hyperopic defocus. These particular visual stimuli may contribute to the onset and progression of myopia and increase the risk of retinal disorders by reducing choroidal blood flow, leading to scleral hypoxia and remodelling. When analysing environmental risk factors, it is challenging to isolate the individual contributions of outdoor time and near work. Furthermore, previous studies used different definitions of environmental exposures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Future research needs quantitative, objective and standardised measures to improve the comparability and consistency between studies. In addition, work should focus on different ethnic populations and gene-environment studies, so as to determine the influence of environmental risk factors on myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1056-1066"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in retinal and choroidal thickness and blood density in participants with keratoconus.","authors":"Bingqing Sun, Yiyong Xian, Dongmei Yang, Xiaojun Hu, Jifang Wang, Ling Sun, Yang Shen, Xingtao Zhou, Xiaoyu Zhang","doi":"10.1111/opo.13511","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Keratoconus causes progressive myopia and irregular astigmatism, leading to vision impairment. This study investigated choroidal and retinal variations and their influence in participants with keratoconus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This case-control study assessed 33 keratoconic and 33 axial length-matched healthy myopic eyes. Choroidal and retinal parameters between the two groups were compared using general linear models. Correlations between keratoconus choroidal/retinal parameters and ABCD grading or tomographic keratoconus classification (TKC) staging were assessed. Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the factors affecting changes in keratoconus choroidal/retinal thickness and blood flow.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Keratoconus participants exhibited 2.3% lower macular inner retinal thickness (mean difference: -4.97 μm, p = 0.02), along with 8.0% and 2.3% higher superior and mean retinal vessel (mean difference: 2.71%, p = 0.03; mean difference: 3.22%, p = 0.01) densities, respectively, compared with controls. The blood flow density of the choroidal capillaries was 15.5% higher (mean difference: 5.72%, p = 0.01), while the large choroidal vessel density was 4.8% lower (mean difference: -3.38%, p = 0.03) at the macula in the keratoconus group. In the keratoconus group, higher deep retinal vessel density correlated with more severe A grading (r = 0.49, p = 0.006), while lower large choroidal vessel density correlated with more severe B grading (r = -0.48, p = 0.006); notably, higher deep retinal vessel density was positively correlated with more severe TKC staging (r = 0.50, p = 0.004). Furthermore, superior retinal vessel density was associated with the index of vertical asymmetry (IVA) (slope coefficient: 3.55%, p = 0.03) and the index of height asymmetry (slope coefficient: 0.07%, p = 0.04). Mean retinal vessel density was associated with IVA (slope coefficient: 4.82%, p = 0.01). Choroidal capillary density was associated with the keratoconus index (slope coefficient: 21.89%, p = 0.01). Large choroidal vessel density was associated with the steepest keratometry (slope coefficient: -0.61%/D, p = 0.009).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participants with keratoconus exhibited choroidal and retinal parameter alterations associated with keratoconus severity, as well as corneal keratometry and irregularity, suggesting the potential pathophysiological mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1201-1210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing diagnostic practices and referral pathways for glaucoma in Australian primary eye care.","authors":"Catherine L Jan, Randall S Stafford, Xianwen Shang, Jacqueline Henwood, Christian Davey, Jiahao Liu, Peter van Wijngaarden, George Y X Kong, Jennifer C Fan Gaskin, Mingguang He, Algis Vingrys","doi":"10.1111/opo.13491","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, posing a significant public health challenge in Australia, particularly among individuals aged 55 years and older. As primary health care providers, optometrists play a crucial role in the early diagnosis and management of glaucoma, making them central to efforts aimed at reducing the burden of this sight-threatening condition. This study investigates the practice patterns of Australian optometrists in diagnosing and managing glaucoma, focusing on test utilisation, diagnostic confidence, referral practices and intra- and inter-observer variabilities in grading glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mixed-method cross-sectional design was conducted, involving 50 Australian optometrists who graded 120 colour digital retinal photographs for GON and completed an online survey regarding their diagnostic methods and confidence levels. Statistical analyses assessed inter- and intra-observer agreement in GON grading.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that 82% of optometrists surveyed possessed optical coherence tomography (OCT) instruments and 96% had visual field analysers. Despite a majority expressing confidence in glaucoma detection, only 8% felt capable of independently diagnosing the disease and initiating treatment. Inter-observer agreement for glaucoma detection from retinal photographs was moderate (kappa = 0.53, 95% CI 0.50-0.54), while intra-observer agreement was substantial (kappa = 0.73, 95% CI 0.70-0.77). Inter-observer agreement of optometrists was similar to that of ophthalmologists.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most optometrists have access to advanced diagnostic tools, know how to appropriately diagnose and manage glaucoma and have similar inter-observer variability when assessing fundus photographs to that of glaucoma sub-specialists, but few feel confident in independently diagnosing and managing glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1211-1220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subjective refraction and prescribing styles used by UK optometrists.","authors":"Jeremy Beesley, Christopher J Davey, David B Elliott","doi":"10.1111/opo.13495","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the methods of subjective refraction and prescribing used by UK optometrists in routine eye examinations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following a pilot study of 12 observed refractions conducted by nine optometrists, a questionnaire consisting of simple questions regarding methods used together with conditional response clinical vignettes was constructed. Paper copies were distributed to UK optometrists attending continuing professional development (CPD) courses, in addition to an online version.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two hundred and four completed questionnaires were gathered from respondents with a mean experience of 16 years (SD, 12 years). Poor technique was defined as likely to contribute to or cause a recheck according to a previous study. Poor techniques seen included visual acuity (VA) not being measured to a full threshold level by 93% of respondents, 37% (55/149) prescribing a small oblique cylinder to an asymptomatic patient and 39% (71/183) making just one subjective change to the axis of a -1.00 D cylinder from their starting prescription before prescribing that axis change to a mildly symptomatic patient. The risk of over-plusing was identified, with 28% (N = 46) of respondents happy to prescribe a full objective +0.50 DS change to a patient with no distance-related symptoms. Symptoms, prescription change and VAs are often not reconciled, with 43% (82/189) of respondents reporting being happy to prescribe a full subjective change of -2.00 DS together with -0.75 DC for a 72-year-old patient for a relatively small VA improvement of 6/15 to 6/7.5.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Poor subjective refraction and prescribing techniques were identified; limited measurement of VA to full threshold, risk of over-plusing/under-minusing, limited cylinder power and axis techniques and symptoms often not reconciling with changes in prescription and improvements in VA were observed. The objective prescription, particularly as determined by autorefractors, holds an exaggerated influence over some optometrists. These are elements of everyday optometry, yet require greater emphasis in CPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1113-1125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal shadows of multisegment lenses in fundus imaging.","authors":"Arthur Ho, Lisa Feng, Jos J Rozema, David A Atchison","doi":"10.1111/opo.13524","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To provide a more sophisticated explanation of the optics involved when retinal 'shadows' are seen in scanning laser ophthalmoscopic images during the wear of multisegment and diffusion optic spectacle lenses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Images were recorded with a system that uses a scanning broad line fundus imaging principle in participants with undilated pupils wearing a multisegment spectacle lens. The live infra-red preview display of the system was also acquired during image recording. Ray-tracing and image simulations were performed, assuming a Maxwellian illumination system in which a source was refracted first through a lens and then through a model of a multisegment spectacle lens focused onto the pupil of an eye model and hence to the retina. A detector surface was positioned slightly in front of the retina to record the irradiation distribution. The light source was varied from 0.1 μm to 1.8 mm in diameter to investigate the effect of light source size on retinal irradiation distribution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The retinal shadow pattern was visible on the live infra-red preview display, as reported previously. However, the recorded images of the retina do not exhibit the same shadow pattern. The simulations predict that the circular shadows corresponding to lenslet positions become progressively less discernible with increasing light source size.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An explanation is provided for the shadows on retinal images due to multisegment lenses, which may be observable under certain illumination conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19522,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics","volume":" ","pages":"1098-1103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}