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Pattern recognition-based strategy applied to continuous intensity evolution for quantifying the stress field in digital photoelasticity 基于模式识别的连续强度演化策略在数字光弹性应力场量化中的应用
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172390
Juan Briñez-de León , Lina Montoya-Suárez , Hermes Fandiño-Toro
{"title":"Pattern recognition-based strategy applied to continuous intensity evolution for quantifying the stress field in digital photoelasticity","authors":"Juan Briñez-de León ,&nbsp;Lina Montoya-Suárez ,&nbsp;Hermes Fandiño-Toro","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In engineering, accurate evaluation of stress fields is paramount to ensure structural integrity and prevent failure in various applications. Despite advances in techniques such as analytical models and computational simulations, challenges remain due to differences in experimental parameters that limit their real-world applicability. Digital photoelasticity offers promise in stress analysis, particularly through isochromatic fringes, but faces hurdles in quantifying stress information from dynamic color changes. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel approach based on pattern recognition within a single polariscope configuration. By analyzing color trajectories of pixel positions individually, the approach aims to overcome spatial dependencies and improve the accuracy of stress field evaluation. Potential results include a better understanding of dynamic stress behavior and more accurate identification of stress patterns, contributing to improved engineering designs and structural reliability. This approach uses synthetic and experimental photoelasticity videos of disk and ring under diametric compression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 172390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design and simulation of band stop plasmonic filter with high quality factor and enhanced optical performance 具有高品质因数和增强光学性能的带阻等离子体滤波器的设计与仿真
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172401
Amirhossein Shams, Hassan Kaatuzian, Sara Gholinezhad Shafagh
{"title":"Design and simulation of band stop plasmonic filter with high quality factor and enhanced optical performance","authors":"Amirhossein Shams,&nbsp;Hassan Kaatuzian,&nbsp;Sara Gholinezhad Shafagh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we present the design and performance of a band-stop plasmonic filter incorporating a triangular resonator and a central circular cavity within a Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) waveguide configuration. The filter operates based on Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs), which are excited at the metal-dielectric interface, allowing for a compact design with excellent optical performance. The filter design was optimized through a combination of numerical simulations using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method and theoretical analysis. The simulation results indicate that the filter achieves a high-quality factor of 272 at a resonance wavelength of 818 nm and a cavity width (d) of 35 nm, significantly outperforming previously designed filters. Additionally, the paper presents a detailed comparison of the plasmonic performance of silver and gold, examining their effects on the quality factor, transmission spectrum, resonance wavelength, and overall optical performance. The results highlight that the choice of material plays a crucial role in optimizing the filter’s characteristics, as silver demonstrates a higher-quality factor and sharper resonance compared to gold. The filter's high-quality factor provides excellent wavelength selectivity and suppresses unwanted interference effectively, ensuring efficient performance. Moreover, the proposed structure exhibits a small full width at half maximum (FWHM) and tunable resonance wavelengths through precise control of geometric parameters such as cavity dimensions and resonator shape. These tunable characteristics make the filter highly suitable for advanced photonic applications, including optical filtering, high-speed communication systems, and biosensing. The significant results of this study confirm that the proposed plasmonic filter structure is a promising candidate for future nanophotonic systems, where high efficiency and precise wavelength control are essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 172401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dynamic control of high-order diffraction grating in complex Δ∇ atomic configuration 复杂Δ原子构型高阶衍射光栅的动态控制
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172370
Himani Thakur, Zubair Iqbal Dar, Paramjit Kaur
{"title":"Dynamic control of high-order diffraction grating in complex Δ∇ atomic configuration","authors":"Himani Thakur,&nbsp;Zubair Iqbal Dar,&nbsp;Paramjit Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce a new model employing a four-level <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mo>∇</mo></mrow></math></span> type atomic system to diffract weak probe light into higher-order directions via the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced grating. The position-dependent atom-field interaction produces a periodic transmission spectrum, resulting in various Fraunhofer diffraction patterns generated by the all-optical grating. The key advantage of this scheme lies in the existence of M (microwave) and R (radio-frequency) fields, which enable quantum interference among different transition pathways. Our ongoing research holds substantial significance as the proposed atomic-scheme offers precise control over higher-order diffraction intensities. We present a comprehensive study of the diffraction properties of amplitude, phase, and hybrid gratings, focusing on their efficiency and tunability. Hybrid gratings, resulting from the interplay of amplitude and phase effects, achieve a peak first-order efficiency of 32.8% and exhibit sensitivity to <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><mi>Ω</mi></math></span>, and L. These results provide new insights into the design and optimization of gratings for high-efficiency optical applications. Additionally, it is noteworthy that our proposed system, at resonance, has the remarkable capacity to generate a phase grating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 172370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Squeezing and photon number properties of two-mode squeezed lights with a V-type three-level atom 具有v型三能级原子的双模压缩光的压缩和光子数性质
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172371
Gomera Biyazn, Misrak Getahun
{"title":"Squeezing and photon number properties of two-mode squeezed lights with a V-type three-level atom","authors":"Gomera Biyazn,&nbsp;Misrak Getahun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The squeezing and mean photon number properties of the cavity mode light produced by a <span><math><mo>∨</mo></math></span>-type three-level atom with subharmonic generation in an optical cavity coupled to a squeezed vacuum reservoir have been studied. Employing the expectation values of the cavity mode variables at steady state, the mean photon number and quadrature variances have been determined. The global and local mean photon number and quadrature squeezing increase with the subharmonic light and squeezing parameter but decrease as the atom–field coupling constant and cavity decay constant increase. The power spectrum is maximum at the central frequency. The results also show that the atomic decay due to the reservoir affects the local but does not affect the global mean photon number and quadrature squeezing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 172371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimization of plasmonic Al/TiO₂ thin film characteristics via scanning pulsed fiber laser deposition 扫描脉冲光纤激光沉积优化等离子体Al/ tio2薄膜特性
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172387
Noor M. Abdulmalek , Hussein A. Jawad
{"title":"Optimization of plasmonic Al/TiO₂ thin film characteristics via scanning pulsed fiber laser deposition","authors":"Noor M. Abdulmalek ,&nbsp;Hussein A. Jawad","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deposition method of perovskite solar cell layers significantly impacts device functionality and the achievement of industrial goals. Aluminum (Al) nanoparticles with rutile titanium oxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticle thin films are fabricated on Fluorine Tin Oxide (FTO) glass substrates by nanosecond pulsed fiber laser deposition (PLD) to be used as a plasmonic electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cell (PSC). The effect of various pulsed fiber laser parameters on the structural, optical, and surface morphology on Al/TiO<sub>2</sub> films is extensively examined utilizing a variety of measurement techniques; X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Atomic Force microscope (AFM). XRD demonstrates that Al/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films has a mixed phase (anatase/rutile). The minimum average crystallite size of Al/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films deposited at (2 W - 40 kHz) is (19.8 nm). The absorption spectrum of the deposited Al/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film at (10 W - 20 kHz) shows a red-shifted absorption peak at 316 nm, while 307 nm is detected at (2 W - 20 kHz). As the pulse repetition rate rise (40, 60 kHz), a new absorption peak in the UV spectral region at 341 nm was observed. FESEM images demonstrate the nanoparticles’ uniformity and polycrystalline nature. The shape of nanoparticles becomes more uniform and smaller size when the power increases. The minimum power required to get a uniform film is 0.8 W nm with suitable thickness of 398.8 obtained by fitting the thickness values curve of Al/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films. The elemental analysis examined by the EDX spectrum of Al/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films consists of oxygen, aluminum, and titanium. AFM images reveal a granular microstructure, and a flat texture, with the lowest surface roughness. The obtained results from the current study indicate that the structural, optical, and morphological properties can be controlled by varying the fiber laser parameters to deposit an efficient plasmonic Al/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films could be used as an electron transport layer which open new trends to improve the performance of perovskite solar cell.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 172387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laser Wavelength dependence of nonlinear optical properties of CdTe, CdS, and core-shell CdTe/CdS QD nanoparticles CdTe、CdS和核壳CdTe/CdS量子点纳米粒子非线性光学性质的激光波长依赖性
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172398
Amir H. Shokouh, Mohammad Khnazadeh, Farzad Farahmandzadeh, Mehdi Molaei
{"title":"Laser Wavelength dependence of nonlinear optical properties of CdTe, CdS, and core-shell CdTe/CdS QD nanoparticles","authors":"Amir H. Shokouh,&nbsp;Mohammad Khnazadeh,&nbsp;Farzad Farahmandzadeh,&nbsp;Mehdi Molaei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, CdTe, CdS, and CdTe/CdS core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized using photochemical methods, and their structural and optical properties were examined using techniques such as X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis absorption and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results showed that the synthesized nanoparticles CdTe, CdS, and CdTe/CdS with optical bandgaps of 2.32, 2.37, and 2.15 eV, and 3, 2.8, and 8 nm average sizes. respectively have uniform sizes and distributions, beyond that their optical properties are highly dependent on their size and chemical composition. Afterward, using the Z-scan technique, nanoparticles nonlinear absorption (NLA) and nonlinear refraction (NLR) coefficients were evaluated under CW laser Diode (532 nm), He-Ne (632.8 nm), and Nd:YAG pulsed laser with wavelength and pulse width (1064 nm, 3 ns) and its second harmonic (SHG) (532 nm). According to the experimental results, CdTe, CdS, and CdTe/CdS nanoparticles have shown unique NLA and NLR behaviors and strike optical limiting due to strong dependency on laser wavelengths. For 532 nm diode laser (CdTe, CdS, and CdTe/CdS) QDs, the NLA and NLR coefficients and orders were calculated as (53<em>.</em>48<em>,</em> 27<em>.</em>94<em>,</em> 30<em>.</em>13) cm<em>/</em>MW and (6<em>.</em>496<em>, -</em>14<em>.</em>206<em>,</em> 9<em>.</em>21) cm<sup>2</sup><em>/</em>GW, respectively. The results indicate that (NLA) <em>β</em> with single photon absorption (SPA) mechanism for CW diode laser (532 nm), two-photon absorption (TPA) for 632.8 nm, and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) for 1064 nm IR/SHG lasers, and in the case of (NLR), the self-focusing and defocusing mechanisms have been observed and determined for each nanoparticle. These findings can serve as a basis for designing and developing advanced Photonic and optical and devices that utilize these nanoparticles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 172398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Terahertz-based biosensing technology for multi-disease detection: Cancer, Malaria, Bacillus Virus, and Tuberculosis diagnosis 用于多种疾病检测的太赫兹生物传感技术:癌症、疟疾、芽孢杆菌病毒和结核病诊断
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172323
Neelam Singh, Reshmi Dhara, Sanoj Mahato
{"title":"Terahertz-based biosensing technology for multi-disease detection: Cancer, Malaria, Bacillus Virus, and Tuberculosis diagnosis","authors":"Neelam Singh,&nbsp;Reshmi Dhara,&nbsp;Sanoj Mahato","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An exceptionally sensitive narrowband metamaterial (MTM) biosensor for multi-disease diagnosis is proposed and evaluated through simulation studies. The presented sensor incorporates a polyimide dielectric layer enclosed between an aluminum base and metallic patches on top. The analyte sample is applied over the metallic patch, resulting in a peak resonance exhibiting significant absorption. The optical characteristics of the analyzed substance influence the peak response frequencies. Consequently, the designed sensor can effectively among various types of multi-disease detection: Cancer, Malaria, Bacillus Virus, and Tuberculosis Diagnosis. The full vector finite element method (FEM) is employed to investigate the impact of the structural characteristics and to optimize the sensitivity of the sensor. The sensor achieves optimal absorption at 2.054 THz, with an absorption efficiency of 96.9%. The presented sensor exhibits an elevated sensitivity of 5002 GHz/RIU for Jurkat cancerous cells, significantly surpassing those reported in existing studies, in addition to a quality factor of 26.2 within the range of frequencies of 1.0 THz to 3.0 THz. Moreover, the absorber maintains stable performance at incidence angles up to 80°, achieving an absorptivity exceeding 85%. In addition, the proposed sensor remains unaffected by polarization. Key characteristics of the absorber include its compact structure, simplistic design, tuneability, polarization resilience, extremely narrow absorption bandwidth (BW), outstanding sensitivity, superior figure of merit (FOM), and remarkable quality factor (Q), making it highly suitable for applications such as detection: Cancer, Malaria, Bacillus Virus, and Tuberculosis Diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 172323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advanced PCF-SPR biosensor design and performance optimization using machine learning techniques 先进的PCF-SPR生物传感器设计和使用机器学习技术的性能优化
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172391
Mithila Akter Mim , Mst. Rokeya Khatun , Muhammad Minoar Hossain , Wahidur Rahman
{"title":"Advanced PCF-SPR biosensor design and performance optimization using machine learning techniques","authors":"Mithila Akter Mim ,&nbsp;Mst. Rokeya Khatun ,&nbsp;Muhammad Minoar Hossain ,&nbsp;Wahidur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photonic Crystal Fiber-Surface Plasmon Resonance (PCF-SPR) is an advanced optical biosensing technology that utilizes specialized fibers to detect refractive index (RI) changes caused by molecular interactions. This study proposed a dual-core, gold-coated PCF-SPR biosensor designed to operate across analyte RIs ranging from 1.31 to 1.40 and a broad wavelength range of 0.40 µm to 0.90 µm, with the integration of machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance performance optimization and improve predictive accuracy. Using the COMSOL Multiphysics Simulator, we generated a dataset of 1868 samples derived from our novel sensor model. The sensor achieved exceptional performance, reaching wavelength sensitivity (S<sub>λ</sub>) of up to 9000 nm/RIU, amplitude sensitivity (S<sub>A</sub>) of −1141.93 RIU<sup>−1</sup>, and resolution (R) as high as 1.11 × 10<sup>−5</sup> RIU. Numerous machine learning (ML) models were employed to predict key parameters, including the effective refractive index (N<sub>eff</sub>) and confinement loss. Among these, the Random Forest Regressor (RFR) achieved outstanding results, with an R-squared value of 0.9997, a minimal mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.51 × 10<sup>−4</sup>, and a mean squared error (MSE) of 8 × 10⁻⁶ for N<sub>eff</sub> prediction. RFR also excelled in superior accuracy in predicting confinement loss. With its exceptional sensitivity and detection capabilities, the proposed sensor offers significant potential for biological applications. Future work will integrate Explainable AI (XAI) to identify critical features, driving further advancements in sensor performance and precision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 172391"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Compact frequency-reconfigurable slot patch antenna with gain enhancement via metasurface integration 通过超表面集成实现增益增强的紧凑频率可重构缝隙贴片天线
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172389
Khalid Subhi Ahmad , M.Z.A. Abd. Aziz , Ahmed J.A. Al-Gburi
{"title":"Compact frequency-reconfigurable slot patch antenna with gain enhancement via metasurface integration","authors":"Khalid Subhi Ahmad ,&nbsp;M.Z.A. Abd. Aziz ,&nbsp;Ahmed J.A. Al-Gburi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a frequency-reconfigurable slot antenna (FRSA) design that features a rectangular patch with a longitudinal slot on the ground plane, connected to eight vertical slots for basing. The proposed FRSA includes seven ideal switches (labeled w1–w7) positioned along the longitudinal slot, facilitating its reconfigurable functionality. By toggling these switches ON and OFF, the antenna operates in nine different modes. A single-layer metasurface reflector (MSR) was integrated below the FRSA to enhance the antenna's gain and directivity. The proposed MSR consists of a 2 × 2 array with a unit cell (UC) size of 18.25 mm× 15.025 mm, optimized to produce a center-operating frequency. The MSR achieves a stopband transmission coefficient (S21) below −10 dB and exhibits a linear reflection phase within the bandwidth of 3.30 ─ 5.96 GHz, nearly encompasses the FRSA frequency tuning range 3.05 – 5.16 GHz. Combining the FRSA and MSR significantly enhanced performance. The gain improved by 2.49 dB overall, rising from 3.14 dB to 5.63 dB in the lower band and from 5.25 dB to 5.38 dB in the upper band. Varying the FRSA and MSR gap enabled more gain optimization, enabling the gain to range from 3.93 dB to 6.09 dB. The FRSA with MSR covers an operating frequency range of 3.05 GHz to 5.24 GHz and supports operation at 3.05 GHz, 3.38 GHz, 3.98 GHz, 4.06 GHz, 4.34 GHz, 4.70 GHz, 4.74 GHz, 4.80 GHz, and 5.24 GHz. The proposed FRSA with MSR maintains a compact configuration, as the MSR's size matches the antenna's dimensions (0.38 λ₀ × 0.31 λ₀). The gap between the MSR and the antenna is only 20 mm (0.204 λ₀), where the wavelength (λ₀) corresponds to the minimum operating frequency of 3.05 GHz in free space. A prototype of the FRSA with MSR was fabricated and its performance was validated through measurements. The proposed antenna is well-suited for applications of S-band, C-band, and cognitive radio technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 172389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dark pulse generation in long cavity erbium-doped fiber laser with iron phthalocyanine absorber 酞菁铁吸收器长腔掺铒光纤激光器暗脉冲的产生
IF 3.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Optik Pub Date : 2025-05-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172388
Bilal A. Ahmad , Nurul Izzah S. Wadi , Aeriyn D. Ahmad , A.H.A. Rosol , Muhammad Imran M.A. Khudus
{"title":"Dark pulse generation in long cavity erbium-doped fiber laser with iron phthalocyanine absorber","authors":"Bilal A. Ahmad ,&nbsp;Nurul Izzah S. Wadi ,&nbsp;Aeriyn D. Ahmad ,&nbsp;A.H.A. Rosol ,&nbsp;Muhammad Imran M.A. Khudus","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2025.172388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we report the first experimental generation of domain-wall (DW) dark pulses from a passively mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser by means of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) as the saturable absorber (SA). The FePc SA, with a modulation depth of 8.1 %, was fabricated on a fiber ferrule platform by embedding FePc particles into a polyvinyl film using a drop-casting technique. The DW dark pulses were generated at dual wavelengths of 1591.8 nm and 1592.9 nm, due to cavity birefringence, while dark pulse formation resulted from cross-phase coupling between these wavelengths. The repetition rate and negative pulse width were measured to be approximately 1.94 MHz and 93.2 ns, respectively, within a pump power range of 90.4 mW to 150.76 mW. The laser achieved a maximum pulse energy of 3.95 nJ at a pump power of 150.76 mW. The signal-to-noise ratio of the fundamental frequency was 63.1 dB, indicating promising stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 172388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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