{"title":"Theoretical investigation of the space division multiplexing capacity of multimode step-index plastic optical fibers","authors":"Svetislav Savović , Konstantinos Aidinis , Chen Chen , Rui Min","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By solving the time-independent power flow equation (TI PFE), the effects of mode coupling and the width of the launch beam distribution (LBD) on two and three spatially multiplexed optical channels in a step-index plastic optical fibers (SI POFs) are examined. The fiber length at which the space division multiplexing (SDM) can be implemented with a minimal crosstalk between the neighboring optical channels is severely limited by mode coupling, according to the results. Additionally, the impact of the LBD width on the equilibrium mode distribution (EMD) is examined. The fiber length at which EMD is created increases when the LBD's width decreases. Thus, in the studied multimode SI POF, the two and three spatially multiplexed channels can be used with low crosstalk up to the fiber lengths, which are longer in the case of the narrower LBD. When creating an optical fiber transmission system for SDM, such characterization of the optical fibers should be taken into account.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141539457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Detection of elliptical polarization characteristics using a metalens","authors":"A.G. Nalimov , V.V. Kotlyar , A.A. Kovalev , S.D. Poletaev , Y.V. Khanenko","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A metalens for detection a polarization ellipticity of an incident beam and the wavelength is considered in this work. The metalens is constructed of blocks of diffraction gratings with a height of 140 nm and a period of 220 nm. It works like a polarizer, which depends on one transverse coordinate, and a focuser. This metalens is capable of both separating linearly polarized radiation into two focal spots with circular polarizations of different signs, and detecting the direction and the ellipticity of the polarization. The metalens operates over a wide range of wavelengths from 0.55 to 0.837 μm, it can be used to estimate of the incident radiation wavelength in the range from 0.64 to 0.837 μm. This is possible due to the almost linear displacement of the focal spot in the transverse plane depending on the light wavelength.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141539456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OptikPub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171932
Ngoc-Bao-Tran Nguyen , Quoc-Hoang-Quyen Vo , Thanh-Hai Le , Ngoc-Trinh Huynh , Quoc-Hung Phan , Thi-Thu-Hien Pham
{"title":"Combination of Muller matrix imaging polarimetry and artificial intelligence for classification of mice skin cancer tissue in-vitro and in-vivo","authors":"Ngoc-Bao-Tran Nguyen , Quoc-Hoang-Quyen Vo , Thanh-Hai Le , Ngoc-Trinh Huynh , Quoc-Hung Phan , Thi-Thu-Hien Pham","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry is a fast and non-invasive technique for discriminating between different types of biological samples based on the characteristics of polarized light interacting with them. Combining Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry with artificial intelligence provides further advantages in detecting different kinds of medical conditions in an automated manner. Accordingly, the present study proposes a method based on Mueller matrix polarimetry and machine learning algorithms for discriminating between (1) four different types of mice skin tissues (normal, acanthosis, papilloma, and squamous cell carcinoma); (2) two types of mice skin tissues which show histological similarities to human equivalents (normal and squamous cell carcinoma); and (3) 7,12-dimethylbenz[<em>a</em>]anthracene/estrogen-induced mice skin tissues. Five machine learning classifiers, namely Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor, Gradient Boosting, and Gaussian Naïve Bayes, are considered in the first and second applications, while three models (Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor, Gradient Boosting) are considered in the third application. For each application, the features which dominate the machine learning prediction performance are determined through multivariate correlation matrix analysis, kernel density estimation, and Analysis of Variance tests. The experimental results show that the Random Forest model achieves the highest classification accuracy (93.55 %) for the first application, while the Support Vector Machine model yields the highest accuracy for both the second and third applications (97.66 % and 100 %, respectively). Overall, the proposed framework consisting of Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry and machine learning provides a strong foundation for the on-going development of screening and diagnosis methods for human skin cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OptikPub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171937
Suzhen Lin , Songwang Tian , Xiaofei Lu , Dawei Li , Yanbo Wang , Dong Yu
{"title":"Multi-band image synchronous fusion model based on task-interdependency","authors":"Suzhen Lin , Songwang Tian , Xiaofei Lu , Dawei Li , Yanbo Wang , Dong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Synchronous multi-band image fusion is a challenging, yet urgent task in the development of high-precision detection systems. This study proposes a novel method for synchronous fusion modeling of multi-band images based on task-interdependency. In the proposed method, the task of image fusion is divided into two mutually exclusive sub-tasks that produce bright thermal targets and obtain precise textural details. First, two generators with different network structures and several discriminators produce a preliminary fused image. Second, an image fusion strategy is defined using a model- and data-driven theory to obtain fused images. Then, each discriminator classifies the fused image and source images of each band to force the generators to produce the desired results. A novel loss function is constructed to enhance the fused effect by selecting the most significant gradient loss and loss of brightness. Finally, the network is trained based on a multi-generative adversarial framework.The trained generators can be used individually or jointly as a model for fusing multiple images. We verified our method with several datasets and determined that it outperforms other current methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141539458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OptikPub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171933
Ekaterina A. Savchenkova, Andrey S. Ovchinnikov, Vladislav G. Rodin, Rostislav S. Starikov, Nikolay N. Evtikhiev, Pavel A. Cheremkhin
{"title":"Adaptive non-iterative histogram-based hologram quantization","authors":"Ekaterina A. Savchenkova, Andrey S. Ovchinnikov, Vladislav G. Rodin, Rostislav S. Starikov, Nikolay N. Evtikhiev, Pavel A. Cheremkhin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantization is widely used for compression, storage, transmission and display of computer-generated and digital holograms. It reduces number of hologram gradations to obtain better ratio of the quality of reconstructed 2D and 3D objects to the size of holographic images or videos. This paper proposes 2 methods of non-iterative quantization of holograms: adaptive non-uniform quantization based on histogram processing with peak shift (ANHS method) and additional application of logarithmic companding (ANHSL method). They were compared with 4 methods of iterative and non-iterative quantization on holograms with sizes up to 2048 × 2048 pixels. The proposed methods showed the best reconstruction quality that is higher up to 59 % in comparison with non-iterative uniform quantization. Especially the proposed methods give higher quality at little number of hologram gradations (from 2 to 16 gradations). In comparison with the most qualitative iterative methods (Lloyd-Max and k-means) the quality is increased up to 9 %, and processing time is reduced in 10–1000 times.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OptikPub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171930
Matteo d’Angelo, Dario Crimella, Carmen Galassi, Nora Lecis, Ali Gökhan Demir
{"title":"Annealing of bismuth telluride-based thick films by laser irradiation","authors":"Matteo d’Angelo, Dario Crimella, Carmen Galassi, Nora Lecis, Ali Gökhan Demir","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interest towards fabrication and post-processing of thermoelectric micro-sized devices has increased in recent years. The coupling of inexpensive deposition technologies and fast laser treatments on “as-deposited” films is an attractive solution for industrial scalability. In this work, we propose an approach never reported before in literature: the utilization of a ns-pulsed active fibre laser to directly densify p-type bismuth telluride-based thick films deposited on silicon. A feasibility study was conducted on the material to determine optimal laser parameters: the treated products were characterized, and it was concluded that a value of laser fluence as low as 4.5 mJ cm<sup>−2</sup> is sufficient for densification. The material resulted cracked after the laser treatment, and it was demonstrated by SEM and profilometric analyses that shrinking occurs and sintering necks are formed; further, the arising of second phases after annealing was excluded by means of XRD analysis. Envisioning an industrial large area process with linear diode arrays source, a prediction of the laser power requirements to irradiate 1 mm<sup>2</sup> films in selected conditions is presented. More extensive studies will be performed to determine a narrower parameters window and determine a relationship between the film thickness and laser parameters for future applications to as-deposited films.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402624003292/pdfft?md5=c5c35a5a705acec09b364551df837722&pid=1-s2.0-S0030402624003292-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the fascinating world of combinational photonic devices: A review","authors":"Haripriya Noonepalle , Venkatrao Palacharla , Shashank Kumar Dubey , Anjani Kumar Singh , Sandip Swarnakar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present paper, several literature studies on various combinational photonic devices (PDs) using silicon based photonic crystals (PhC) have been studied. On considering various PhC structures, waveguides (WGs) and ring resonators (RRs) have been preferred because of their quality factor (QF), high transmission efficiency (TE), as well as stability in tuning the structures resonant wavelengths, as opposed to other designs. The articles have been classified based on the type of the material used, during the design manufacture and have been further divided according to the operation of the structure. The designed and performance parameters obtained in the collected articles like Contrast Ratio (CR), Bit Rates (BR), Response Times (RT), transmission time etc., have been summarized in this paper. The combinational photonic devices have been preferred because of their immense applications in calculators and computers that enables quick and accurate computations, data processors to execute logical operations, communication systems for smooth data transmission and handle error detection consumer electronics like TVs, smartphones and digital cameras, industrial control systems in automation and managing data, error detection and correction for data transmission and storage, digital signal processing to process and manipulate signals, instruction decoding to decode instructions and perform specific operations. These are seemed to be more advantageous because of their use in high-speed optoelectronic integrated devices and communication systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OptikPub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171925
Vishakha Dave, R.V. Mehta
{"title":"Diffraction of laser light by a Ferrocell and ferrofluid layers: A comparison","authors":"Vishakha Dave, R.V. Mehta","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a previous study, we conducted a comparative analysis of laser light extinction using both a Ferrocell and ferrofluid layers. Specifically, we examined the diffraction of laser light by these devices. The Ferrocell was positioned between an electromagnet and a He-Ne-laser beam, and diffraction patterns were recorded with and without the application of a magnetic field. Subsequently, the experiment was replicated using a glass cuvette filled with a ferrofluid. We investigated the power spectra of these diffraction patterns and analyzed temperature variations. Our findings reveal significant distinctions between the diffraction patterns produced by the ferrofluid and the Ferrocell. Further investigations into these differences are currently underway.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OptikPub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171928
Linyan Wang , Yushuo Bao , Xinhao Zhou , Huanhuan Li , Can Li , Junjie Zhang , Shiqing Xu
{"title":"Indium selenide for mode-locked pulse generation in a Mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser","authors":"Linyan Wang , Yushuo Bao , Xinhao Zhou , Huanhuan Li , Can Li , Junjie Zhang , Shiqing Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two-dimensional materials are increasingly recognized for their distinctive nonlinear optical properties. Indium selenide (InSe), a notable optoelectronic material, demonstrates unique advantages in terms of nonlinear absorption behavior, making it a promising candidate in mid-infrared mode-locked lasers. By preparing a InSe saturable absorber (SA) and applying it in a Er: ZBLAN fiber laser, we demonstrate a stable mode-locked mid-infrared fiber laser at 2.8 μm. The obtained mode-locked pulses have a repetition frequency and pulse duration of 29.875 MHz and 13.6 ps, respectively. The obtained maximum value of pulse energy is 4.3 nJ. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 55 dB, indicating the high stability of the laser system. Our experimental results validate that InSe is a promising SA in the near 3 μm band. This work paves the way for further investigations and applications of InSe-based devices in nonlinear optics and mode-locked laser systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OptikPub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171926
A. Vijay, R.D. Eithiraj
{"title":"First-principles calculation of structural, electronic, optical and thermoelectric properties of Li3TrAs2 (Tr = Al, Ga)","authors":"A. Vijay, R.D. Eithiraj","doi":"10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.171926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Computational analysis of the materials Li<sub>3</sub>TrAs<sub>2</sub> (Tr = Al, Ga) through first principles DFT approach using WIEN2k code was done to evaluate the feasibility of the materials for several applications. The study comprises structural, electronic, optical and thermoelectric parameters. Structural parameters for the orthorhombic compounds with c/a variation in accordance to ground state energy is in well agreement with experimental data. From the electronic properties, direct bandgap semiconducting behavior of both compounds has been observed. Optical studies such as absorption coefficient and its direct bandgap nature implying the materials capability in utilizing in optoelectronic devices. Higher figure of merit (ZT) at ambient conditions implies the material to be good contender in thermoelectric devices such as waste heat recovery systems at room temperature. Based on the exciton binding energy from excitonic study reveals the weak or Mott-Wannier type exciton within both the material.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19513,"journal":{"name":"Optik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141484095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}