Nutrients最新文献

{"title":"Is Iron Supplementation Associated with Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Does Birth Weight Modify These Associations?","authors":"Yibeltal Bekele, Bircan Erbas, Mehak Batra","doi":"10.3390/nu17101696","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Iron supplementation during pregnancy is associated with several health benefits, including a reduced risk of maternal anaemia and improved neonatal outcomes such as lower rates of low birth weight, infection, and anaemia in infancy. However, its impact on neonatal and post-neonatal mortality remains unclear in resource-limited settings, where adherence to maternal iron supplementation is low. This study examined the association between maternal iron supplementation and neonatal and post-neonatal mortality and explored whether low birth weight (LBW) modifies those associations. <b>Methods:</b> This cross-sectional study utilised Demographic and Health Survey data collected between 2015 and 2023 from 26 sub-Saharan countries, including 287,642 neonates and 279,819 post-neonates. The primary outcomes were neonatal deaths (within 28 days) and post-neonatal deaths (between 29 days and 12 months). These outcomes and the exposure variables of iron supplementation and its duration were based on maternal recall. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using generalised linear mixed models, with stratification by LBW. <b>Results:</b> There was no significant association between maternal iron supplementation and neonatal mortality (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.34). However, the interaction between LBW and iron supplementation was statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.04). Among the LBW infants, the absence of iron supplementation increased the odds of neonatal mortality by 68% (aOR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.47), while supplementation for ≥90 days reduced the odds by 45% (aOR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.84). For post-neonatal mortality, lack of iron supplementation increased the odds by 25% (aOR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.56), whereas supplementation for ≥90 days reduced the odds by 27% (aOR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.93). <b>Conclusions:</b> Maternal iron supplementation was associated with lower post-neonatal mortality and improved neonatal survival among LBW infants. These findings suggest that iron intake may support infant survival, particularly in vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron's True Weight: Does the Amount of Iron in the Body Equate to the Amount of Iron on the Bar in Australian Football League Women's Players?","authors":"Michael Pengelly, Kate L Pumpa, David B Pyne, Naroa Etxebarria","doi":"10.3390/nu17101691","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The physiological requirements of a successful team sport performance partly depend on iron-facilitated mechanisms. However, how low iron stores affect team sport athletes remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore the influence of iron status on strength and power performance in elite female Australian Rules Football players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Iron indices were measured in 30 players (age 23 ± 4 y; body mass 70 ± 6 kg) at the start and end of the 10-week preseason. Players were categorized as iron deficient (ID; serum ferritin (sFer) < 40 µg/L) or iron sufficient (sFer > 40 µg/L). Over this period, three-repetition maximum and sport-specific performance measures were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately 80% of all the sFer samples primarily ranged between 9 and 60 µg/L. Strength (e.g., squat, bench press) was up to 13% lower in ID players in week 1, with no substantial differences between groups during week 10. There were marginal differences (ID: -1% to +3%) in performance for all the remaining measures between groups (e.g., 10-m sprint). Very weak to moderate correlations were observed between all the performance measures and fixed effects (e.g., sFer, other strength assessments), increasing to moderate to very strong correlations when accounting for random effects (athlete).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Iron deficiency may compromise strength performance, but this shortcoming may not translate to measures of power and speed. Individualized iron monitoring practices for athlete health and performance are encouraged.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eating Disorder Symptoms and Energy Deficiency Awareness in Adolescent Artistic Gymnasts: Evidence of a Knowledge Gap.","authors":"Anastasia Donti, Maria I Maraki, Maria Psychountaki, Olyvia Donti","doi":"10.3390/nu17101699","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Pressure to stay lean may lead adolescent athletes to dietary restraint and disordered eating. Lack of nutrition awareness can also contribute to suboptimal dietary habits, increasing the risk of eating disorders and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport [RED-S], though evidence in competitive athletes is limited. This study explored eating disorder symptoms and RED-S knowledge in adolescent artistic gymnasts. <b>Methods:</b> Eighty-four female artistic gymnasts, thirty-nine international and national level gymnasts [high-level; 14 [14, 15] y] and forty-five recreational and club level gymnasts [low-level; 14 [13, 15] y] completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire [EDE-Q 6.0], the RED-S knowledge Questionnaire and provided training details. <b>Results:</b> Seventeen gymnasts (20.2%) scored above the cutoff point on the EDE-Q. In addition, high-level gymnasts scored higher than low-level on EDE-Q [2.21 ± 1.37 (35.9%) vs. 1.19 ± 0.79 (6.7%), respectively; <i>p</i> < 0.001] and on its subscales: <i>Restraint, Eating Concerns, Weight Concerns,</i> and <i>Shape Concerns</i> [<i>p</i> < 0.001 to 0.009], thus indicating more severe disordered eating symptoms. No group differences were found in binge eating and compensatory behaviors. An important percentage of gymnasts reported at least one episode of binge eating and excessive training [39.3-58.3%], while four gymnasts reported self-induced vomiting. RED-S knowledge did not differ between groups. On average, gymnasts were unaware of correct answers related to RED-S [51.5%], its definitions [79.8-92.9%], and its association with menstrual disturbances and bone health [54.8-86.9%]. However, gymnasts reported better awareness of the impact of food restriction on illness and performance [47.6-84.5%]. <b>Conclusions:</b> Elite artistic gymnasts exhibited a higher prevalence of eating disorder symptoms than lower-level peers. Gymnasts at all levels demonstrated limited knowledge of the effects of RED-S on menstrual and bone health. Failure to recognize these risks may influence gymnasts' eating behaviors and delay RED-S detection and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Combined Macronutrient Diet on Amino Acids and Amines Plasma Levels.","authors":"Celia Chicharro, Patricia Romero-Marco, Luz M González, Laura González-Rodríguez, Laura Mateo-Vivaracho, Eva Guillamón, Francisco Miguel-Tobal, Fernando Bandrés, Guillermo Gervasini, Ana Fernández-Araque, Zoraida Verde","doi":"10.3390/nu17101694","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Nutritional biomarkers are essential for assessing the impact of dietary interventions on health. Amino Acids (AA) serve as potential biomarkers due to their role in metabolic pathways, although the influence of combining macronutrients on AA metabolism remains unclear. <b>Objective:</b> This study aims to evaluate the effects of combining macronutrients (fat, protein, and fiber) on AA metabolism. <b>Methods:</b> A dietary intervention was conducted with 41 participants who were assigned to two groups: the Protein Fat (PF) group and the Protein Fat and Fiber (PFF) group. AA concentration was measured using LC-MS/MS. <b>Results:</b> Our findings indicated that combining macronutrients reduced plasma levels of AA with statistically significant differences between the two diets (<i>p</i> < 0.05 for EAA and BCAA; <i>p</i> < 0,01 for NEAA and AAA). Metabolic profile analysis showed differences between the groups, especially at 55 days (55 D) (R2X: 0.749; R2Y: 0.589; Q2: 0.582, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and 98 days (98 D) (R2X: 0.886; R2Y: 0.7; Q2: 0.605, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Five metabolites (leucine, asparagine, alanine, cysteine, and creatine) were the most influential factors in group differentiation (VIP score), with values ranging between 1.04 and 1.75. <b>Conclusions:</b> The combination of macronutrients led to a significant reduction in plasma amino acids and amines in the PFF group, with recovery post-intervention. These findings highlight the possibility that these metabolites are related to different health statuses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Camel Milk-Derived Peptide LLPK Improves Glucose-Lipid Metabolism in <i>db</i>/<i>db</i> Mice via PPAR Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Binsong Han, Yuhui Ye, Cunzheng Zhang, Lina Zhang, Peng Zhou","doi":"10.3390/nu17101693","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Camel milk is considered to be an important source of bioactive peptides with potential anti-diabetic effects. However, the mechanism by which these active peptides exert their anti-diabetic effects is not clear. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the in vivo anti-diabetic effects of Leucine-Leucine-Proline-Lysine (LLPK), a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory peptide identified from the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion product of camel milk. <b>Methods</b>: A <i>db</i>/<i>db</i> diabetic mouse model was used, and LLPK was administered to mice at doses of 50 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW as a daily oral gavage for 30 days. The effects of LLPK on fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and serum lipid levels were monitored, and possible mechanisms of action were elucidated using proteomics. <b>Results</b>: The results demonstrated that LLPK significantly improved diabetic symptoms, including FBG, OGTT, ITT, and serum lipid levels in <i>db</i>/<i>db</i> diabetic mice. Furthermore, significantly increased levels of serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and reduced serum DPP-4 activity were observed in the LLPK-treated group compared to the control group. Hepatic proteomics indicated that LLPK improved glucose and lipid metabolism via the PPAR signaling pathway, where the key targets were Scd1, Acox1, Acaa1b, Slc27a1, Acsl1, and Ehhadh. <b>Conclusions</b>: In summary, this study provided new insights into the anti-diabetic mechanisms of camel milk and supported the development of camel milk-based anti-diabetic functional foods or nutraceuticals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Associations Between Maternal Anemia and Breastfeeding Practices on Infant Hemoglobin Levels in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.","authors":"Stephanie M Khoury, Najmeh Karimian-Marnani, Souliviengkham Sonephet, Günther Fink, Jordyn T Wallenborn","doi":"10.3390/nu17101703","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anemia is a chronic condition that disproportionately affects women and children. Anemia shows detrimental long-term impacts on maternal and child health and development, with the highest burden observed in low- and middle-income countries. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), anemia is prevalent in 39% of women of reproductive age, 47% of pregnant women, and 43% of children under five.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our study evaluates associations between maternal anemia at pregnancy and postpartum and infant hemoglobin (Hb) levels in early infancy. We further investigate the influence of breastfeeding practices on this association.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Social Transfers for Exclusive Breastfeeding ongoing randomized control trial (RCT) (<i>n</i> = 298) in Vientiane, Lao PDR, was used. Maternal and infant Hb levels were assessed during pregnancy and at one, six, and twelve months postpartum. We used generalized estimating equations (GEE) for repeated measures analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anemic mothers at pregnancy and postpartum saw a 1.89 g/L (adjusted 95% CI: -4.48 to 0.70, <i>p</i> = 0.15) and 3.25 g/L (adjusted 95% CI: -7.86 to 1.36, <i>p</i> = 0.17) decrease in infant Hb levels compared to non-anemic mothers. Among postpartum anemic mothers who followed the World Health Organization (WHO) breastfeeding recommendations, an increase of 7.87 g/L in infant Hb levels (adjusted 95% CI: -2.21 to 17.94, <i>p =</i> 0.13) was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A weak negative association was found between maternal anemia during pregnancy and the first year postpartum and infant Hb levels. However, among anemic mothers at postpartum, adhering to WHO breastfeeding recommendations may help to mitigate this impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting Immunity Through Nutrition and Gut Health: A Narrative Review on Managing Allergies and Multimorbidity.","authors":"Eleni Andreou, Christos Papaneophytou","doi":"10.3390/nu17101685","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing global burden of allergic diseases and multimorbidity underscores the urgent need for innovative strategies to strengthen immune health. This review explores the complex relationships among nutrition, gut microbiota, immune regulation, allergic diseases, and multimorbidity. It highlights how targeted nutritional and microbial interventions may influence disease outcomes. Dietary components and microbial metabolites dynamically modulated immune function, highlighting the critical role of the gut-immune-metabolism axis in disease pathogenesis and management. Personalized nutrition, guided by advances in diagnostics such as component-resolved diagnostics, basophil activation tests, and epigenetic biomarkers, allows for precise dietary interventions tailored to individual allergy phenotypes and multimorbidity profiles. The Mediterranean diet, breastfeeding, and microbiota-targeted therapies have emerged as effective strategies to enhance immune resilience, reduce inflammation, and manage allergic reactions. Technological advancements, including artificial intelligence-driven dietary assessments, wearable devices, and mobile applications, have further revolutionized personalized dietary management, enabling real-time, precise nutritional monitoring and intervention. Despite these advances, challenges in implementing personalized nutrition persist, including variability in dietary patterns, cultural and socioeconomic factors, and accessibility concerns. Future research should focus on long-term interventional and longitudinal studies to validate precision nutrition strategies and enhance clinical applicability. This integrative approach, combining nutrition, microbiome science, technology, and personalized healthcare, holds substantial promises for sustainable disease prevention and enhanced immune resilience across diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Time-Restricted Eating as an Intermittent Fasting Approach on Shift Workers' Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Jia Ying Jennell Koh, Celine Yu Han Tan, Meng Li, Mei Hui Liu, Han Shi Jocelyn Chew","doi":"10.3390/nu17101689","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Shift workers face higher risks of impaired glucose metabolism due to irregular eating habits and circadian misalignment. Time-restricted eating (TRE) could improve glucose metabolism by aligning food intake with the circadian clock, but its effectiveness remains unclear. <b>Methods</b>: Ten electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Science.gov, and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched from journal inception to September 2024. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving shift workers were included. Meta-analyses with sensitivity analyses were conducted using a random-effects model to pool glucose metabolism and sleep outcomes, with heterogeneity and quality assessments performed. <b>Results</b>: Six RCTs were included. TRE demonstrated positive but non-significant effects on glucose metabolism outcomes: fasting blood glucose (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -0.02 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.13 to 0.10, <i>I</i>² = 0%), fasting blood insulin (WMD: -5.77 pmol/L, 95% CI: -85.62 to 74.08, <i>I</i>² = 92%), HOMA-IR (WMD: -0.50, 95% CI: -2.76 to 1.76, <i>I</i>² = 82%), 2 h postprandial glucose (WMD: -0.65 mmol/L, 95% CI: -3.18 to 1.89, <i>I</i>² = 86%), total sleep time (<i>g</i> = 0.07, 95% CI: -0.23 to 0.37, <i>I</i>² = 0%), and sleep efficiency (<i>g</i> = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.63 to 0.53, <i>I</i>² = 62%). Sensitivity analyses yielded similar findings, and overall certainty of evidence was rated 'very low'. <b>Conclusions</b>: While TRE shows potential for improving the glucose metabolism in shift workers, current evidence remains inconclusive due to small sample sizes and study limitations. Future research should prioritize well-powered TRE RCTs in shift workers that adhere to a 6-10 h eating window. Incorporating early-TRE schedules with sleep hygiene may optimize metabolic outcomes, with circadian biomarkers analyzed to better elucidate the mechanistic pathway implicated.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Insulinogenic Amino Acid Restriction Improves Glucose Metabolism in a Neonatal Piglet Model.","authors":"Matthew W Gorton, Parniyan Goodarzi, Xia Lei, Michael Anderson, Mohammad Habibi, Nedra Wilson, Adel Pezeshki","doi":"10.3390/nu17101675","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Dietary consumption of insulinogenic amino acids (IAA) is known to contribute to the development of insulin resistance. It remains to be studied whether dietary IAA restriction improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and whether this improvement is related to alterations in glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of IAA restriction on glucose metabolism in a piglet model. <b>Methods:</b> Following the acclimation period, thirty-two seven-day-old male piglets were randomly assigned into one of three groups for three weeks as follows (<i>n</i> = 10-11/group): (1) NR (control): basal diet without IAA restriction; (2) R50: basal diet with IAA restricted by 50%; (3) R75: basal diet with IAA restricted by 75%. IAA were alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), phenylalanine (Phe), and valine (Val) as suggested by previous studies. Thermal images, body weight, and growth parameters were recorded weekly, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on week 2 of the study, and blood and tissue samples were collected on week 3 after a meal test. <b>Results:</b> R75 improved glucose tolerance and, together with R50, reduced blood insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value, which is suggestive of improved insulin sensitivity following IAA restriction. R75 increased thermal radiation and decreased adipocyte number in white adipose tissue (WAT). R75 had a greater transcript of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), phosphofructokinase, liver type (PFKL), and pyruvate kinase, liver, and RBC (PKLR) in the liver and glucokinase (GCK) in WAT indicating a higher uptake of glucose in the liver and greater glycolysis in both liver and WAT. R75 increased the mRNA abundance of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and protein kinase B (AKT1) in skeletal muscle suggestive of enhanced insulin signaling. Further, R75 had a higher mRNA of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) in both the liver and hypothalamus and its upstream molecules such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) which may contribute to increased energy expenditure and improved glucose tolerance during IAA restriction. <b>Conclusions:</b> IAA restriction improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in piglets while not reducing body weight, likely through improved hepatic glycolysis and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and induced FGF-21 signaling in both the liver and hypothalamus.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12114165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3,3'-Diindolylmethane Ameliorates Metabolism Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via AhR/p38 MAPK Signaling.","authors":"Jiewen Su, Heng Fang, Yunfeng Lin, Yilu Yao, Yanxi Liu, Yuquan Zhong, Xudong Li, Siyu Sun, Bing Huang, Guangyu Yang, Wenxue Li, Yan Zhang, Juntao Li, Jinyin Wu, Weiwen Liu, Qiansheng Hu, Wei Zhu","doi":"10.3390/nu17101681","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17101681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic hepatic condition marked by lipid buildup, lipotoxicity, and inflammation. Prior research indicates that 3,3'-Diindolemethane (DIM), a natural indole-type phytochemical that is abundant in brassicaceae vegetables, has been reported to reduce body weight and improve lipid metabolism in mice subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a nuclear receptor implicated in lipid metabolism and immune regulation, serves as a functional receptor for DIM. However, the underlying signaling pathways that regulate MAFLD remain elusive. Our objective is to ascertain the beneficial impact of DIM on MAFLD and the associated mechanisms. <b>Methods</b>: Hematoxylin and eosin staining, together with Oil Red O staining, were utilized to assess the pathological changes and lipid deposition in the liver. Biochemical analysis was employed to measure levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid (FFA), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The cell survival rate of HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) and DIM was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the fluorescence intensity emitted by lipid droplets within cells. Western blotting analysis was performed to assess AhR pathway and fatty acid transporter expression levels in hepatic tissue. <b>Results</b>: Our results showed that DIM significantly attenuated body weight gain and hepatic injury brought on by HFD, decreased lipid droplet accumulation in HepG2 cells, and effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the protein expression levels of fatty acid transporters CD36 and FATP4. <b>Conclusions</b>: DIM reduced lipid accumulation by activating AhR and suppressing p38 MAPK phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting fatty acid transport and inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that DIM may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for MAFLD, warranting further exploration for clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12113855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}