Nutrients最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetylcysteine in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Isabel Viña, Juan R Viña, Macarena Carranza, Gonzalo Mariscal","doi":"10.3390/nu17020284","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age and requires better treatment. <i>N</i>-acetylcysteine (NAC) is known to be beneficial under such conditions owing to its antioxidant potential and insulin-sensitizing properties. The effect of NAC on the reproductive outcomes of PCOS patients was examined in this meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In accordance with PRISMA standards, this meta-analysis included studies that compared <i>N</i>-acetylcysteine, metformin, clomiphene citrate, and a placebo in patients with POCS. The main indicators were follicular growth, endometrial thickness, and hormone level. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane ROB2 tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two studies (<i>n</i> = 2515) were included. NAC was associated with a statistically significant increase in progesterone (SMD 0.95, 95% CI: 0.13-1.77, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and endometrial thickness (SMD 0.58, 95% CI: 0.10-1.06, <i>p</i> = 0.02) compared to the placebo and other drugs (SMD 0.71, 95% CI: 0.48-0.94, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). LH levels were significantly increased by NAC compared to metformin (SMD 0.67, 95% CI: 0.23-1.12, <i>p</i> = 0.003). However, no significant differences were observed in the estradiol, SHBG, or FSH levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NAC had a major effect on progesterone, endometrial thickness, and LH levels in women with PCOS. Therefore, it may be a potential treatment option.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies.","authors":"Nader Zalaquett, Irene Lidoriki, Maria Lampou, Jad Saab, Kishor Hadkhale, Costas Christophi, Stefanos N Kales","doi":"10.3390/nu17020287","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most common cancer worldwide, with rising incidence rates and significant mortality. While tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and viral infections are established risk factors, the role of dietary patterns, particularly adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), in HNC prevention has gained increasing attention. The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the association between adherence to the MD and the risk of HNC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines, to identify relevant studies published up to January 2024 that assessed the association between MD adherence and HNC risk in adults. Pooled odds ratios (OR) for a three-unit increase in MD adherence scores and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven case-control studies comprising 6106 HNC cases and 9166 controls met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. High adherence to the MD was significantly associated with a reduced risk of HNC (pooled OR = 0.561, 95% CI: 0.368-0.856, <i>p</i> = 0.007, I² = 92%). Individual component analyses from three studies revealed that higher fruit and vegetable consumption significantly decreased HNC risk, whereas legumes, fish, and low meat intake showed no statistically significant associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with a significantly reduced risk of head and neck cancer. These findings support the role of the MD in cancer prevention and highlight the potential benefits of MD adherence in reducing HNC risk. Further prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11767401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Mulberry Fruit Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Male Reproductive Dysfunction: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Kannika Adthapanyawanich, Kanyakorn Aitsarangkun Na Ayutthaya, Siriporn Kreungnium, Peter J Mark, Hiroki Nakata, Wai Chen, Kroekkiat Chinda, Patcharada Amatyakul, Yutthapong Tongpob","doi":"10.3390/nu17020273","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity represents a significant challenge to male reproductive health, affecting approximately 13% of the global adult population. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence regarding mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i> L.) fruit extract's therapeutic potential for HFD-induced male reproductive dysfunction. Through comprehensive analysis of the peer-reviewed literature from multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar; 2005-2024), we evaluated mulberry extract's effects on testicular morphology, spermatogenesis, sperm parameters, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Mechanistic studies reveal that standardized mulberry extract mediates protective effects through multiple pathways: enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD: +45%, Catalase: +38%, GPx: +35%), reduced inflammatory markers (TNF-α: -64%, IL-6: -58%), and modulated NF-κB signaling (-42.3%). These effects are facilitated by mulberry's rich phytochemical profile, particularly anthocyanins (2.92-5.35 mg/g dry weight) and polyphenols (4.23-6.38 mg/g). The extract demonstrates particular efficacy in preserving seminiferous tubule integrity and maintaining blood-testis barrier function, with treated groups maintaining up to 85% of normal tubular architecture compared to HFD controls. Key molecular mechanisms include AMPK/SIRT1 pathway activation (2.3-fold increase), enhanced mitochondrial function (67% increase in mtDNA copy number), and epigenetic regulation of metabolic pathways. Temporal analysis indicates optimal therapeutic effects after 28 days of treatment, with initial improvements observable within 14 days. While current evidence is promising, limitations include predominant reliance on rodent models and lack of standardized extraction protocols. Future research priorities include well-designed human clinical trials, standardization of preparation methods, and investigation of potential synergistic effects with other therapeutic agents. This comprehensive review indicates that mulberry extract is a promising therapeutic candidate for obesity-related male infertility, warranting further clinical investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11767445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-Death Quality of Life in Cancer Patients on Home Parenteral Nutrition.","authors":"Paolo Cotogni, Luca De Carli","doi":"10.3390/nu17020271","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The impact of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) on the quality of life (QoL) of cancer patients has been previously investigated. However, scarce data are available regarding near-death QoL in patients with cancer receiving HPN. This study aims to investigate the changes of QoL in these patients in the last two months before death. <b>Methods:</b> This is a secondary analysis of a previous, prospective, longitudinal, observational study. QoL was assessed using the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. <b>Results:</b> Eighty-four adult cancer patients who died on HPN and had filled out the questionnaire between 31 and 60 days (M2) and within 30 days prior (M1) to death were included in this analysis. The questionnaires filled out at M2 and M1 were compared with those filled out by the same patients at HPN start (T0). At M2, there was a significant improvement in both the global QoL and symptoms scales (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and <i>p</i> < 0.033, respectively), while at M1, a significant improvement in the global QoL scale persisted (<i>p</i> < 0.035) compared with T0. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our study first reports that HPN, if started early and according to European guidelines, is associated with an improvement in the QoL of patients with cancer even in the last two months before death.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11767650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nrf2 Activation as a Therapeutic Target for Flavonoids in Aging-Related Osteoporosis.","authors":"Samia S Messeha, Fidara F Fidudusola, Sherif Gendy, Lekan M Latinwo, Caroline O Odewumi, Karam F A Soliman","doi":"10.3390/nu17020267","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological aging is a substantial change that leads to different diseases, including osteoporosis (OP), a condition involved in loss of bone density, deterioration of bone structure, and increased fracture risk. In old people, there is a natural decline in bone mineral density (BMD), exacerbated by hormonal changes, particularly during menopause, and it continues in the early postmenopausal years. During this transition time, hormonal alterations are linked to elevated oxidative stress (OS) and decreased antioxidant defenses, leading to a significant increase in OP. Aging is significantly associated with an abnormal ratio of oxidant/antioxidant and modified nuclear factor erythroid-derived two related factor2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway. OS adversely affects bone health by promoting osteoclastic (bone resorbing) activity and impairing osteoblastic (bone-forming cells). Nrf2 is critical in controlling OS and various cellular processes. The expression of Nrf2 is linked to multiple age-related diseases, including OP, and Nrf2 deficiency leads to unbalanced bone formation/resorption and a consequent decline in bone mass. Various drugs are available for treating OP; however, long-term uses of these medicines are implicated in diverse illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular, and stroke. At the same time, multiple categories of natural products, in particular flavonoids, were proposed as safe alternatives with antioxidant activity and substantial anti-osteoporotic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11767473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Protein Intake on Cognitive Function in Chinese Older Adults: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study.","authors":"Ting Zheng, Xiao Zheng, Shujuan Xiao, Benli Xue, Chengyu Chen, Yuyang Li, Xiyan Li, Chichen Zhang","doi":"10.3390/nu17020272","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As the global population ages, there is an increasing prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Protecting and preserving cognitive function in older adults has become a critical public health concern.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized data from four phases of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey conducted from 2008 to 2018, encompassing a total of 2454 participants. Latent growth curve modeling was employed to analyze the trajectory and role of protein intake frequency and cognitive function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The frequency of protein intake among older adults tends to rise, with individuals exhibiting higher initial levels experiencing smaller subsequent increases. Conversely, cognitive function generally declines, with those starting at higher levels experiencing more pronounced decreases. Notably, the initial frequency of protein intake is positively correlated with the initial level of cognitive function (<i>β</i> = 0.227, 95% CI: 0.156 to 0.299, <i>p</i> < 0.001), but does not significantly influence the rate of change in cognitive function (<i>β</i> = -0.030, 95% CI: -0.068 to 0.009, <i>p</i> = 0.128). The rate of change in protein intake frequency is positively associated with the rate of change in cognitive function (<i>β</i> = 0.152, 95% CI: 0.023 to 0.280, <i>p</i> = 0.020).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The alterations in protein intake frequency are linked to alterations in cognitive function among older adults. Maintaining a stable high frequency of protein intake or increasing the frequency of protein intake may contribute to stabilizing cognitive function as well as reducing the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143039473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional Status and Nutritional Support in Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases.","authors":"Beata Jabłońska","doi":"10.3390/nu17020270","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal diseases include a wide spectrum of functional and structural disorders of the alimentary system, involving hepatic, bile duct, and pancreatic diseases [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11767507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Role of Dietary Polyphenols in the Management and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Monika Martiniakova, Anna Sarocka, Noemi Penzes, Roman Biro, Veronika Kovacova, Vladimira Mondockova, Aneta Sevcikova, Sona Ciernikova, Radoslav Omelka","doi":"10.3390/nu17020275","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a serious metabolic disorder, is a worldwide health problem due to the alarming rise in prevalence and elevated morbidity and mortality. Chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and ineffective insulin effect and secretion are hallmarks of T2DM, leading to many serious secondary complications. These include, in particular, cardiovascular disorders, diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy, diabetic foot, osteoporosis, liver damage, susceptibility to infections and some cancers. Polyphenols such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, tannins, and lignans constitute an extensive and heterogeneous group of phytochemicals in fresh fruits, vegetables and their products. Various in vitro studies, animal model studies and available clinical trials revealed that flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, epicatechin, genistein, daidzein, anthocyanins), phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic, gallic acids, curcumin), stilbenes (e.g., resveratrol), tannins (e.g., procyanidin B2, seaweed phlorotannins), lignans (e.g., pinoresinol) have the ability to lower hyperglycemia, enhance insulin sensitivity and improve insulin secretion, scavenge reactive oxygen species, reduce chronic inflammation, modulate gut microbiota, and alleviate secondary complications of T2DM. The interaction between polyphenols and conventional antidiabetic drugs offers a promising strategy in the management and treatment of T2DM, especially in advanced disease stages. Synergistic effects of polyphenols with antidiabetic drugs have been documented, but also antagonistic interactions that may impair drug efficacy. Therefore, additional research is required to clarify mutual interactions in order to use the knowledge in clinical applications. Nevertheless, dietary polyphenols can be successfully applied as part of supportive treatment for T2DM, as they reduce both obvious clinical symptoms and secondary complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11767469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143039188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyphenolic Hispolon Derived from Medicinal Mushrooms of the <i>Inonotus</i> and <i>Phellinus</i> Genera Promotes Wound Healing in Hyperglycemia-Induced Impairments.","authors":"Yi-Shan Liu, Mei-Chou Lai, Yu-Cheng Tzeng, I-Min Liu","doi":"10.3390/nu17020266","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: This study investigated the wound-healing potential of hispolon, a polyphenolic pigment derived from medicinal mushrooms, under diabetic conditions using both in vitro and in vivo models. <b>Methods</b>: In the in vitro assays, L929 fibroblast cells exposed to high glucose (33 mmol/L) were treated with hispolon at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5, or 10 μmol/L. In the in vivo assays, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with excision wounds received daily topical applications of 0.2 g of 5% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) hispolon ointment. <b>Results</b>: Hispolon improved cell viability; suppressed oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative DNA damage; and restored the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. The scratch assay demonstrated that hispolon at 10 μmol/L enhanced fibroblast migration impaired by high-glucose conditions. Treatment with 5% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) hispolon ointment accelerated wound contraction, reduced the epithelialization time, and enhanced tissue regeneration with an efficacy comparable to that of Fespixon^® cream, as shown by histological findings of increased fibroblast activity, collagen deposition, and capillary growth. Hispolon ointment also modulated macrophage polarization in diabetic wounds by reducing M1 markers and enhancing M2 markers. In a diabetic rat dead-space-wound model, 5% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) hispolon ointment reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased those of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, and stimulated Type I and III collagen synthesis, effectively promoting wound healing. In incisional wounds, hispolon ointment improved the wound-breaking strength, showing results comparable to that of Fespixon^® cream. Safety assessments confirmed that hispolon ointment showed no acute dermal toxicity. These findings underscore hispolon's potential as a promising candidate for diabetic wound management by mitigating oxidative stress, enhancing tissue regeneration, and accelerating wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11767296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Maternal Macronutrient Intake on Large for Gestational Age Neonates' Risk Among Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results from the Greek BORN2020 Cohort.","authors":"Antonios Siargkas, Antigoni Tranidou, Emmanuela Magriplis, Ioannis Tsakiridis, Aikaterini Apostolopoulou, Theodoros Xenidis, Nikolaos Pazaras, Michail Chourdakis, Themistoklis Dagklis","doi":"10.3390/nu17020269","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu17020269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The effect of maternal macronutrient composition on the risk of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate these associations in a pregnant cohort in Northern Greece, considering both pre-pregnancy and early pregnancy dietary intake, and stratifying women by pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From a total of 797 eligible pregnant women, the 117 (14.7%) who developed GDM (and thus were included in the study) completed the validated Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs). Macronutrient intake was assessed for the six months before pregnancy and until mid-gestation, prior to the oral glucose tolerance test. Data were compared with European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidelines, and participants were stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI (normal vs. overweight/obese). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for LGA risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In normal-BMI women with GDM, higher dietary fiber (aOR = 1.39) and vegetable protein (aOR = 1.61) intake before pregnancy were both significantly associated with an increased risk of LGA. During early pregnancy, the elevated risk from vegetable protein persisted (aOR = 1.51). Among overweight/obese women, no significant pre-pregnancy associations were observed. However, during early pregnancy, a higher percentage of total carbohydrate intake was linked to increased LGA risk (aOR = 1.11), while maintaining saturated fatty acids \"as low as possible\" reduced the odds of LGA (aOR = 0.71). Elevated vegetable protein intake also increased LGA risk (aOR = 1.61).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Maternal macronutrient intake prior to and during early pregnancy may influence LGA risk in GDM, with distinct patterns according to pre-pregnancy BMI. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring dietary recommendations-especially regarding fiber, vegetable protein, carbohydrates, and saturated fat-to mitigate the risk of LGA in women with GDM.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11767984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}