Nutrition reviews最新文献

{"title":"Dietary Acid Load and the Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.","authors":"Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, Sara Shojaei-Zarghani, Elham Sharifi-Zahabi, Nastaran Najafi, Mohammad Reza Pashaei","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Various dietary patterns have different dietary acid loads (DALs) and may affect the body's acidity, initiate compensatory mechanisms, cause chronic low-grade metabolic acidosis over time, and thereby lead to the development of metabolic alterations.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this systematic review and meta-analysis we focused on the association between DAL, as measured by the potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP), and mortality risk.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>The protocol for this review was registered in the PROSPERO database under registration number CRD42024570100. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched to find relevant studies published up to March 2024.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>The full texts of the obtained articles were screened by 2 researchers to identify eligible studies. Then, all necessary information was drawn independently by one author according to an arranged screening form.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>Six observational studies were included in this meta-analysis. Risk estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. A positive association was observed between the PRAL score and all-cause mortality, with non-significant heterogeneity (odds ratio [OR] per 10 mEq/d increase = 1.03, 95% CI, 1.01-1.05, P = .002, I2 = 48.4%). The NEAP score had no significant association with all-cause mortality, and there was substantial heterogeneity between studies (OR per 10 mEq/d increase = 1.00, 95% CI, 0.96, 1.05, P = .834, I2 = 66.6%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results support the positive association between DAL and all-cause mortality risk, such that per 10 mEq/d increment in PRAL score, the risk of mortality increased up to 3%. Well-designed interventional studies are warranted to verify this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Milk Protein Supplementation on Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Shooka Mohammadi, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Mahya Beyki, Narges Kouhi Sough, Navid Alaghemand, Niusha Amirani, Hossein Salehi Omran, Sina Dolatshahi, Omid Asbaghi","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>It has been proposed that supplementation with milk protein (MP) may ameliorate lipid profiles, lower blood pressure (BP), reduce oxidative stress (OS), and regulate liver enzyme levels to prevent cardiovascular disease.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the impacts of casein protein, whey protein, and MP supplementation on lipid profiles, BP, OS, and liver enzymes in adults.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>A systematic search strategy was developed to determine relevant RCTs published up to September 2024 among several databases (Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus).</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>The extracted data comprised a range of trial characteristics, including the study design, sample size, demographic data of participants, trial duration, pre- and post-assessments of the outcomes, and the dosage of MP supplements.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to determine the effects of MP supplementation on the measured outcomes. Heterogeneity across the trials was evaluated using the I2 statistic and Cochran's Q tests. The pooled analysis of 65 RCTs revealed that MP supplementation significantly reduced levels of total cholesterol (TC) (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -4.03 mg/dL; 95% CI: -7.91, -0.16; P = .042), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -1.99 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.16, -0.82; P < .001), and triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -6.11 mg/dL; 95% CI: -9.78, -2.44; P = .001) in the MP group compared with the untreated group. However, there were no statistically substantial impacts on diastolic blood pressure, serum levels of glutathione, nitric oxide, apolipoprotein (Apo) A, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, Apo B, alanine transaminase, malondialdehyde, aspartate transaminase, and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Supplementation with MP may have hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects, as indicated by reductions in SBP, TG, and TC.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024621220.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise Combined With a Low-Calorie Diet Versus Diet Alone on Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Sepideh Soltani, Zeinab Yazdanpanah, Elham Razmpoosh, Azam Ahmadi Vasmehjani, Kimia Rostampour, Mahshid Lotfi, Mojtaba Kaviani, Scott C Forbes, Julien Steven Baker, Amin Salehi-Abargouei","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Individual studies examining the combined effects of exercise and a low-calorie diet on cardiometabolic factors have yielded inconsistent results.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials we aimed to determine whether adding exercise to a low-calorie diet has impacts on glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases from their inception to August 2024 to identify trials comparing the effects of exercise plus diet versus a low-calorie diet on cardiometabolic factors in adults with overweight and obesity.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Six reviewers independently performed title/abstract screening, data extraction, and quality assessment in duplicate. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models to calculate summary estimates.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>Ninety-seven eligible studies were included. Our findings demonstrated that incorporating exercise into a weight-loss diet significantly improved serum glucose, insulin levels, homeostatic model of insulin resistance, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to diet alone. The analysis results highlighted the primary association of these benefits with aerobic exercise, rather than resistance training or combined aerobic and resistance exercises. Most improvements in cardiovascular risk factors were observed in supervised, high-intensity exercise programs, particularly cycling. The combination of aerobic exercise and a weight-loss diet was especially effective for metabolically healthy obese individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The moderate to low certainty of evidence found in this review suggests that to mitigate metabolic risk in individuals with overweight or obesity, dietary intervention combined with high-intensity aerobic exercise, particularly cycling, may offer greater benefits than resistance training.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020173434.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the Impact of Dietary Patterns on the Gut Microbiota - Inflammation Axis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Ke Liu, Zi-Shan Jin, Pei Zhang, Bo-Xun Zhang, Yu Bai, Wen-Ke Liu, Xiang-Kun Meng, Jie Tang, Xiao-Tong Yu","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The close relationship between the intestinal microbiota and chronic inflammation is well recognized. This relationship can regulate the inflammatory response through a variety of mediators or metabolites and is considered a key factor in metabolic disorders. Several clinical studies have confirmed that some dietary patterns can affect the intestinal microbiota, thereby improving metabolic indicators. However, the ways in which those dietary pattern interventions affect the \"gut microbiota - inflammation\" axis has not been fully clarified. This review summarizes the findings of all the currently available clinical trials and animal experiments in which interventions involving human dietary patterns or distinct dietary combinations have been used in type 2 diabetes to elucidate their effects on the intestinal microbiota (including the structure of the microbiota or intestinal microbiota metabolism), inflammation-related indicators, and disease status. From the perspective of the \"gut microbiota - inflammation\" axis, this review clarifies some common mechanisms through which various dietary patterns exert their effects and synthesizes conclusions, thereby providing more reasonable and precise dietary recommendations for clinical patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Integrating Social and Behavior Change Communication Strategies in Nutrition-Sensitive Social-Protection Programs on Specific Nutritional Outcomes: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Kashif Shafique, Zaeema Ahmer, Sohel Reza Choudhury, Nilofer Fatimi Safdar, Syed Mahbubul Alam, Anthony J Wenndt, Hameedullah Khan Babar, Tannaza Sadaf, Moniruzzaman Bipul, Tahir Turk","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Achieving adequate nutrition for vulnerable populations is central to the second Sustainable Development Goal. Nutrition-sensitive social-protection programs combined with social and behavior change communication (SBCC) interventions can support this goal, particularly in developing countries. However, systematic evidence on the impact of integrating SBCC strategies into these programs is limited, especially concerning anthropometric outcomes, dietary diversity, food consumption, and food security.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review aimed to assess the importance of integrating SBCC interventions into nutrition-sensitive social-protection programs for optimal nutritional outcomes.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched for original research articles before December 2024.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>A total of 15 publications, involving data from multiple households, mothers, and children, were identified. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>The review included 7 randomized controlled trials, 5 cluster-randomized trials, and 3 descriptive studies. Most studies demonstrated significant improvements in maternal and child dietary diversity, household food consumption, and minimum meal frequencies. Knowledge and practices around exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding also improved substantially. Among children, stunting, wasting, and underweight prevalence decreased significantly, with effect sizes indicating meaningful public health impacts. However, the sustainability of these outcomes depended on the follow-up duration. Notably, none of the included studies exhibited a high risk of bias, reinforcing the reliability of the findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Integrating SBCC into nutrition-sensitive social-protection programs is effective in achieving clinically significant nutritional outcomes for vulnerable populations. While the findings suggest sustained benefits, further research is needed to determine optimal entry points, effective messaging, advocacy strategies, and communication channels. This is particularly critical for lower-and middle-income countries, where malnutrition remains a critical challenge.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023452510.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gluten-Free Diet in the Context of Food and Nutrition Security, Food Safety, and Sustainability.","authors":"Renata Puppin Zandonadi, Bernardo Romão","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only safe treatment for people with gluten-related disorders (GRDs). However, adherence to a GFD is challenging in different interconnected aspects related to food security, safety, and sustainability. These obstacles are critically contextualized in this review. In general, a GFD may increase the risk of food and nutritional insecurity, especially in populations with lower educational levels and purchasing power. Furthermore, avoiding cross-contact with foods containing gluten is challenging, reducing the options available for consumption and increasing fear and hypervigilance among individuals. The literature also reports gluten-free foods and inputs contaminated with heavy metals such as arsenic, mercury, and mycotoxins, and they may have shortened shelf life. More studies within the scope of sustainability and more actions by the food industry, society, researchers, government, and consumer advocacy groups are needed to improve the food safety, security, and sustainability aspects of the GFD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Protocols to Promote and Improve Restful Sleep: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Federica Conti","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans spend approximately one third of their life asleep but, as counterintuitive as it may sound, sleep is far from being a quiet state of inactivity. Sleep provides the opportunity to perform numerous biological and physiological functions that are essential to health and wellbeing, including memory consolidation, physical recovery, immunoregulation, and emotional processing. Yet, sleep deprivation, chronic sleep restriction, and various types of sleep disorders are all too common in modern society. Failure to meet the recommended 7-9 hours of restful sleep per night is known to increase the risk of several health conditions, reason why regular and adequate sleep should be seen as a priority instead of an unnecessary commodity easily traded as required by the commitments of our busy lives. While both the quantity and the quality of sleep can be largely improved with relatively straightforward practices dictated by good sleep hygiene, emerging research suggests that dietary and supplementation protocols focused on certain foods, nutrients, and biochemical compounds with sleep-promoting properties can act as subsidiary sleep aids in complementing these behavioral changes. The scope of this narrative review is to summarize the available evidence on the potential benefits of selected nutraceuticals in the context of circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances, namely melatonin, magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit, apigenin, valerian root, L-theanine, glycine, ashwagandha, myoinositol, Rhodiola rosea, and phosphatidylserine. A comprehensive recapitulation of the relevant literature is provided, alongside corresponding evidence-based nutritional protocols to promote and improve restful sleep.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of a Vegan Diet on Child Health and Development: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Elizabeth Brits, Esmé le Grange","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, more people have adopted plant-based diets for health, environmental and ethical reasons. These diets offer significant health benefits for adults, including reduced chronic disease risk. However, research on plant-based diets for children is limited and often focuses on the risks of poorly planned diets. The lack of comprehensive studies leads to inconsistent recommendations for vegan (VN) diets in children, underscoring the need for a synthesized knowledge base to guide future research and clinical practice. This review aimed to analyze existing literature on the impact of a VN diet on children's health and development, identify knowledge gaps, and outline clinical and research recommendations. A systematic search across databases with key words was conducted to identify relevant articles on VN diets in pediatrics. Screening of 128 articles yielded 27 studies that remained after removing duplicates and irrelevant studies. The studies were primarily from Europe, especially the United Kingdom and Italy, and used cross-sectional designs, limiting causal conclusions and long-term impact assessments. Small sample sizes and self-reported data introduced biases and affected accuracy. The review emphasized the need for careful planning and supplementing VN diets to prevent nutrient deficiencies in children. Further research is needed to optimize VN diets, improve public health guidance and support healthcare professionals. Vegan diets can support healthy growth in children but require careful planning to prevent deficiencies. Healthcare professionals should be equipped to support families choosing VN diets for their children.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the Link: Exploring the Association Between Food Selectivity and Health Outcome in Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Systematic Review.","authors":"Maria Vittoria Conti, Chiara Breda, Sara Basilico, Stefania Ruggeri, Maria Luisa Scalvedi, Hellas Cena","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face behavioral challenges during meals, such as food refusal and restricted food consumption, which encompass the concept of food selectivity (FS). The exclusion of food groups such as fruits and vegetables and preferences toward ultraprocessed foods, therefore, can expose this population to an increased risk of developing different types of malnutrition, such as overweight, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this systematic review was to assess if FS is a risk factor for poor health outcomes in individuals with ASD, based on findings in the literature published between 2012 and 2023.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane) were searched for relevant articles. The search was conducted in May 2023.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A checklist was used for data extraction, including descriptive information, study design, study aim, participant information, data collection characteristics, and significant findings. A total of 15 articles were included.</p><p><strong>Data synthesis: </strong>Individuals with ASD and with FS appear to have inadequate weight (particularly conditions of overweight and obesity), increased waist circumference, elevated waist-to-height ratio index, and insufficient nutritional intake, all of which increase their susceptibility to malnutrition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Food selectivity, common in this population, increases the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, gastrointestinal issues, eating disorders, hypertriglyceridemia, overweight, and obesity. However, outcomes vary due to differences in assessment tools and definitions of FS across studies. The lack of standardized methods for evaluating FS complicates the ability to draw consistent conclusions, emphasizing the need for ASD-specific validated tools. Future research should focus on standardizing assessments and exploring long-term health effects and interventions.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration No. CRD42023435018.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sebum Secretion: The Missing Chain in the Pathogenesis of Obesity.","authors":"Jalal Hejazi","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Every day, a significant amount of fat is excreted through the skin in the form of sebum. However, this significant calorie loss, which may amount to up to 500 kcal/day in individuals with greasy skin, has often been disregarded in obesity studies. The most important theoretical models of the pathogenesis of obesity, the Energy Balance Model and the Carbohydrate-Insulin Model, need to be re-evaluated taking this into account, and \"energy loss through the skin\" should be included in the energy-balance equation. This overlooked pathway might partially explain discrepancies in energy balance measurements. Factors affecting sebum production may also affect weight; however, this requires further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144111322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}