Nutrition reviews最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Integrating Social and Behavior Change Communication Strategies in Nutrition-Sensitive Social-Protection Programs on Specific Nutritional Outcomes: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Kashif Shafique, Zaeema Ahmer, Sohel Reza Choudhury, Nilofer Fatimi Safdar, Syed Mahbubul Alam, Anthony J Wenndt, Hameedullah Khan Babar, Tannaza Sadaf, Moniruzzaman Bipul, Tahir Turk","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Achieving adequate nutrition for vulnerable populations is central to the second Sustainable Development Goal. Nutrition-sensitive social-protection programs combined with social and behavior change communication (SBCC) interventions can support this goal, particularly in developing countries. However, systematic evidence on the impact of integrating SBCC strategies into these programs is limited, especially concerning anthropometric outcomes, dietary diversity, food consumption, and food security.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review aimed to assess the importance of integrating SBCC interventions into nutrition-sensitive social-protection programs for optimal nutritional outcomes.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched for original research articles before December 2024.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>A total of 15 publications, involving data from multiple households, mothers, and children, were identified. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>The review included 7 randomized controlled trials, 5 cluster-randomized trials, and 3 descriptive studies. Most studies demonstrated significant improvements in maternal and child dietary diversity, household food consumption, and minimum meal frequencies. Knowledge and practices around exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding also improved substantially. Among children, stunting, wasting, and underweight prevalence decreased significantly, with effect sizes indicating meaningful public health impacts. However, the sustainability of these outcomes depended on the follow-up duration. Notably, none of the included studies exhibited a high risk of bias, reinforcing the reliability of the findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Integrating SBCC into nutrition-sensitive social-protection programs is effective in achieving clinically significant nutritional outcomes for vulnerable populations. While the findings suggest sustained benefits, further research is needed to determine optimal entry points, effective messaging, advocacy strategies, and communication channels. This is particularly critical for lower-and middle-income countries, where malnutrition remains a critical challenge.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023452510.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gluten-Free Diet in the Context of Food and Nutrition Security, Food Safety, and Sustainability.","authors":"Renata Puppin Zandonadi, Bernardo Romão","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only safe treatment for people with gluten-related disorders (GRDs). However, adherence to a GFD is challenging in different interconnected aspects related to food security, safety, and sustainability. These obstacles are critically contextualized in this review. In general, a GFD may increase the risk of food and nutritional insecurity, especially in populations with lower educational levels and purchasing power. Furthermore, avoiding cross-contact with foods containing gluten is challenging, reducing the options available for consumption and increasing fear and hypervigilance among individuals. The literature also reports gluten-free foods and inputs contaminated with heavy metals such as arsenic, mercury, and mycotoxins, and they may have shortened shelf life. More studies within the scope of sustainability and more actions by the food industry, society, researchers, government, and consumer advocacy groups are needed to improve the food safety, security, and sustainability aspects of the GFD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144160619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Protocols to Promote and Improve Restful Sleep: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Federica Conti","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans spend approximately one third of their life asleep but, as counterintuitive as it may sound, sleep is far from being a quiet state of inactivity. Sleep provides the opportunity to perform numerous biological and physiological functions that are essential to health and wellbeing, including memory consolidation, physical recovery, immunoregulation, and emotional processing. Yet, sleep deprivation, chronic sleep restriction, and various types of sleep disorders are all too common in modern society. Failure to meet the recommended 7-9 hours of restful sleep per night is known to increase the risk of several health conditions, reason why regular and adequate sleep should be seen as a priority instead of an unnecessary commodity easily traded as required by the commitments of our busy lives. While both the quantity and the quality of sleep can be largely improved with relatively straightforward practices dictated by good sleep hygiene, emerging research suggests that dietary and supplementation protocols focused on certain foods, nutrients, and biochemical compounds with sleep-promoting properties can act as subsidiary sleep aids in complementing these behavioral changes. The scope of this narrative review is to summarize the available evidence on the potential benefits of selected nutraceuticals in the context of circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances, namely melatonin, magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit, apigenin, valerian root, L-theanine, glycine, ashwagandha, myoinositol, Rhodiola rosea, and phosphatidylserine. A comprehensive recapitulation of the relevant literature is provided, alongside corresponding evidence-based nutritional protocols to promote and improve restful sleep.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of a Vegan Diet on Child Health and Development: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Elizabeth Brits, Esmé le Grange","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, more people have adopted plant-based diets for health, environmental and ethical reasons. These diets offer significant health benefits for adults, including reduced chronic disease risk. However, research on plant-based diets for children is limited and often focuses on the risks of poorly planned diets. The lack of comprehensive studies leads to inconsistent recommendations for vegan (VN) diets in children, underscoring the need for a synthesized knowledge base to guide future research and clinical practice. This review aimed to analyze existing literature on the impact of a VN diet on children's health and development, identify knowledge gaps, and outline clinical and research recommendations. A systematic search across databases with key words was conducted to identify relevant articles on VN diets in pediatrics. Screening of 128 articles yielded 27 studies that remained after removing duplicates and irrelevant studies. The studies were primarily from Europe, especially the United Kingdom and Italy, and used cross-sectional designs, limiting causal conclusions and long-term impact assessments. Small sample sizes and self-reported data introduced biases and affected accuracy. The review emphasized the need for careful planning and supplementing VN diets to prevent nutrient deficiencies in children. Further research is needed to optimize VN diets, improve public health guidance and support healthcare professionals. Vegan diets can support healthy growth in children but require careful planning to prevent deficiencies. Healthcare professionals should be equipped to support families choosing VN diets for their children.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the Link: Exploring the Association Between Food Selectivity and Health Outcome in Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Systematic Review.","authors":"Maria Vittoria Conti, Chiara Breda, Sara Basilico, Stefania Ruggeri, Maria Luisa Scalvedi, Hellas Cena","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face behavioral challenges during meals, such as food refusal and restricted food consumption, which encompass the concept of food selectivity (FS). The exclusion of food groups such as fruits and vegetables and preferences toward ultraprocessed foods, therefore, can expose this population to an increased risk of developing different types of malnutrition, such as overweight, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this systematic review was to assess if FS is a risk factor for poor health outcomes in individuals with ASD, based on findings in the literature published between 2012 and 2023.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane) were searched for relevant articles. The search was conducted in May 2023.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A checklist was used for data extraction, including descriptive information, study design, study aim, participant information, data collection characteristics, and significant findings. A total of 15 articles were included.</p><p><strong>Data synthesis: </strong>Individuals with ASD and with FS appear to have inadequate weight (particularly conditions of overweight and obesity), increased waist circumference, elevated waist-to-height ratio index, and insufficient nutritional intake, all of which increase their susceptibility to malnutrition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Food selectivity, common in this population, increases the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, gastrointestinal issues, eating disorders, hypertriglyceridemia, overweight, and obesity. However, outcomes vary due to differences in assessment tools and definitions of FS across studies. The lack of standardized methods for evaluating FS complicates the ability to draw consistent conclusions, emphasizing the need for ASD-specific validated tools. Future research should focus on standardizing assessments and exploring long-term health effects and interventions.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration No. CRD42023435018.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sebum Secretion: The Missing Chain in the Pathogenesis of Obesity.","authors":"Jalal Hejazi","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Every day, a significant amount of fat is excreted through the skin in the form of sebum. However, this significant calorie loss, which may amount to up to 500 kcal/day in individuals with greasy skin, has often been disregarded in obesity studies. The most important theoretical models of the pathogenesis of obesity, the Energy Balance Model and the Carbohydrate-Insulin Model, need to be re-evaluated taking this into account, and \"energy loss through the skin\" should be included in the energy-balance equation. This overlooked pathway might partially explain discrepancies in energy balance measurements. Factors affecting sebum production may also affect weight; however, this requires further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144111322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Different Intermittent Fasting Patterns or Different Extents of Calorie Restriction for Weight Loss and Metabolic Improvement in Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Xianglin Wu, Yi Ding, Qiuyu Cao, Jiaojiao Huang, Xiaoli Xu, Youjin Jiang, Yu Xu, Jieli Lu, Min Xu, Tiange Wang, Zhiyun Zhao, Weiqing Wang, Guang Ning, Yufang Bi, Mian Li","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Continuous energy restriction (CER) and intermittent fasting (IF) are both prevalent diet regimens recommended for weight loss and metabolic improvement.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CER and IF on weight loss and metabolic improvement in adults with overweight, obesity, or metabolic abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) were searched for randomized controlled trials of 3 degrees of CER diet regimens and 4 categories of IF diet regimens, from inception of the databases to December 2022.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Two reviewers independently extracted demographic information, the intervention duration, details of the dietary interventions, and data on the outcomes of interest.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>Bayesian random-effect network meta-analyses were used to pool the results and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework was used to assess the certainty of the evidence and to present the findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 167 eligible trials with a total enrollment of 11 998 participants. Most IF diet regimens induced significant weight loss that was comparable with that induced by CER diet regimens with a similar absolute energy restriction, based on low- to high-certainty evidence. Severe CER proved to be the most effective regimen for obtaining weight loss, based on moderate-certainty evidence (mean difference of weight change 11.50 kg [95% CI 10.07 to 12.93]), followed by alternate-day fasting, based on high-certainty evidence (mean difference of weight change (5.07 kg [95% CI 3.44 to 6.72]) and moderate CER, based on moderate-certainty evidence (6.09 kg [95% CI 5.26 to 6.93]), when the regimens being compared were consistent in their absolute energy restriction extent. Similar results were noticed for body measurements, blood pressure, blood lipids, and glycemic profiles. In the subgroup analysis, the weight-loss effects of the IF but not the CER diet regimens experienced rebound after 12 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In adults with overweight, obesity, or metabolic abnormalities, effectiveness in weight loss mainly depends on the extent of the energy restriction, regardless of the mealtime patterns.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022379621.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Nut Consumption on Human Gene Expression: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.","authors":"Aline Lage Wendling, Madalena Geralda Cupertino Ribeiro, Ana Claudia Pelissari Kravchychyn, Helen Hermana Miranda Hermsdorff","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The consumption of nuts has beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, body composition, cognitive functions, the intestinal microbiota, and satiety control, but how nuts and their nutrients impact related gene expression is unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We analyzed the effects of nut consumption on human gene expression as investigated in controlled clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The databases used in the search were MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials conducted to date that evaluated the effect of nut consumption on the mRNA expression of human genes were evaluated according to eligible criteria. Two authors screened and determined the quality of the studies; disagreements were resolved by the third author between May and June 2024. All authors were involved in analyzing the compiled data.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>We selected 13 original articles. Most studies evaluated the effects of Brazil nuts, followed by studies using combinations of two or more nuts, with an interventional duration of six weeks to one year. The consumption of hazelnuts and Brazil nuts increased expression in antioxidant-related genes, while beneficial regulation of proinflammatory pathways (tumor necrosis factor - TNF, interleukin-6 - IL-6, and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 - TLR2 and TLR4) was reported after consumption of Brazil nuts. Genes involved in vascular inflammation (eg, ciclooxygenase-2 - COX-2) were downregulated after the consumption of mixed nuts, and the expression of selenoprotein - SELENOP and glutathione peroxidase 1 - GPX1 were regulated according to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms after the consumption of Brazil nuts. Finally, pistachio consumption reduced telomere oxidation (telomerase reverse transcriptase - TERT and WD repeat containing antisense to TP53 - WRAP53) and downregulated resistin and IL-6 genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The consumption of nuts has beneficial effects on human health, modulating gene expression involved in the progression of chronic diseases, with emphasis on the pathways of inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular health.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>PROSPERO registration No. CRD42024505199.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Tea (Camellia sinensis) or its Bioactive Compounds l-Theanine or l-Theanine plus Caffeine on Cognition, Sleep, and Mood in Healthy Participants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Edward R Payne, Magaly Aceves-Martins, Joy Dubost, Arno Greyling, Baukje de Roos","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The bioactive compounds found in tea from Camellia sinensis, namely theanine, caffeine, and polyphenols, can potentially improve short-term and long-term health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the effects of tea, theanine alone, or theanine plus caffeine on cognition, mood, and sleep outcomes, using data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in healthy participants.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and Ovid Medline were searched up to and including August 2023.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Data relevant to the participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes (ie, cognition, mood, and sleep), and study design were extracted.</p><p><strong>Data analysis: </strong>Fifty RCTs were included in the review, of which 15 were eligible for at least 1 meta-analysis, most commonly performed by use of standardized mean differences (SMD), in random effects models. After intake of theanine plus caffeine, and of placebo, small-to-moderate differences were found between these interventions in the first hour (h1) and second hour (h2), that favoured theanine plus caffeine, with regard to cognition and mood outcomes such as choice reaction time (h1: SMD, -0.48; 95% CI, -1.01, 0.05), digit vigilance task accuracy (h2: SMD, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.02, 0.38), attention switching task accuracy (h2: SMD, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.54), and overall mood (h2: SMD, 0.26; 95% CI,-0.10, 0.63). There was a small-to-moderate difference between the effects of theanine and placebo that favored theanine on choice reaction time (h1: SMD, -0.35; 95% CI,-0.61, -0.10). The CIs frequently highlighted the uncertainty surrounding the direction and magnitude of these differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This meta-analysis provides evidence that theanine plus caffeine, and theanine alone, could be beneficial for cognitive and mood outcomes. More research using tea beverages or tea-equivalent bioactive doses and research in free-living participants is needed.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration no: </strong>CRD42022351601.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Evidence for Measuring Energy Expenditure and Indicating Hypermetabolism in Motor Neuron Disease: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Sarah A Roscoe, Scott P Allen, Christopher J McDermott, Theocharis Stavroulakis","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuae118","DOIUrl":"10.1093/nutrit/nuae118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To map the international methods used to measure energy expenditure of adults living with motor neuron disease (MND) and to highlight discrepancies when indicating hypermetabolism in the MND literature.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>A decline in the nutritional status of patients is associated with exacerbated weight loss and shortened survival. Assessments of energy expenditure, using a variety of methods, are important to ensure an adequate energy intake to prevent malnutrition-associated weight loss. Assessments of energy expenditure are also commonly used to indicate hypermetabolism in MND, although these approaches may not be optimal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A protocol based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Guidelines was developed. Three electronic databases (Medline [Ovid], CINAHL [EBSCO], and Web of Science) were exhaustively searched. Identified publications were systematically screened according to predefined PICOS eligibility criteria. The primary outcome was the identification of methods used to measure energy expenditure in MND. The secondary outcome was the identification of applications of energy expenditure assessments to indicate hypermetabolism in MND.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-two observational primary research publications were identified. Thirteen (40.6%) were longitudinal in design, with data on repeated measurements of energy expenditure presented in 3 (9.4%). Thirteen (40.6%) were case-control studies, of which 11 use a matched control group. Pulmonary function was used to assess eligibility in 10 publications. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry (IC) in 31 studies. Discrepancies in the durations of fasted, measurement, and washout periods were observed. Of all included publications, 50% used assessments of resting energy expenditure to identify hypermetabolism. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to assess body composition alongside energy expenditure in 93.8% of publications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Resting energy expenditure is most frequently measured using an open-circuit IC system. However, there is a lack of a standardized, validated protocol for the conduct and reporting of IC and metabolic status in patients with MND.</p>","PeriodicalId":19469,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition reviews","volume":" ","pages":"943-960"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11986331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}