Ocean Modelling最新文献

{"title":"A comparative assessment of different machine learning algorithms for estimating near realistic salinity in the North Indian Ocean","authors":"Avinash Paul ,&nbsp;P.A. Maheswaran ,&nbsp;K. Satheesan ,&nbsp;Ajil Kottayil ,&nbsp;M. Harikrishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salinity affects the density of water and hence plays a significant role in the transport of mass, heat, and salt across the globe. Though temperature observations are abundant over the North Indian Ocean (NIO), the salinity observations are generally sparse. Accurate estimation of sound speed profiles is vital for naval operations, particularly for acoustic communication and underwater target detection. Typically, in naval missions, operators rely on in-situ point measurements from Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs), supplemented by climatological salinity data for sound speed profile derivation. In this study, we explore the effectiveness of three machine learning techniques: Light Gradient Boosting (LightGBM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for deriving salinity profiles from temperature data. All three models performed well, but XGBoost outperformed the others with a strong correlation coefficient of 0.975 and a very low root mean square error value on the testing dataset. To gain further insights into the model’s behavior, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the most influential parameters for salinity profile estimation. The model’s performance was then evaluated in the coastal and open ocean areas. While generally performing well, a slight decrease in accuracy was observed in areas with limited training data, particularly near coastlines. Furthermore, we evaluated the model using the time series observations from independent ocean buoys located in the NIO, and the results clearly recommended the model’s ability to fill the gaps in buoy-based salinity measurements. In conclusion, this supervised learning model presents a robust alternative for deriving salinity profiles using in-situ temperature data within the NIO region. Its implementation in the NIO region with limited salinity data holds significant promise for enhancing data availability and furthering oceanographic research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave dynamics in the Yellow River Estuary during cold wave and typhoon events","authors":"Shenghan Gao ,&nbsp;Miaohua Mao ,&nbsp;Meng Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yellow River Estuary (YRE), located in the semi-enclosed Bohai Sea, is characterized by complex shorelines and shallow water depths and is vulnerable to high waves during extreme weather events. Therefore, a dual-nested third-generation wave model was applied to investigate wave dynamics during Typhoons In-Fa (2021) and Mui-Fa (2022) and a pair of cold wave events in 2021 and 2022. The YRE model was refined to reproduce realistic high-resolution terrain and then calibrated against observations at four long-term buoy stations. Results indicate that wave characteristics closely correlate with winds, modulated by local bathymetry. During cold waves, the temporal evolution of the significant wave height (<em>H_s</em>) exhibits double peaks, whereas a single peak is observed during typhoons due to alternative development responses to winds. This resulted in a 1.5-h time lag between <em>H_s</em> and winds. Wind waves primarily dominate sea states, while swells occur after the typhoon passage. Bathymetric refraction plays an essential role in sheltering the southern region of the YRE from remotely energetic swells. Further investigations reveal that depth-induced breaking and whitecapping jointly control wave energy dissipation. Bathymetric heterogeneity and shoaling processes substantially influence wave energy, resulting in wave attenuation and spatial variability. Intense triad wave-wave interactions and wave breaking contribute to increased <em>H_s</em>, causing multiple wave-breaking processes during propagation. The findings in the YRE help enhance the understanding of wave dynamics in similar shallow-water mega deltas and estuaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global high-resolution CMIP6 ensemble of wave climate simulations and projections using a coastal multigrid: Configuration and performance evaluation","authors":"Rajesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Gil Lemos ,&nbsp;Alvaro Semedo ,&nbsp;Jian-Guo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of a high-resolution wave climate ensemble, driven by eight CMIP6 General Circulation Models (GCMs), using a coastal multigrid approach based on Spherical Multiple-Cell (SMC) grid. The use of the SMC grid allows for global wave climate simulations refined to high resolutions up to 6 km in coastal regions, where complex interactions between wind, waves, and bathymetry demand more precise modelling. The ensemble’s performance is assessed against wave reanalysis datasets and near-coastal <em>in-situ</em> wave observations, with a focus on key wave climate parameters: significant wave height, mean wave period, peak wave period, and mean wave direction. Results show that the ensemble is able to accurately represent the historical wave climate across diverse regions, excelling in coastal areas, when compared with previous similar datasets, namely across Europe, North America and the Maritime Continent. The multi-resolution SMC grid captures complicated coastal wave patterns and improves the representation of coastal wave dynamics. The ensemble’s ability to simulate both seasonal variability and extreme wave events highlights its potential for high-resolution global wave climate projections, with multiple applications for coastal management and adaptation strategies, marking an advancement in wave climate modelling through its integration in high-resolution, multigrid frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in improving Arctic freshwater simulations: An evaluation of CMIP6 models in the Beaufort Gyre region","authors":"Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhou Ye ,&nbsp;Feifan Chen ,&nbsp;Changsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Guoping Gao ,&nbsp;Robert C. Beardsley ,&nbsp;Deshuai Wang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Qi ,&nbsp;Danya Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of CMIP6 models in simulating freshwater content (FWC) in the Beaufort Gyre remains unclear. This study evaluated 17 CMIP6 models using both observational and reanalysis datasets. Additionally, a global ice-ocean coupled model based on Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (Global-FVCOM) was incorporated for reference. The results revealed a significant inter-model spread among the CMIP6 models in spatiotemporal variations of FWC, with discrepancies relative to the evaluation data that were larger than those exhibited in Global-FVCOM. These discrepancies were primarily attributed to simulation errors of the salinity structure within the CMIP6 models. Over half of the models indicated that the primary source of FWC error originated from the layers above the base of halocline, where most models underestimated FWC, while others suggested the error originated from the layers between the base of the halocline and the 34.8 psu isohaline, where models tended to overestimate FWC. Based on an overall evaluation using observational and reanalysis datasets, EC-Earth3, MRI-ESM2-0, and FIO-ESM-2-0 showed better performance relative to other CMIP6 models. However, these three models, along with the multi-model mean, exhibited larger errors than Global-FVCOM, suggesting that current CMIP6 models still face challenges in FWC simulation relative to some ice-ocean coupled models. The main aspects contributing to the errors, including discrepancies in uncertainties induced by internal variability, numerical configurations, vertical mixing schemes, model resolutions, freshwater inputs, and atmospheric forcings were further discussed in this study. This study enhances understandings of CMIP6 models’ capabilities to simulate FWC in the Beaufort Gyre region, providing valuable insights for future model improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The introduction of observation-based wave physics into the wind-wave model WAM: Wave assessments for a semi-enclosed basin","authors":"Marcel Ricker ,&nbsp;Joshua Kousal ,&nbsp;Heinz Günther ,&nbsp;Arno Behrens ,&nbsp;Joanna Staneva","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the successful integration of ST6 observation-based source term physics into the WAM Cycle 7 wind-wave model, marking the first comprehensive validation and comparison with the existing wave physics ST3 and ST4 of WAM, with a specific focus on the Black Sea. Overall, validations demonstrate consistent and satisfactory performance across all three source term physics, aligning with findings from previous studies using different wave models in various regions. Minor discrepancies exist. ST3 excels in representing significant wave height, crucial for wave power applications, while ST4 and ST6 best reproduce T_M02 mean wave period and mean wave direction, impacting Stokes drift direction and thereby drift simulations. Validation metrics unaffected by bias confirm the similarity of the three physics, ruling out calibration issues. Evaluations of ERA5 wind forcing reveal larger errors induced by wind compared to source terms, emphasising the significance of wind quality and model calibration over physics choice. During extreme events, the physics exhibit similar performance, although wind speeds remain relatively low compared to the global ocean. Studies indicate greater discrepancies among physics in larger-scale scenarios with increased fetch, prevailing swell, or hurricanes, where ST6 demonstrates superior performance, while ST4 fares better in low-wind conditions. These findings showcase the need for the examination of these scenarios in the new WAM Cycle 7 version.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of sea-level rise on tides, extreme sea levels and waves in Port Phillip Bay in south-eastern Australia","authors":"Vanessa Hernaman ,&nbsp;Ron K. Hoeke ,&nbsp;Kathleen L. McInnes ,&nbsp;Julian G. O’Grady ,&nbsp;Phellipe P. Couto ,&nbsp;Claire Trenham ,&nbsp;Blake M. Seers","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term sea level rise (SLR) related to climate change is expected to increase coastal flood risk from extreme storm tide events in many vulnerable regions of the world by the end of the century. However, coastal inundation from these extreme events arises through the complex interaction of SLR on astronomical tides, waves, and wave-current effects. These non-linear dynamic processes were investigated for the semi-enclosed Port Phillip Bay (PPB) in south-eastern Australia using a two-way coupled hydrodynamic-wave model. The model simulated water levels due to tides, weather and waves, and aspects of wave-flow interaction over a baseline period (1980–2014) and three 20-year periods (1980–1999) using projected SLR scenarios of 0.2 m, 0.8 m, and 1.4 m (latter subsequently extended to 35 years to match baseline). The baseline simulation showed that, because of the predominant wind direction and distance from PPB Heads, the western shores of PPB were vulnerable to high Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) water levels, but not wave heights, whereas the eastern shores experienced high AEP values for both water levels and waves. SLR simulations indicated in most regions extreme water levels within PPB would increase a further ∼10 % beyond the value of the applied SLR. Storm wave energy also increased with SLR e.g., under the 1.4 m SLR scenario, the 1 % AEP significant wave height increased by 5–10 % in most areas, and by 15–20 % in some locations near PPB Heads. These results provide important practical information for coastal management planning and policy over climate change timescales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 102563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory validation of the extended SWASH model for modeling wave dynamics under depth-uniform ambient currents","authors":"Lidian Guo ,&nbsp;Zhenjun Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaozhou Ma ,&nbsp;Mingfu Tang ,&nbsp;Guohai Dong ,&nbsp;Hongwei An ,&nbsp;Scott Draper","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In complex coastal systems such as estuaries and tidal inlets, surface gravity waves and currents often coexist. Phase-resolving wave models are limited in modeling the effects of ambient currents (e.g., tidal and wind-driven) on wave dynamics due to the high computational cost of resolving the flow propagation. Recently, the non-hydrostatic model SWASH has been extended to embed depth-uniform ambient currents provided by external sources (e.g., observations or circulation models) into the control equations in the form of additional terms (Rijnsdorp et al., 2024), circumventing the computational burden of directly simulating the flow field.</div><div>This study evaluates the performance of the extended SWASH model in predicting wave responses to spatially varying depth-uniform currents (following, opposing, and strong opposing currents) under diverse wave conditions using laboratory experiments. Key findings reveal that under weak current conditions, the model accurately predicts current-induced changes in amplitude and wavelength even with coarse vertical resolutions (e.g., 2 layers). Finer vertical resolution (e.g., 20 layers) is needed to capture the nonlinear shallowing, wave breaking, and blocking induced by strong opposing currents. In particular, the model successfully predicts the frequency downshift of waves as they approach the theoretical blocking point and reproduces the modulation of monochromatic and bichromatic wave patterns by strong opposing currents, albeit with an overestimation of the wave height. The results of this study demonstrate the extended SWASH model can be a practical tool for simulating coastal wave dynamics under depth-uniform ambient currents that vary slowly relative to the wave-time scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 102562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment and future projections of storm surge using CMIP6 models in the Indo-Pacific region","authors":"Kamlesh Kumar Saha ,&nbsp;Prashant Kumar ,&nbsp;Anurag Singh ,&nbsp;Bahareh Kamranzad ,&nbsp;Ian R. Young ,&nbsp;Rajni","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storm surges are critical events for densely populated coastal areas and offshore islands, with the occurrence of coastal flooding expected to increase due to sea-level rise and intensified storm activity under climate change. This study evaluates projected changes in both seasonal mean and extreme storm surges across the Indo-Pacific region using high-resolution Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models under the SSP5–8.5 high-emission scenario. This study assesses the seasonal storm surge simulation skill of five CMIP6 models, benchmarked against ERA5 reanalysis data for the period 1979–2010. The model performance is quantified with the comprehensive rating index (CRI) confirming that the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) for the climate projections has the best overall performance. The Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, applied using the block maxima method, is used to estimate 100-year return values (RV100) for both the historical (1971–2000) and near-term (2021–2050) periods during the JJA (June–August) and SON (September–November) seasons. The RV100 analysis reveals heightened surge potential in the North Pacific, South China Sea, and the southern coasts of Australia and New Zealand, with a notable shift in surge intensity from the South China Sea to the North Pacific, particularly intensifying during SON. Projections indicate strong seasonal surge intensities, with the Yellow Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, and the southern coasts of Australia and New Zealand regions showing pronounced increases in JJA, while positive changes in SON are evident in the North Pacific, North Indian Ocean (NIO), the Indonesian coast, and Gulf of Thailand, suggesting the potential for increased impact from extreme surges in these areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 102560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APPLE-MASNUM: Accelerating parallel processing for lightweight expansion of MASNUM on a single multi-GPU node","authors":"Qi Lou ,&nbsp;Changmao Wu ,&nbsp;Changming Dong ,&nbsp;Xingru Feng ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Xia ,&nbsp;Li Liu ,&nbsp;Zhengwei Xu ,&nbsp;Xu Gao ,&nbsp;Meng Sun ,&nbsp;Xunqiang Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Marine Science and Numerical Modeling (MASNUM) system, developed for oceanic wave forecasting, play an important role in marine disaster prevention and maritime activities. However, its application is hampered by the requirement of large computing resources. To overcome these barriers, we have implemented an accelerating parallel processing for lightweight expansion of MASNUM (APPLE-MASNUM) on a single compute node with multiple GPUs. In initiating our approach, the mathematical-physics equations of the MASNUM system are thoroughly analyzed to pinpoint the primary computational bottlenecks. This study then transforms MASNUM from a multi-process MPI program into a preliminary GPU-compatible algorithms. Subsequently, the paper proposes an optimization strategy for two-dimensional four-point stencil computations. Following this, an optimization method for overlapping computation with communication is introduced. Finally, a refined data layout scheme tailored for GPUs is designed and implemented. Three numerical experiments with five-day wave forecasts demonstrated that compared to single-core MASNUM, the acceleration ratios of the framework presented in this study are 49.29-fold, 62.58-fold, and 65.74-fold, respectively. This considerable performance boost highlights the efficiency of the lightweight APPLE-MASNUM framework introduced in this research. This signifies the first implementation and optimization of the MASNUM model on a GPU-based heterogeneous platform.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 102557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oblique interactions of mode-1 and mode-2 internal solitary waves in the presence of variable topography","authors":"Hao Yan ,&nbsp;Zhan Wang ,&nbsp;Chunxin Yuan ,&nbsp;Yankun Gong ,&nbsp;Xueen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oblique interactions between internal solitary waves (ISWs) are frequently observed in oceanic environments. However, interactions involving different vertical modes, particularly between the most common mode-1 and mode-2 ISWs, remain poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge, this study investigates the oblique interactions between mode-1 and mode-2 ISWs using a three-dimensional, high-resolution MITgcm ocean model. We consider three scenarios involving initial idealized V-shaped ISWs in a continuously stratified environment. The results show that interactions between two mode-1 ISWs over flat bottom topography align well with theoretical predictions. In contrast, interactions between two mode-2 ISWs demonstrate stronger attenuation due to potential instabilities arising from their complex vertical structures. When examining interactions between one mode-1 ISW and one mode-2 ISW, the differing phase speeds prevent the formation of Mach stems, resulting in non-resonant, refraction-like patterns. However, in the presence of a submarine cliff, where the phase speeds of these two modes become comparable, the interactions showed Mach stem-like features, along with energy transfer from mode-1 to mode-2 ISWs. Additionally, the presence of shoaling topography can lead to the emergence of mode-3 ISWs and polarity reversals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 102555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}