Ming-Jer Chen, C. Hou, P. Tseng, R. Shiue, Hun-Shung Lee, Jyh-Huei Chen, J. Jeng, Yeh-Ning Jou
{"title":"A compact model of holding voltage for latch-up in epitaxial CMOS","authors":"Ming-Jer Chen, C. Hou, P. Tseng, R. Shiue, Hun-Shung Lee, Jyh-Huei Chen, J. Jeng, Yeh-Ning Jou","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584284","url":null,"abstract":"From different fabrication processes down to 0.35 /spl mu/m feature size and from two-dimensional device simulation, the holding voltage V/sub H/ for latch-up in epitaxial CMOS is found to be proportional to the square root of the holding current I/sub H/, specially for V/sub H//spl ges/2 V, while for V/sub H/<2 V the V/sub H/ linearly follows the I/sub H/. A slight modification of existing physically-based analytical models is set up for reproduction of all the observed dependencies, valid for different epitaxial layer thicknesses (t/sub epi/) and different anode-to-cathode spacings (L), along with a self-consistent interpretation by exploring the role of the base pushout width (h). By incorporating a structure-oriented holding current formula to this modified model, a compact, closed-form expression for V/sub H/ is produced directly as a function of t/sub epi/ and L. The compact model can serve as the scaling law for the holding voltage down to 1 V. The potential application of the compact model to low voltage, low power CMOS integrated circuits for latchup free operation is also projected.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"898 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129166311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shuto, M. Tanaka, M. Sonoda, T. Idaka, K. Sasaki, S. Mori
{"title":"Impact of passivation film deposition and post-annealing on the reliability of flash memories","authors":"S. Shuto, M. Tanaka, M. Sonoda, T. Idaka, K. Sasaki, S. Mori","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584223","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the impact of the passivation film deposition with various compositions and structures on the reliability of tunnel oxide in flash memories. The enhancement of the tunnel oxide degradation strongly depends on the refractive index of P-SiON passivation film. This result means that there is a correlation between the water resistibility of the passivation film and the tunnel oxide degradation induced by the passivation film deposition process. Moreover, the effect of post-annealing after passivation film deposition is discussed. The electron trap density is increased at the beginning and then decreased during post-annealing. The time constant of this phenomenon strongly depends on the refractive index of the passivation film. We propose the water-related electron trap model to explain the results.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129243459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Barton, M. Osiński, P. Perlin, C. Helms, N. H. Berg
{"title":"Life tests and failure mechanisms of GaN/AlGaN/InGaN light emitting diodes","authors":"D. Barton, M. Osiński, P. Perlin, C. Helms, N. H. Berg","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584273","url":null,"abstract":"Our studies of device lifetime and the main degradation mechanisms in Nichia blue LEDs date back to Spring 1994. Following the initial studies of rapid failures under high current electrical pulses, where metal migration was identified as the cause of degradation, we have placed a number of Nichia NLPB-500 LEDs on a series of life tests. The first test ran for 1000 hours under normal operating conditions (20 mA at 23/spl deg/C). As no noticeable degradation was observed, the second room temperature test was performed with the same devices but with a range of currents between 20 and 70 mA. After 1600 hours, some degradation in output intensity was observed in devices driven at 60 and 70 mA, but it was still less than 20%. The subsequent tests included stepping up the temperature by 10/spl deg/C in 500 h intervals up to a final temperature of 85/spl deg/C using the same currents applied in the second test. This work reviews the failure analysis that was performed on the degraded devices and the degradation mechanisms that were identified.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115689162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ph. Candeller, F. Mondon, B. Guillaumot, G. Reimbold, H. Achard, F. Martin, J. Hartmann
{"title":"Hot carrier self convergent programming method for multi-level flash cell memory","authors":"Ph. Candeller, F. Mondon, B. Guillaumot, G. Reimbold, H. Achard, F. Martin, J. Hartmann","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584245","url":null,"abstract":"Flash EEPROM multi-level programming requires accurate control of programmed threshold voltages. A hot carrier convergent programming method with drain current monitoring is proposed to reduce both Vth dispersion and write-erase window closure during endurance test. Feasibility and improved reliability is demonstrated for a four level storage on 0.35 /spl mu/m flash cells.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125913448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability and alleviation of premature on-state avalanche breakdown in deep submicron power PHEMTs","authors":"Y. Chou, G. Li","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584270","url":null,"abstract":"Reliability of devices operating at premature on-state avalanche breakdown and a method using a proper electrical stress to alleviate the breakdown are investigated in deep submicron power AlGaAs-InGaAs PHEMTs. The results show that depending on the gate and drain biases in device stress, alleviation of premature on-state avalanche breakdown may be achieved without degrading PHEMT's DC and RF performance. On the other hand, PHEMTs may suffer catastrophic failure when stressed at Vds above the threshold value. This study facilitates a useful information for evaluating a reliability constraint imposed by the premature on-state avalanche breakdown and highlights a new direction to improving reliability and power performance of PHEMTs.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129940374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of flip chip interconnect failure modes using high frequency acoustic micro imaging with correlative analysis","authors":"J. Semmens, Lawrence W. Kessler","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584251","url":null,"abstract":"New acoustic micro techniques have been developed for the analysis of flip chip solder interconnects. Previous techniques were only appropriate to generally evaluate the chip to bump interface. The new methods involve using acoustic micro imaging to analyze the solder joint through the entire thickness of the solder ball at the solder/substrate interface and analyzing the interface between the silicon and the bond pad. We have found laminar cracks under the bond pad and in the surrounding glassivation layers on the silicon die in some samples. This paper will include a description of the analysis methods, the acoustic signatures of defects in flip chip interconnects and supporting correlative analyses.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130884009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temperature cycling and thermal shock failure rate modeling","authors":"R. Blish","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584246","url":null,"abstract":"Combining the Coffin-Manson formula with a lognormal distribution continues to be an effective method to model the effects of thermal stressing upon VLSI IC package reliability. This approach is applied to Thin Film Cracking (TFC) and several other failure mechanisms relevant to IC packages. The Coffin-Manson exponent, m, is found to lie in one of three relatively narrow ranges: m for ductile metal fatigue is /spl sim/1-3 m for commonly used IC metal alloys and intermetallics is /spl sim/3-5, while m for brittle fracture is /spl sim/6-8.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134016471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interaction between water and fluorine-doped silicon oxide film deposited by PECVD","authors":"M. Yoshimaru, S. Koizumi, K. Shimokawa, J. Ida","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584266","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between water and fluorine-doped silicon oxide (SiOF) films has been studied focusing on the relation between the fluorine bonding configuration in the film and film hygroscopicity. SiOF films with a high fluorine concentration have three IR absorption bands between 985 cm/sup -1/ and 920 cm/sup -1/. These bands are assumed to be attributable to silicon monofluoride and silicon difluoride sites. It was found that silicon difluoride sites interact with H/sub 2/O more easily than silicon monofluoride sites. Silicon difluoride sites are hydrided during humidification. The hygroscopicity of SiOF film with a high fluorine concentration is assumed to be due to an increase in the silicon difluoride sites in the film, because the ratio of silicon difluoride sites to total fluorine bonding sites increases markedly above a certain fluorine concentration. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of SiOF film with excess helium dilution in the reactant gas was also studied to reduce the hygroscopicity of SiOF film. It was found that helium dilution decreases the number of silicon difluoride sites, and simultaneously increases the number of silicon monofluoride sites. Film having a high fluorine concentration deposited with helium dilution exhibited lower hygroscopicity and a lower relative dielectric constant than the film deposited without He. It is essential to reduce the silicon difluoride sites in SiOF film to obtain highly reliable film.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134061432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Wu, S. Lo, W. Abadeer, A. Acovic, D. Buchanan, T. Furukawa, D. Brochu, R. Dufresne
{"title":"Determination of ultra-thin oxide voltages and thickness and the impact on reliability projection","authors":"E. Wu, S. Lo, W. Abadeer, A. Acovic, D. Buchanan, T. Furukawa, D. Brochu, R. Dufresne","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584258","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the quantum interference (QI) technique was extended to determine oxide thickness down to about 30/spl Aring/ for both inversion and accumulation for dual-poly gate FET structures. We also applied this method to determine oxide voltages at high voltages (FN regime) since oxide fields can be readily obtained from this technique. At low and intermediate voltages, the Berglund integration technique was used to extract surface potentials and oxide voltages from CV measurements. In addition, these experimentally determined results are compared to the QM calculation. We have used these three techniques to comprehensively investigate MOSFET structures in both inversion and accumulation for ultra thin gate oxide. Finally, the impact of accurate oxide voltages and thickness comprehending quantum effects on reliability projection are discussed.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130529390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapid degradation of InGaAsP/InP laser diodes due to copper contamination","authors":"K. Fujihara, M. Ishino, Y. Matsui","doi":"10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RELPHY.1997.584271","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of copper contamination upon rapid degradation of InGaAsP/InP buried-heterostructure laser diodes under accelerated high stress aging test is investigated, for the first time. Strong correlation between the quantity of contaminated copper in the laser diodes and the degradation of lasing characteristics is confirmed.","PeriodicalId":193458,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 35th Annual","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126976847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}